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72-706: The Dalton School, originally called the Children's University School, was founded by Helen Parkhurst in 1919. After experimentation in her own one-room school with Maria Montessori , Parkhurst visited other progressive schools in Europe including Bedales School and its founder and headmaster John Haden Badley in England. She developed what she called the Dalton Plan, which encouraged teachers and students to work together toward individualized goals. The Laboratory Plan

144-406: A "circular" account in which what serves as "stimulus" and what as "response" depends on how one considers the situation and defends the unitary nature of the sensory motor circuit. While he does not deny the existence of stimulus, sensation, and response, he disagreed that they were separate, juxtaposed events happening like links in a chain. He developed the idea that there is a coordination by which

216-433: A balance between delivering knowledge while also taking into account the interests and experiences of the student. He notes that "the child and the curriculum are simply two limits which define a single process. Just as two points define a straight line, so the present standpoint of the child and the facts and truths of studies define instruction" (Dewey, 1902, p. 16). It is through this reasoning that Dewey became one of

288-535: A faculty position at the University of Michigan (1884–88 and 1889–94) with the help of George Sylvester Morris. His unpublished and now lost dissertation was titled "The Psychology of Kant ". In 1894 Dewey joined the newly founded University of Chicago (1894–1904) where he developed his belief in Rational Empiricism , becoming associated with the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy. His time at

360-559: A high-school teacher in Oil City, Pennsylvania , and one year as an elementary school teacher in the small town of Charlotte, Vermont , Dewey decided that he was unsuited for teaching primary or secondary school. After studying with George Sylvester Morris , Charles Sanders Peirce , Herbert Baxter Adams , and G. Stanley Hall , Dewey received his Ph.D. from the School of Arts & Sciences at Johns Hopkins University . In 1884, he accepted

432-443: A method used widely in education today, incorporates Dewey's ideas pertaining to learning through active inquiry. Dewey not only re-imagined the way that the learning process should take place, but also the role that the teacher should play within that process. Throughout the history of American schooling, education's purpose has been to train students for work by providing the student with a limited set of skills and information to do

504-457: A particular job. The works of John Dewey provide the most prolific examples of how this limited vocational view of education has been applied to both the K–12 public education system and to the teacher training schools that attempted to quickly produce proficient and practical teachers with a limited set of instructional and discipline-specific skills needed to meet the needs of the employer and demands of

576-622: A progressive education philosophy emphasizing the development of the "whole child". Born in Durand, Wisconsin , she graduated from Wisconsin State Teachers College at River Falls in 1907, studied at the universities of Rome and Munich as well as with Maria Montessori and was awarded her M.A. in 1943 from Yale University . She taught briefly in Wisconsin, moved to Tacoma, Washington , in 1909, and returned to Wisconsin as

648-435: A round square' but 'I know of no route by which dialectical argument can answer such objections. They arise from association with words and cannot be dealt with argumentatively'. The following can be interpreted now as describing a Kuhnian conversion process: 'One can only hope in the course of the whole discussion to disclose the [new] meanings which are attached to "experience" and "nature," and thus insensibly produce, if one

720-485: A standard psychological concept and the basis of all his further work; Democracy and Education (1916), his celebrated work on progressive education; Human Nature and Conduct (1922), a study of the function of habit in human behavior; The Public and its Problems (1927), a defense of democracy written in response to Walter Lippmann 's The Phantom Public (1925); Experience and Nature (1925), Dewey's most "metaphysical" statement; Impressions of Soviet Russia and

792-489: A strong case for the importance of education not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also as a place to learn how to live. In his eyes, the purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but rather the realization of one's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good. He notes that "to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself; it means so to train him that he will have

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864-444: A way that allows the student to relate the information to prior experiences, thus deepening the connection with this new knowledge. At the same time, Dewey was alarmed by many of the "child-centered" excesses of educational-school pedagogues who claimed to be his followers, and he argued that too much reliance on the child could be equally detrimental to the learning process. In this second school of thought, "we must take our stand with

936-512: Is also applied to teacher training schools who attempt to quickly produce proficient and practical teachers with a limited set of instructional and discipline skills needed to meet the needs of the employer and demands of the workforce (Dewey, 1904). For Dewey, the school and the classroom teacher, as a workforce and provider of social service, have a unique responsibility to produce psychological and social goods that will lead to both present and future social progress. As Dewey notes, "The business of

1008-401: Is an inherent curiosity and love for learning that differs from one's ability to acquire, recite and reproduce textbook knowledge. "No one," according to Dewey, "can be really successful in performing the duties and meeting these demands [of teaching] who does not retain [their] intellectual curiosity intact throughout [their] entire career" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 34). According to Dewey, it

1080-435: Is centered on the curriculum and focuses almost solely on the subject matter to be taught. Dewey argues that the major flaw in this methodology is the inactivity of the student; within this particular framework, "the child is simply the immature being who is to be matured; he is the superficial being who is to be deepened" (1902, p. 13). He argues that in order for education to be most effective, content must be presented in

1152-413: Is fortunate, a change in the significations previously attached to them' [all E&N:10]. Reflecting his immense influence on 20th-century thought, Hilda Neatby wrote "Dewey has been to our age what Aristotle was to the later Middle Ages , not a philosopher, but the philosopher." In 1919, Dewey and his wife traveled to Japan on sabbatical leave . Though Dewey and his wife were well received by

1224-795: Is known Dewey could not distinguish musical pitches—in other words was an amusic . Dewey's educational theories were presented in My Pedagogic Creed (1897), The Primary-Education Fetich (1898), The School and Society (1900), The Child and the Curriculum (1902), Democracy and Education (1916), Schools of To-morrow Archived May 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (1915) with Evelyn Dewey , and Experience and Education (1938). Several themes recur throughout these writings. Dewey continually argues that education and learning are social and interactive processes, and thus

1296-404: Is not that the "teacher ought to strive to be a high-class scholar in all the subjects he or she has to teach," rather, "a teacher ought to have an unusual love and aptitude in some one subject: history, mathematics, literature, science, a fine art, or whatever" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 35). The classroom teacher does not have to be a scholar in all subjects; rather, genuine love in one will elicit

1368-401: Is steadfast in his beliefs that education serves an immediate purpose (Dewey, DRT, 2010; Dewey, MPC, 2010; Dewey, TTP, 2010), he is not ignorant of the impact imparting these qualities of intelligence, skill, and character on young children in their present life will have on the future society. While addressing the state of educative and economic affairs during a 1935 radio broadcast, Dewey linked

1440-693: The Carnegie Foundation . He also traveled to Durban , Pretoria and Victoria Falls in what was then Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ) and looked at schools, talked to pupils, and gave lectures to the administrators and teachers. In August 1934, Dewey accepted an honorary degree from the University of the Witwatersrand . The white-only governments rejected Dewey's ideas as too secular. However black people and their white supporters were more receptive. Dewey married Alice Chipman in 1886 shortly after Chipman graduated with her Ph.D. from

1512-588: The Netherlands , England , Australia , Japan and others adopting the Dalton Plan of education. The Helen Parkhurst Exhibit at the Pepin County Museum traces the life and legacy of Parkhurst. There is a "Helen Parkhurst Dalton School" in Rotterdam and a Parkhurst Lecture Hall at UW-Stevens Point . John Dewey John Dewey ( / ˈ d uː i / ; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952)

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1584-484: The Netherlands . As of early 2013, the overall acceptance rate for grades K–12 at Dalton was reported by Peterson's to be 14%. Parental anxiety created by the highly competitive admission process was the subject of press coverage from 1999 to 2001. Long seen as a bastion of privilege, Dalton's efforts to broaden its mandate for diversity have met with some difficulty. In 2010, a financial aid budget of $ 6.5 million supported an outreach program for socio-economic diversity at

1656-690: The Treaty of Versailles and on the value of displaying art in post offices.)" In 1917, Dewey met F. M. Alexander in New York City and later wrote introductions to Alexander's Man's Supreme Inheritance (1918), Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual (1923) and The Use of the Self (1932). Alexander's influence is referenced in "Human Nature and Conduct" and "Experience and Nature." As well as his contacts with people mentioned elsewhere in

1728-520: The University of Vermont , where he was initiated into Delta Psi , and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1879. A significant professor of Dewey's at the University of Vermont was Henry Augustus Pearson Torrey (H. A. P. Torrey), the son-in-law and nephew of former University of Vermont president Joseph Torrey . Dewey studied privately with Torrey between his graduation from Vermont and his enrollment at Johns Hopkins University . After two years as

1800-604: The 20th century. Dewey was also a major educational reformer for the 20th century. A well-known public intellectual , he was a major voice of progressive education and liberalism . While a professor at the University of Chicago , he founded the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools , where he was able to apply and test his progressive ideas on pedagogical method. Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other topics, including epistemology , metaphysics , aesthetics , art , logic , social theory , and ethics . John Dewey

1872-686: The Dalton Plan (1922), Work Rhythms in Education (1935), Exploring the Child's World (1951), Growing Pains (1962) and Undertow (1963) and had her own national radio and television programs. Parkhurst hosted Child's World , a children's educational program on ABC Radio Network in New York City . In 1932 Belle Rennie published The Triumph of the Dalton Plan with the British educational psychologist Charles William Kimmins . Parkhurst

1944-480: The Human Understanding (1888), both of which expressed Dewey's early commitment to British neo-Hegelianism . In Psychology , Dewey attempted a synthesis between idealism and experimental science. While still professor of philosophy at Michigan, Dewey and his junior colleagues, James Hayden Tufts and George Herbert Mead , together with his student James Rowland Angell , all influenced strongly by

2016-621: The Lower School was moved to West 72nd Street, and the High School opened in the autumn of 1929 in the current building at 108 East 89th Street. Eleanor Roosevelt admired the work of Helen Parkhurst and played an important role in expanding the population and resources of the school by promoting a merger between the Todhunter School for girls (founded by Winifred Todhunter ) and Dalton in 1939. Enlarged and modified through

2088-547: The Revolutionary World (1929), a glowing travelogue from the nascent USSR . Art as Experience (1934), was Dewey's major work on aesthetics; A Common Faith (1934), a humanistic study of religion originally delivered as the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale; Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic; Freedom and Culture (1939), a political work examining

2160-563: The University of Chicago resulted in four essays collectively entitled Thought and its Subject-Matter , which was published with collected works from his colleagues at Chicago under the collective title Studies in Logical Theory (1904). During that time Dewey also initiated the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools , where he was able to actualize the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, The School and Society (1899). Disagreements with

2232-591: The University of Michigan. The two had six children: Frederick Archibald Dewey, Evelyn Riggs Dewey , Morris (who died young), Gordon Chipman Dewey, Lucy Alice Chipman Dewey, and Jane Mary Dewey . Alice Chipman died in 1927 at the age of 68; weakened by a case of malaria contracted during a trip to Turkey in 1924 and a heart attack during a trip to Mexico City in 1926, she died from cerebral thrombosis on July 13, 1927. Dewey married Estelle Roberta Lowitz Grant, "a longtime friend and companion for several years before their marriage" on December 11, 1946. At Roberta's behest,

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2304-682: The administration ultimately caused his resignation from the university, and soon thereafter he relocated near the East Coast. In 1899, Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.). From 1904 until his retirement in 1930 he was professor of philosophy at Teachers College at Columbia University and influenced Carl Rogers . In 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association . He

2376-507: The article, he also maintained correspondence with Henri Bergson , William M. Brown , Martin Buber , George S. Counts , William Rainey Harper , Sidney Hook , and George Santayana . John Dewey died of pneumonia on June 1, 1952, at his home in New York City after years of ill-health and was cremated the next day. At the University of Michigan, Dewey published his first two books, Psychology (1887), and Leibniz's New Essays Concerning

2448-589: The attraction of Bolshevism to some Chinese, Dewey advocated that Americans support China's transformation and that Chinese base this transformation in education and social reforms, not revolution. Hundreds and sometimes thousands of people attended the lectures, which were interpreted by Hu Shih. For these audiences, Dewey represented "Mr. Democracy" and "Mr. Science," the two personifications which they thought of representing modern values and hailed him as "the American Confucius". His lectures were lost at

2520-426: The basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction". In addition to his ideas regarding what education is and what effect it should have on society, Dewey also had specific notions regarding how education should take place within the classroom. In The Child and the Curriculum (1902), Dewey discusses two major conflicting schools of thought regarding educational pedagogy. The first

2592-441: The challenges they faced due to Dalton's lack of diversity. In 2020, Dalton found itself in controversy during the broader diversity, equity, and inclusion movement that followed the murder of George Floyd . The discussions continued into the following school year and resulted in the departure of school head Jim Best. José Manuel De Jesús became Head of School in 2022. Former Head of School Jim Best resigned in 2021 after 16 years at

2664-401: The child and our departure from him. It is he and not the subject-matter which determines both quality and quantity of learning" (Dewey, 1902, pp. 13–14). According to Dewey, the potential flaw in this line of thinking is that it minimizes the importance of the content as well as the role of the teacher. In order to rectify this dilemma, Dewey advocated an educational structure that strikes

2736-509: The couple adopted two siblings, Lewis (changed to John Jr.) and Shirley. Dewey's interests and writings included many topics, and according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , "a substantial part of his published output consisted of commentary on current domestic and international politics, and public statements on behalf of many causes. (He is probably the only philosopher in this encyclopedia to have published both on

2808-782: The director of the department for the training of primary teachers at Stevens Point Normal School from 1913 until 1915. For a time, Parkhurst served as director of all Montessori schools in the United States. In 1920 she gained a disciple when college founder Belle Rennie visited from the UK. Rennie became a evangelist for the approach and she created the Dalton Association in Britain. After further work with Montessori in Rome, Parkhurst wrote several books like Education on

2880-474: The ensuing economic depression to a "lack of sufficient production of intelligence, skill, and character" (Dewey, TAP, 2010, p. 242) of the nation's workforce. As Dewey notes, there is a lack of these goods in the present society and teachers have a responsibility to create them in their students, who, we can assume, will grow into the adults who will ultimately go on to participate in whatever industrial or economic civilization awaits them. According to Dewey,

2952-446: The first (1925) edition, for the second (1929) edition he rewrote the first chapter and added a Preface in which he stated that the book presented what was later called a new (Kuhnian) paradigm:  'I have not striven in this volume for a reconciliation between the new and the old' [E&N:4] . and he asserts Kuhnian incommensurability: 'To many the associating of the two words ['experience' and 'nature'] will seem like talking of

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3024-541: The four men forming the basis of the so-called "Chicago group" of psychology. Their new style of psychology, later dubbed functional psychology , had a practical emphasis on action and application. In Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" which appeared in Psychological Review in 1896, he reasons against the traditional stimulus-response understanding of the reflex arc in favor of

3096-413: The full and ready use of all his capacities" ( My Pedagogic Creed , Dewey, 1897). In addition to helping students realize their full potential, Dewey goes on to acknowledge that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform. He notes that "education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness; and that the adjustment of individual activity on

3168-721: The invitation of the World Conference of New Education Fellowship in Cape Town and Johannesburg , where he delivered several talks. The conference was opened by the South African Minister of Education Jan Hofmeyr , and Deputy Prime Minister Jan Smuts . Other speakers at the conference included Max Eiselen and Hendrik Verwoerd , who later became prime minister of the Nationalist government that introduced apartheid . Dewey's expenses were paid by

3240-451: The many kinds of skills needed in contemporary life. If teachers are up to their work, they also aid in the production of character."(Dewey, TAP, 2010, pp. 241–42). According to Dewey, the emphasis is placed on producing these attributes in children for use in their contemporary life because it is "impossible to foretell definitely just what civilization will be twenty years from now" (Dewey, MPC, 2010, p. 25). However, although Dewey

3312-502: The most famous proponents of hands-on learning or experiential education , which is related to, but not synonymous with experiential learning . He argued that "if knowledge comes from the impressions made upon us by natural objects, it is impossible to procure knowledge without the use of objects which impress the mind" (Dewey, 1916/2009, pp. 217–18). Dewey's ideas went on to influence many other influential experiential models and advocates. Problem-Based Learning (PBL), for example,

3384-789: The national level. However, the national government was weak, and the provinces largely controlled by warlords, so his suggestions were praised at the national level but not implemented. However, there were a few implementations locally. Dewey's ideas did have influence in Hong Kong, and in Taiwan after the nationalist government fled there. In most of China, Confucian scholars controlled the local educational system before 1949 and they simply ignored Dewey and Western ideas. In Marxist and Maoist China, Dewey's ideas were systematically denounced. Dewey and his daughter Jane went to South Africa in July 1934, at

3456-498: The one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous." Dewey considered two fundamental elements—schools and civil society —to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. He asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed public opinion , accomplished by communication among citizens, experts, and politicians. Dewey

3528-502: The people of Japan during this trip, Dewey was also critical of the nation's governing system and claimed that the nation's path towards democracy was "ambitious but weak in many respects in which her competitors are strong". He also warned that "the real test has not yet come. But if the nominally democratic world should go back on the professions so profusely uttered during war days, the shock will be enormous, and bureaucracy and militarism might come back." During his trip to Japan, Dewey

3600-402: The profession of the classroom teacher is to produce the intelligence, skill, and character within each student so that the democratic community is composed of citizens who can think, do and act intelligently and morally. Dewey believed that successful classroom teacher possesses a passion for knowledge and intellectual curiosity in the materials and methods they teach. For Dewey, this propensity

3672-420: The pursuit of individual and communal inquiry, and perceive higher learning as a monopoly of the institution of education (Dewey, 1899; 1916). For Dewey and his philosophical followers, education stifles individual autonomy when learners are taught that knowledge is transmitted in one direction, from the expert to the learner. Dewey not only re-imagined the way that the learning process should take place, but also

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3744-430: The recent publication of William James ' Principles of Psychology (1890), began to reformulate psychology, emphasizing the social environment on the activity of mind and behavior rather than the physiological psychology of Wilhelm Wundt and his followers. By 1894, Dewey had joined Tufts, with whom he later wrote Ethics (1908) at the recently founded University of Chicago and invited Mead and Angell to follow him,

3816-431: The role that the teacher should play within that process. For Dewey, "The thing needful is improvement of education, not simply by turning out teachers who can do better the things that are not necessary to do, but rather by changing the conception of what constitutes education" (Dewey, 1904, p. 18). Dewey's qualifications for teaching—a natural love for working with young children, a natural propensity to inquire about

3888-522: The roots of fascism; and Knowing and the Known (1949), a book written in conjunction with Arthur F. Bentley that systematically outlines the concept of trans-action, which is central to his other works (see Transactionalism ). While each of these works focuses on one particular philosophical theme, Dewey included his major themes in Experience and Nature . However, dissatisfied with the response to

3960-479: The school itself is a social institution through which social reform can and should take place. In addition, he believed that students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum, and all students should have the opportunity to take part in their own learning. The ideas of democracy and social reform are continually discussed in Dewey's writings on education. Dewey makes

4032-681: The school. 40°46′53.6″N 73°57′18.2″W  /  40.781556°N 73.955056°W  / 40.781556; -73.955056 Helen Parkhurst Helen Parkhurst (March 8, 1886 – June 1, 1973) was an American educator , author, lecturer, the originator of the Dalton Plan , founder of the Dalton School and host of Child's World with Helen Parkhurst on ABC Television Network . Parkhurst took her cues from developmental psychologist Jean Piaget and education reformers such as John Dewey and Horace Mann , producing

4104-585: The school. As of 2008 students of color made up 38% of the Dalton First Program. In the 2008–2009 school year, the kindergarten was composed of 44% children of color. Articles in The New York Times and The Atlantic have described difficulties experienced by some African-American children at the school. American Promise was a PBS documentary that followed two African American students who enrolled at Dalton as kindergartners and

4176-490: The stimulation is enriched by the results of previous experiences. The response is modulated by sensorial experience. Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1899. Dewey also expressed interest in work in the psychology of visual perception performed by Dartmouth research professor Adelbert Ames Jr. He had great trouble with listening, however, because it

4248-429: The subjects, methods and other social issues related to the profession, and a desire to share this acquired knowledge with others—are not a set of outwardly displayed mechanical skills. Rather, they may be viewed as internalized principles or habits which "work automatically, unconsciously" (Dewey, 1904, p. 15). Turning to Dewey's essays and public addresses regarding the teaching profession, followed by his analysis of

4320-459: The teacher as a person and a professional, as well as his beliefs regarding the responsibilities of teacher education programs to cultivate the attributes addressed, teacher educators can begin to reimagine the successful classroom teacher Dewey envisioned. For many, education's purpose is to train students for work by providing the student with a limited set of skills and information to do a particular job. As Dewey notes, this limited vocational view

4392-438: The teacher is to produce a higher standard of intelligence in the community, and the object of the public school system is to make as large as possible the number of those who possess this intelligence. Skill, the ability to act wisely and effectively in a great variety of occupations and situations, is a sign and a criterion of the degree of civilization that a society has reached. It is the business of teachers to help in producing

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4464-545: The time but have been rediscovered and published in 2015. Dewey's lecture on "Three Contemporary Philosophers: Bertrand Russell, Henri Bergson and William James" at Peking University in 1919 was attended by a young Mao Zedong . Zhixin Su states: Dewey urged the Chinese to not import any Western educational model. He recommended to educators such as Tao Xingzhi , that they use pragmatism to devise their own model school system at

4536-559: The workforce. In The School and Society (Dewey, 1899) and Democracy of Education (Dewey, 1916), Dewey claims that rather than preparing citizens for ethical participation in society, schools cultivate passive pupils via insistence upon mastery of facts and disciplining of bodies. Rather than preparing students to be reflective, autonomous and ethical beings capable of arriving at social truths through critical and intersubjective discourse, schools prepare students for docile compliance with authoritarian work and political structures, discourage

4608-531: The years, Dalton still celebrates many traditions like lighting candles before winter break and holding a Greek Festival. Academically, the school still subscribes to the Dalton Plan , which Parkhurst helped to create. Over the years, the Dalton Plan has been adopted by schools around the world, including schools in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Chile , the Czech Republic , Hong Kong , Japan , and

4680-432: Was a 1948 recipient of a Radio - Television Critics Award and a 1949 recipient of the 13th American Exhibition of Educational Radio Programs Award. Parkhurst was the author of Education on the Dalton Plan , which was published in 58 languages; Exploring the Child's World , with an introduction by Aldous Huxley , and Growing Pains , a book about teenagers. Parkhurst was named one of the 100 Educators of All Time. Parkhurst

4752-530: Was a longtime member of the American Federation of Teachers . Along with the historians Charles A. Beard and James Harvey Robinson , and the economist Thorstein Veblen , Dewey is one of the founders of The New School . Dewey published more than 700 articles in 140 journals, and approximately 40 books. His most significant writings were "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896), a critique of

4824-408: Was an American philosopher , psychologist , and educational reformer . He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century. The overriding theme of Dewey's works was his profound belief in democracy , be it in politics, education, or communication and journalism. As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the University of Michigan , "Democracy and

4896-462: Was born in Burlington, Vermont , to a family of modest means. He was one of four boys born to Archibald Sprague Dewey and Lucina Artemisia Rich Dewey. Their first son was also named John, but he died in an accident on January 17, 1859. The second John Dewey was born October 20, 1859, forty weeks after the death of his older brother. Like his older, surviving brother, Davis Rich Dewey , he attended

4968-530: Was decorated by the Queen of Italy , Empress of Japan , and Queen of the Netherlands . Maria Montessori best summarized Parkhurst's career by stating, "Her intelligent activity is truly rare and precious." Eleanor Roosevelt greatly admired Parkhurst's work and played a significant role in expanding the population and resources of her school. Parkhurst's influence has spread across the globe, with schools in

5040-493: Was first put into effect as an experiment in the high school of Dalton , Massachusetts , in 1916. The estate of her benefactor Josephine Porter Boardman , was also near the town of Dalton and from this beginning the Laboratory Plan and school eventually took their names. In 1919, Helen Parkhurst relocated to New York City, where she opened her first school on West 74th Street . Larger facilities soon became necessary;

5112-1131: Was invited by Peking University to visit China, probably at the behest of his former students, Hu Shih and Chiang Monlin . Dewey and his wife Alice arrived in Shanghai on April 30, 1919, just days before student demonstrators took to the streets of Peking to protest the decision of the Allies in Paris to cede the German-held territories in Shandong province to Japan. Their demonstrations on May Fourth excited and energized Dewey, and he ended up staying in China for two years, leaving in July 1921. In these two years, Dewey gave nearly 200 lectures to Chinese audiences and wrote nearly monthly articles for Americans in The New Republic and other magazines. Well aware of both Japanese expansionism into China and

5184-425: Was one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founding thinkers of functional psychology . His paper "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology", published in 1896, is regarded as the first major work in the (Chicago) functionalist school of psychology. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Dewey as the 93rd-most-cited psychologist of

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