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109-584: The origin of the Dambazawa is as unclear as that of the Fulani race itself, but sources within the clan believe it to be of a Dayebe Fulani group. It was at the time of Sundiata Keita (c. 1217–1255 A.D.) the Fulbe of that era began adopting surnames that conformed to their socioeconomic groups. During that era, the socioeconomic group of a Pullo could easily be identified by considering his/her surname . It

218-463: A camp to be set up. A local legend has it that while the Emir was napping in his tent, he dreamed of Shehu Usman, and in that dream Shehu told him that "this pond is the border between you and Dan Tunku". When the Emir awoke, he asked his forces to withdraw to Danbatta, whereupon Dantunku's house was razed to the ground. The Emir then left for Kano and the Dambazawa left some of their clan members to bring

327-572: A federal state of nine provinces: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, and Timbi. After the Muslim Fulɓe victory, other ethnic groups who had resisted the jihad were deprived of their rights to land except for a small piece for their subsistence and were reduced to servitude. The nomad Pulli Fulɓe lost all freedom of movement, and thus, began to settle en-masse. The Jalonke lost their noble status and became slaves ( maccuɓe ). Later, due to strife between two branches of

436-807: A fixed or settled homestead not too far away, they are basically "in-betweeners". Settled Fulani live in villages, towns, and cities permanently and have given up nomadic life completely, in favor of an urban one. These processes of settlement, concentration, and military conquest led to the existence of organized and long-established communities of Fulani, varying in size from small villages to towns. Today, some major Fulani towns include: Labé , Pita , Mamou , and Dalaba in Guinea; Kaedi , Matam and Podor , Kolda in Senegal and Mauritania; Bandiagara , Mopti , Dori , Gorom-Gorom , and Djibo in Mali and Burkina Faso, on

545-579: A major ethnic boundary marker" between them and other African ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa. Armed with horses and weapons from the north and inspired by Fula, Berber and Arab clerics, Fulani political units would play a central role in promoting Islam in West Africa through peaceful and violent means. These jihads targeted other ethnic groups but also other Fulani who had not yet adopted Islam or who follows it too loosely. These wars helped

654-663: A mockery, as it can also mean; "The Emir who came last" (i.e. who lost being selected to be crowned as emir) or "The King of slaves" (as Bai can also mean "slave" in classical Hausa language). Some historians believed that, prior to Muhammad Bello's pronouncement Malam Dabo was already referred to as Sarkin Bai by virtue of him occupying the official residence of Habe Sarki Bai, but was not formally turbaned as such. So they believed that Muhammad Bello said he should be "Sarkin baya" in reference to his already established name "Sarkin Bai", and this paved way for Dabo to be formally appointed to

763-490: A nomadic herding people, they have moved through and among many cultures, making it difficult to trace their relationships and history with other peoples. Speculations about their origins started in the era of European conquest and colonization because of their oftentimes fair skin, wavy long hair and facial features. Fulani oral histories suggest that their origins lie in North Africa. Their ethnogenesis likely arose as

872-667: A precedent for later, larger, and more disruptive Fula jihads . The Emirate / Imamate of Timbo in the Fuuta Jallon developed from a revolt by Islamic Fulɓe against their oppression by the pagan Pulli (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭, non-Islamic Fulɓe), and the Jallonke (the original Mande inhabitants of the Fuuta-Jallon), during the first half of the 18th century. The first ruler took the title of Almaami and resided in Timbo , near

981-563: A result of interactions between an ancient West African population and North African populations such as Berbers or Egyptians. The earliest mention of the Fula in history may go back to the Bible. Maurice Delafosse speculated that they may correspond to the descendants of Put , son of Ham . Josephus wrote of the Phutites, ancient inhabitants of what is now Libya . The precursors of

1090-573: A section of the Dambazawa away from Damban. Yagana gave birth to Muhammad Kwairanga (later ‘’Sarkin Ban Kano r. 1845–1886)’’ and Abdulƙadir widely called ‘’Zailani’’ (the grandfather of the fourth ‘’sarkin Bai,’’ Abdussalam r. 1893–1907). Dabo's second wife was believed to be the Daughter of Muhammad Bello son of Usman dan Fodio which the Kano chronicles referred to as “’’yar Sakkwatawa”’’ (the Daughter of

1199-461: A tiny minority being Christians and Animists. Many West African leaders are of Fulani descent, including the former President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari ; the first president of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo ; the former President of Senegal, Macky Sall ; the President and the vice president of Gambia, Adama Barrow and Muhammad B.S.Jallow; the President of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló ;

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1308-624: A tradition of leaving behind some of their clan members and herds, whenever they decided to leave an area they have settled. Most of the time that area is named Dambazau meaning: "The abode of the Dambazawa". The Dambazawa believed that wherever they lived, in Nigeria or beyond, the area is called Dambazau. Today in Nigeria alone there are Dambazau villages in Kano , Katsina , Sokoto , Bauchi , Gombe and Muri (Taraba) states. Kano has always been

1417-795: Is a title in Kano Emirate that is reserved exclusively for the leader of the Dambazawa Fulani Clan. Whoever is chosen as Sarkin Ban Kano automatically becomes the leader of the Danbazawa clan, the Secretary of the Kano King makers Council and District head of Danbatta local Government . Fulani The Fula , Fulani , or Fulɓe people are an ethnic group in Sahara , Sahel and West Africa , widely dispersed across

1526-423: Is now Senegal , with their whole clan consisting of their leaders, clerics, peasants and vocation castes (leyyi) that included; Jaawamɓe (courtesans/advisers), Maabuɓe (weavers), Wayilɓe Baleeɓe /sayakooɓe (blacksmiths/goldsmiths), Buurnaaɓe (ceramists), Sakkeeɓe (tanners), Lewɓe (woodworkers), Awluɓe (laudators), Wambaaɓe (guitarists) and Maccuɓe (slaves). Their sojourn eastward, took them through

1635-504: Is now eastern Senegal, from his home near Podor . Sy settled the lands with relatives from his native Futa Toro and Muslim immigrants from as far west as the Djolof Empire and as far east as Nioro du Sahel . Under Sy, Bundu became a refuge for Muslims and Islamic scholars persecuted by traditional rulers in other kingdoms. Sy was killed in 1699 caught in an ambush by the army of Gajaaga . Still, Bundu's growth that would set

1744-718: Is now illegal, memories of the past relationship between Fulɓbe and Rimayɓe are still very much alive in both groups. Paul Riesman, an American ethnographer who resided among the Jelgooji Fulɓbe of Burkina Faso in the 1980s, states that the Fulɓe are tall, slim, and light-skinned; they have thin straight noses, and their hair tends to be long and curly. In contrast, the Rimayɓe are stocky, tending towards corpulence, dark-skinned with flat 'squashed' noses, and short kinky hair. The first Fulani people who were forcibly expatriated to America during

1853-480: Is to hand it over to a free client. Emir Ibrahim Dabo's appointment was met with a wide revolt throughout Kano Emirate, Ibrahim Dabo unlike Emir Sulemanu decided not to have any conflict with the remaining Leaders of the Jihad and therefore offered each of them a daughter and a vast fiefdom. To Dabon Dambazau he offered the administration of the vast area of Kano North (from Ungogo to Danbatta ) and also to formalised

1962-637: Is unclear how this process came to be, but it is true that all Fulbe belong to one of four tribes: The Ururbe (Ba, Diakite), Dialloube (Diallo), Ferrobe (Sow) and Dayebe (Barry, Sangare). The Ba are considered to be a warrior group; the Diallo's geniuses; the Sow's, known to be religious, the guardians of the temple; the Barry were the nobility of the Fulbe. The Dambazawa clan believes they migrated from Futa Tooro in what

2071-557: The Atlantic slave trade came from several parts of West and Central Africa . Many Fulani slaves came from places such as Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Cameroon. Most of the slaves who came from Senegal belonged to Fula and Mandinga peoples. Some of the most common names found on the Registry of Liberated Africans were Fulani in origin. Many of the captors and perpetrators of raids providing sources for

2180-717: The Faro River , to the foot of the Mambilla Plateau , which they would later ascend in subsequent years. The heaviest concentrations of their settlements were at Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua and Bundang. Today, Fula oral historians recognize three different Fuuta , or Fula lands: Fuuta Kingi , meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau , the Assaba Region , the Hodh , Futa Toro and

2289-684: The Fulfulde word Ballo meaning “helper or assistant”, this name is spread across several ethnic groups in Nigeria), Tukur (from Takrur ), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko. In Mali , the most common Fulani family names are Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Bah, Dicko, Tall, etc. These names can be found among the Fulani populations of the following Malian regions and areas of Mopti , Macina , Nioro , Kidal , Tomboctou , Gao , Sikasso , and others. These names are also found among

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2398-580: The Fulɓe Wuro . Fulani towns were a direct result of nomadic heritage and were often founded by individuals who had simply chosen to settle in a given area instead of continuing on their way. Evidence of Fulani migration as a whole, from the Western to Eastern Sudan is very fragmentary. Delafosse, one of the earliest enquirers into Fulani history and customs, principally relying on oral tradition, estimated that Fulani migrants left Fuuta-Tooro heading east between

2507-533: The Fulɓe ladde . While the initial expansionist groups were small, they soon increased in size due to the availability of grazing lands in the Sahel and the lands that bordered it to the immediate south. Agricultural expansions led to a division among the Fulani, where individuals were classified as belonging either to the group of expansionist nomadic agriculturalists or the group of Fulani who found it more comfortable to abandon traditional nomadic ways and settle in towns or

2616-835: The Jobawa clan, Malam Jamo of the Sullubawa Clan, Malam Usman Bahaushe of the Hausa faithful and Malam Dabo of the Dambazawa Clan. By late 1808 or early 1809, the Kano Fulani decided to visit Shehu Usman and raised the issue of leadership in Kano. They were to meet with Shehu at Birnin Gada in Zamfara , but Shehu was unable to make the journey and was represented by his son Sheik Muhammadu Bello (who later became sultan after

2725-712: The Jobawa clan and Sarkin Dawaki mai Tutar Kano from the Sullubawa clan (who were the descendants of Malam Jamo the leader of the Sullubawa during the Jihad and the custodian of the Kano Jihad flag) as members. This council is responsible for choosing a new Emir whenever the seat becomes vacant. They forward his name to the Kano State Executive Council for subsequent approval. Sarkin Bai

2834-880: The Maccuɗo , Rimmayɓe , Dimaajo , and less often Ɓaleeɓe , the Fulani equivalent of the Tuareg Ikelan known as Bouzou ( Buzu ) or Bella in the Hausa and Songhay languages respectively. The Fulani rulers and merchants were, like many other ruling ethnic groups of Africa, also involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, sourcing the enslaved people through raids and from captives they took by waging war. Many Fulani were enslaved and raided by ethnic groups who adhered to traditional African religions . The Fulani castes are endogamous in nature, meaning individuals marry only within their caste. This caste system, however, wasn't as elaborate in places like northern Nigeria , Eastern Niger or Cameroon . According to some estimates, by

2943-684: The Ouaddaï highlands of Eastern Chad, the areas around Kordofan , Darfur and the Blue Nile , Sennar , Kassala regions of Sudan, as well as the Red Sea coastal city of Port Sudan . The Fulani on their way to or back from the pilgrimage to Mecca , Saudi Arabia, settled in many parts of eastern Sudan, today representing a distinct community of over two million people referred to as the Fellata . While their early settlements in West Africa were in

3052-582: The Sahel from the Atlantic coast to the Red Sea , particularly in West Africa . In addition, many also speak other languages of the countries they inhabit, making many Fulani bilingual or even trilingual. Such languages include French , Hausa , Bambara , Wolof , Soninke , and Arabic . Major concentrations of Fulani people exist in the Fouta Djallon highlands of central Guinea and south into

3161-552: The Wolof term Pël , which is variously spelled: Peul , Peulh , and even Peuhl . More recently the Fulfulde / Pulaar term Fulɓe , which is a plural noun (singular, Pullo ) has been Anglicised as Fulbe , which is gaining popularity in use. In Portuguese, the terms Fula or Futafula are used. The terms Fallata , Fallatah , or Fellata are of Arabic origins, and are often the ethnonyms by which Fulani people are identified by in parts of Chad and Sudan. The Toucouleur people of

3270-723: The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Fulani people have held on to "a strict caste system". There are the Fulani proper, also referred to as the Fulɓe , including the Pullo (also called the Rimɓe (singular)) and the Dimo , meaning "noble". There is the artisan caste, including blacksmiths, potters, griots , genealogists, woodworkers, and dressmakers. They belong to castes but are considered free people . Then there are those castes of captive, slave or serf ancestry:

3379-652: The Dambazawa are those controlling the districts of Danbatta and Makoda . Their leader, who always holds the title of Sarkin Bai , is a permanent member of the Kano State Emirate Council and the secretary of the Kano King Makers Council (i.e. Kano Emirate Electoral College) which consist of Madakin Kano from the Ba'awa (Yolawa) clan as chairman of the council, Sarkin Ban Kano from the Dambazawa clan as secretary, Makaman Kano from

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3488-485: The Dambazawa clan under his leadership left Damban and settled in Kano. With the emergence of the renowned scholar Usman Dan fodio in the 1790s Dabo was said to become his student, and during his stay with Dan Fodio he became very close to Danfodio's younger brother Abdullahi dan Fodio . Dabon Dambazau's first wife was Yagana a Daughter of the Borno's Mai Ali IV ibn Haj Hamdun (r. 1754–1794) He married her before he led

3597-464: The Dambazawa removed themselves from the activities of the Emirate, but Dabo retained his seat at the council of Ulama (Clerics) which consisted of all the clan leaders. Shehu Usman retired from administering the caliphate in 1815 and handed over the administration to his brother Abdullahi Fodiyo and son Muhammadu Bello . He later died in 1817 A.D. and upon his death Muhammadu Bello succeeded him as

3706-551: The Dambazawa, but Dabo was unperturbed and kept calming them saying "nothing would happen". But their fear kept increasing by the day, so they continued to urge him to leave for Sokoto (to Shehu). They later prevailed over him and Dabo left Kano for Sokoto. Upon hearing that Dabo left for Sokoto, Emir Sulemanu rode after him to Sokoto , fearing what Dabo might tell Shehu. After they both arrived before Shehu, he reconciled and made peace between them, and they returned to Kano. This happened between 1810 and 1811 A.D. From that day, Dabo and

3815-498: The Emirate of Kano during the reign of Emir Sulemanu, by Conquering and harassing villages in northern Kano, he carved out a sizable Kingdom for himself at the expanse of the Kano Emirate . A portion of Dambazawa forces were the vanguard that fought Dan Tunku and kept him at bay whilst the forces of Kano were busy fighting revolts that broke out in other areas of the Kano Emirate after the appointment of Ibrahim Dabo as Emir. After

3924-618: The European slave merchants were also Fulani. Fula society features the caste divisions typical of the West African region. The fairly rigid caste system of the Fula people has medieval roots, had become well established by the 15th-century, and has survived into modern age. The four major castes, states Martin Kich, in their order of status are "nobility, traders, tradesmen (such as blacksmith) and descendants of slaves". According to

4033-458: The Fula dominate much of the Sahel region of West Africa during the medieval and pre-colonial era, establishing them not only as a religious group but also as a political and economic force. From the 18th century onwards, the frequency of jihads increased and the Fulani became politically dominant in many areas. While establishing their hegemony, the Fulbe defined a strict social hierarchy and imposed limitations on economic and trading activities,

4142-561: The Fula population of Burkina Faso , along with other names like Barry and Sankara (derived from Sangaré). Bocoum, Niangadou, Bassoum, Daff, Djigué, and Lah are some family names that can be found among the Diawambe/Jawambe (Singular: Dianwando/Jawando and Diokoramé/Jokorameh in Bambara ) of Mali. The Jawambe are a sub-group of Fulanis in Mali who are primarily known for trading. In some parts of Mali, like Mopti, apart from

4251-490: The Fulani likely migrated out of the Sahara desert , at the time much wetter than today, as it progressively dried beginning in the 7th century BC. They migrated into the Senegal river valley from the east, pushed by Berber raids and desertification. The kingdom of Tekrur in what is now Futa Toro was formed through the interaction of the Fula (and perhaps Berber) migrants with the native "Negro agricultural peoples" of

4360-563: The Fula–a third, or an estimated 7 to 10 million –are pastoralists , and their ethnic group has the largest nomadic pastoral community in the world. The majority of the Fula ethnic group consisted of semi-sedentary people, as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, and nobility. As an ethnic group, they are bound together by the Fula language , their history and their culture. The Fula are almost completely Muslims with

4469-534: The Gobir King Yunfa (reign: 1802–1808), The leader of the Dambazawa alongside two other prominent Fulani clan members, Modibbo Sulemanu bii Abuhama of the Mundubawa clan, and Modibbo Muhammadu Ummaru popularly called Mallam Bakatsine of the Jobawa clan, were already studying under Shehu and were with him at the time of his flight to Gudu, after which, he sent them back to Kano with the task of rallying

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4578-463: The Hausa and other surrounding groups of the region. This Hausa–Fulani interaction is uncommon outside the eastern subregion of West Africa. In Mali , Burkina Faso and Senegal for instance, those within the Fulɓe cultural sphere, but who are not ethnically Fula, are referred to as yimɓe pulaaku ( 𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵 , "people of the Fula culture"). As such, Fulani culture includes people who may or may not be ethnic Fulani. Although slavery

4687-773: The Inland Delta. Despite its power and omnipresence, the hegemony of the emirate was constantly threatened. During the reign of Aamadu Aamadu, the grandson of Sheeku Aamadu, internal contradictions weakened the emirate until it fell to the Toucouleur in 1862. The founder of the Toucouleur Empire, El Hadj Umar Tall , was an Islamic reformer originating from Fuuta Tooro . Beginning in Futa Jallon , he led an army that conquered Massina, Segou, and Kaarta , but he died fighting against rebels in 1864. At that point

4796-564: The Kano city wall. Today this area is also known as Dambazau . After Kano city fell to the Fulani forces in 1806, their nobility, clerics and most of their Jaawando and Maccube moved into the walled city. There they occupied the House of Sarkin Bai , a compound north of the city, behind the city market called Jakara. Today that compound is also called Dambazau within the city wall. After the clan settled permanently in Kano, some of its members moved out to other areas. Wherever they settled they tended to name that area Dambazau. The Dambazawa have

4905-418: The Republics of Mali , Niger , Chad and Cameroun . Their migratory drift was characterized by settling in an area for months or years before moving on. They would raise their cattle, transact business, gain and disseminate Islamic knowledge in the areas they settled or passed through. For over two centuries they kept roaming until they arrived at the Kanem Empire in ( Borno - Nigeria ) and settled there. By

5014-410: The Secretary-General of OPEC , Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo . There are many names (and spellings of the names) used in other languages to refer to the Fulɓe . Fulani in English is borrowed from the Hausa term. Fula , from Manding languages , is also used in English, and sometimes spelled Fulah or Fullah . Fula and Fulani are commonly used in English, including within Africa. The French borrowed

5123-451: The Seediayanke royal lineage, (the Soriya and the Alphaya ), a system for the rotation of office between these branches was set up. This led to an almost permanent state of civil strife since none of the parties was inclined to respect the system, which considerably weakened the power of the political centre. A jihad in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by Sulayman Bal threw out the ruling Denianke Dynasty. Sulayman died in 1776 and

5232-436: The Sulluɓawa Clan to succeed him as Emir, extolling Ibrahim Dabo's virtues and also accusing Dabon Dambazau of Haughtiness and Malam Dikko of the Joɓawa Clan of oppressive tendencies if appointed Emirs. That letter might have played a role indeed, but another possible reason might be that the Sultan intentionally overlooked Dabon Dambazau at the time, in favour of the more obscure Ibrahim Dabo due to Dabon Dambazau's closeness to

5341-429: The Sultan's uncle, Abdullahi dan Fodio , appointing Dabon Dambazau as Emir would literally mean handing over Kano to the Gwandu section of the Sultanate headed by Abdullahi dan Fodio. Kano has always been the most populous and wealthiest of all the Emirates within the Caliphate, so appointing an Emir who is very close to the Sultan of Gwandu would have put Sokoto at a disadvantage, so the politically correct thing to do

5450-447: The Vice President of Sierra Leone, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh ; the prime minister of Guinea conakry, Bah Oury; the Prime Minister of Mali, Boubou Cisse and the Wife of Vice President of Ghana Samira Bawumia . They also occupy positions in major international institutions, such as the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations , Amina J. Mohammed ; the 74th President of the United Nations General Assembly , Tijjani Muhammad-Bande ; and

5559-419: The Yolawa clan, Malam Muhammad Bakatsine of the Joɓawa Clan, Malam Danzabuwa of the Danejawa Clan, Malam Jamo of the Sulluɓawa Clan and Malam Usman Bahaushe, waged war upon King Alwali and subsequently toppled him after a series of set backs and successes between 1804 and 1807. After the successful defeat of King Alwali, Dabo entered Kano city with most of his kith and kin and occupied the official residence of

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5668-465: The area around Nioro du Sahel ; Fuuta Keyri , 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon , Massina , Sokoto , and the Adamawa Region ; Fuuta Jula is the diaspora of Fula traders and emigrants in other regions. The Fula, living on the edge of the Sahara, were among the first sub-Saharan groups to adopt Islam. According to David Levison, adopting Islam made the Fulani feel a "cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became

5777-447: The areas occupied by the Sokoto Caliphate , which includes what is now southern Niger and northern Nigeria (such as Adamawa , Tahoua , Katsina , Sokoto , Kebbi , Zinder , Bauchi , Diffa , Yobe , Gombe , and further east, into the Benue River valley systems of north eastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon). This is the area known as the Fombina/Hombina , literally meaning 'the south' in Adamawa Fulfulde , because it represented

5886-463: The areas they occupy. Although within each region, there are even further divisions and sub-groupings as well. Below is a list of the main Fulɓe groups. Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional Typically, Fulɓe belonging to the same affinity bloc tend to cluster together in culture, customs, and dialectal variety with the Eastern Fulɓe sub-groups tending to be more similar to each other than to other sub-groups, and

5995-414: The bend of the Niger; and Birnin Kebbi , Katsina , Gombe , Yola , Digil , Jalingo , Bauchi, Misau, Jama'are, Mayo Belwa , Mubi , Maroua , Ngaoundere , Azare , Dukku , Kumo, Girei , Damaturu, Bertoua, and Garoua in the countries of Cameroon and Nigeria. In most of these communities, the Fulani are usually perceived as a ruling class . Fulani communities are sometimes grouped and named based on

6104-402: The central Senegal River valley speak Fulfulde / Pulaar and refer to themselves as Haalpulaaren , or those who speak Pulaar. The supposed distinction between them was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century who differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European Toucouleurs on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative Peulhs on

6213-422: The commander of the faithful (Sultan). Emir Sulemanu died in 1819, but not before he wrote a letter to Sultan Muhammadu Bello requesting the appointment of Modibbo Ibrahim Dabo from the Sullubawa clan as Emir in the event of his death. In his letter, he accused Malam Dabon Dambazau of haughtiness and Malam Dikko (of the Jobawa clan) of oppressive tendencies and urged Sultan Bello not to appoint either of them in

6322-461: The common Fula surnames like those previously mentioned, you will find surnames like Cissé and Touré. Though these names are commonly associated with the Manding tribes, some in Mali have adopted the Fula culture and language through centuries of coexistence, and thus now consider themselves as part of the Fula ethnic group. A notable example of this is Amadou Toumani Touré , the former president of Mali. The Fula people are widely distributed, across

6431-402: The death of Shehu in 1817) who appointed Modibbo Sulemanu of the Mundubawa clan as the Amir of Kano. Though Sulemanu belonged to the Mundubawa Clan, and was said to be with Shehu at the time of his flight to Gudu, he did not make the Hijra to Kwazazzabon ´yar-kwando (also called Fagoje: a place thirty-eight miles (sixty-one kilometres) west of Kano city, where the Fulani made camp before starting

6540-468: The early 16th century, they left Borno and settled for a while in Damban in present-day Bauchi , Nigeria). From Damban they moved to Gasakoli (a place in Jigawa , Nigeria), then to an area in what was then the eastern part of the Kano Kingdom—known today as Dambazau in Takai . They remained in that area for a while. From there, they continued their westward movement, avoiding Kano city and settling in an area thirteen miles (twenty-one kilometres) north of

6649-411: The eleventh and the fourteenth centuries. By the 15th century, there was a steady flow of Fulɓe immigrants into Hausaland and, later on, Bornu . Their presence in Baghirmi was recorded early in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, Fulani settlements were dotted all along the Benue River valley and its tributaries. They spread eastwards towards Garoua and Rey Bouba , and southwards towards

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6758-475: The emirate was divided into three states, each ruled by one of his sons. These three states had their capitals respectively in the towns of Nioro , Segou and Bandiagara . Within 30 years, all three had been conquered and colonized by the French. The Fulani, migrant Arabs and Hausa people have taken some influences from each other's cultures. Upon the success recorded in the 1804 Fulani War of Usman dan Fodio , many formerly nomadic Fulɓe subsequently joined

6867-421: The event of his death. He recommended the appointment of Malam Ibrahim Dabo of the Sullubawa , who happened to be his student at one time. Their parents, Modibbo Abuhama and Modibbo Mahmudu (known as Malam Mai Dan Gwado) were very close friends. By the time Emir Sulemanu died in 1819, the Dambazawa had already established themselves as a force to be reckon with. They were gunning for their leader to be appointed

6976-468: The faithful. The first thing Malam Dabo did after his return from Gudu was to rally his Dambazawa clan, and then proceeded, together with other Fulani clan leaders, to rally the Kano, Fulani and Hausa faithful. The Dambazawa participated fully in all the major battles of the Jihad in Kano from its beginnings in 1804 to its end in 1807, contributing in every way, especially in terms of military logistics and intelligence . The entire Jihad force camped in

7085-551: The height of this conflict, Sulemanu seized some parts of Dabo's fiefdom (Kunya district among some other villages) and imprisoned Malam Dabo in the royal prison, but the Dambazawa went to the prison by nightfall and freed him. Again Emir Sulemanu, acting upon the advice of former Kano rulers' (Alwali) advisers, started disseminating propaganda that Malam Dabo would be killed on a certain date. But that date came and passed with nothing happening to Malam Dabo. Then another day would be announced. This series of pronouncements terrified most of

7194-419: The jihad in Kano). Nor did he participate in the Kano Jihad struggles. He lived for the whole time within Kano city as an Imam. His appointment did not go down well with the Kano Jihadists. After their return from Birnin Gada, things were calm for a while, but the style of Amir Sulemanu's leadership of Kano did not sit well with most of the prominent Fulani clan leaders, who saw his actions/omissions as undermining

7303-429: The jihad was successful, the Fulani consolidated their power by defeating the remnants of the Kano forces under the leadership of the ousted king ( King Alwali ) in the walled town of Burumburum in 1807. For almost three years (1806–1808/9) Kano was without central leadership (an Emir ). It was administered collegially by the leaders of the Kano Jihad; Malam Jibir and Malam Abdurrahman of the Yolawa Clan, Malam Bakatsine of

7412-670: The late 19th century, slaves constituted about 50% of the population of the Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate , where they were referred to as jeyaɓe (singular jeyado ). Though very high, these figures are representative of many other emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate , of which Adamawa formed a part. The castes-based social stratification among the Fula people was widespread and seen across the Sahel, such as Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, and others. Dabon Dambazau Muhammadu Yunusa , ( Arabic : ’’’محمد يونس’’’ , romanized :  ‘’’Mohammed Yunoos’’’ ; 1764 – 1845) popularly known as Dabon Dambazau ,

7521-453: The modern-day town of Mamou . The town became the political capital of the newly formed Imamate, with the religious capital was located in Fugumba . The Council of Elders of the Futa Jallon state were also based in Fugumba, acting as a brake on the Almami's powers. The newly formed imamate was mostly located mainly in present-day Guinea, but also spanned parts of modern-day Guinea Bissau, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. This emirate was, in fact,

7630-429: The most populous and wealthiest of the Hausa Kingdoms , and its capital was almost certainly the greatest city in the Sudan at the end of the 18th century. Kano's weather is well suited for cattle rearing. Kano had already been settled by a number of Fulani clans, which had already established themselves centuries before the Jihad. According to the Kano Chronicle , the first wave of Fulani people arrived in Kano during

7739-419: The most southern and eastern reaches of Fulɓe hegemonic dominance in West Africa . In this area, Fulfulde is the local lingua franca, and language of cross cultural communication. Further east of this area, Fulani communities become predominantly nomadic, and exist at less organized social systems. These are the areas of the Chari-Baguirmi Region and its river systems, in Chad and the Central African Republic,

7848-442: The new status between them he married his first Daughter Fatsumatu to Dabon Dambazau. Dabon Dabazau obliged his request and offers; and accepted to be formally appointed as Sarkin Bai and fief owner of Northern Kano. Together Ibrahim Dabo and the remaining Leaders of the jihad set out and brought all revolts to an end. The prolific writer M. G. Smith said that, Dabo adopted a different approach. On Officially appointing Dabon Dambazau to

7957-626: The next Amir of Kano and had the backing of not only the majority of the Fulani clans but also the Hausa peasants. But as fate would have it, when the Emir's seat became vacant the name of Dabon Dambazau was forwarded to the Sultan, Muhammed Bello, but he had already made up his mind to grant the wish of the late Emir Sulemanu by appointing Malam Ibrahim Dabo of the Sullubawa clan as his successor. The sultan overlooked Malam Dabo and said that Malam Dabo should be Sarkin Baya . To date, no one knows precisely what

8066-521: The nomadic-pastoral or Mbororo , the semi-nomadic, and the settled or "town" Fulani. The pastoral Fulani move around with their cattle throughout the year. Typically, they do not stay around for long stretches (not more than 2–4 months at a time). The semi-nomadic Fulani can either be Fulɓe families who happen to settle down temporarily at particular times of the year or Fulɓe families who do not "browse" around past their immediate surroundings, and even though they possess livestock, they do not wander away from

8175-645: The northern part of the Kingdom of Kano (i.e. Tomas—an area with a water pond presently in Danbatta district) for almost a year before the final assault was made on the walled capital city of Kano in 1806. This part of the kingdom (Danbatta) happens to be an area the Dambazawa were very conversant with because their settlement Dambazau was located there. The Dambazawa were said to be a very united Fulani clan and were extremely devoted to their leader Malam Dabo. They followed, obeyed and protect him anywhere, anytime. After

8284-720: The northernmost reaches of Sierra Leone; the Futa Tooro savannah grasslands of Senegal and southern Mauritania; the Macina inland Niger river delta system around Central Mali; and especially in the regions around Mopti and the Nioro Du Sahel in the Kayes region; the Borgu settlements of Benin, Togo, and west-central Nigeria; the northern parts of Burkina Faso in the Sahel region 's provinces of Seno , Wadalan , and Soum ; and

8393-582: The northwestern boundaries of the Kano Emirate with the Katsina and Daura Emirates and Babura near the northeastern boundary of Kano with Damagaran (now Zinder in the Niger Republic) as their fiefdom. And he restored to him Kunya and the other villages, which Emir Sulemanu had seized from him during their disagreement. To formalise the new situation with the Dambazawa, he appointed his daughter Fatsumatu Zara (daughter of his senior wife Shekara) to

8502-436: The office of Sarkin Bai, he placed him in charge of all the territories ranging between Ungogo, (three or four miles north of the city), and Kun-ci near the northwestern boundaries of Kano. He restored Dambatta and Kunya to Dambazau which were seized from him by Emir Sulemanu, this expressly set Dambazau and Dan Tunku against each Other. To formalize the new situation further, Ibrahim Dabo appointed his daughter, Fatsimatu Zara, to

8611-420: The official title of Sarkin Bai. When Malam Ibrahim Dabo ascended the emirship of Kano , he decided not to have any conflict with the Dambazawa. He adopted a different approach from that of Emir Sulemanu. He officially appointed Dabo to the office of Sarkin bai , and placed him in charge of all the territories ranging from between Ungogo 2 to 4 mi (3.2 to 6.4 km) north of Kano city to Kunchi near

8720-675: The other, but the dichotomy is false. Common Fulani family names in Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Gambia , Guinea Bissau and Southern Senegal are: Diallo (French speaking regions), Jallow or Jalloh (English speaking regions), Djalo (Cap Verde and Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah or Ba, Baldé, and Diouldé. Other Fulani (Toucouleur) family names in Guinea and northern Senegal are: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia and others. Although most Fulbe of Nigeria , Niger and Cameroon use their father's given name as surnames, there are some common Fulani last names such as Bello (likely from

8829-585: The ousted Hausa ‘’Sarkin Dawakin Kano’’ located at Marmara area of Kano city. But due to ‘’Dabo's’’ large retinue and his keen interest in business, he later relocated to the official residence of the Hausa ‘’Sarkin bai of Kano’’ being that the house is spacious enough to accommodate all his retinue as well as its proximity to Kano central market. This singular action (of moving in to Sarkin Bai's official residence) prompted people to unofficially started referring to him as ‘’Sarkin Bai.’’ Emir of Kano Sulaimanu

8938-432: The people of Sokoto), her name was not recorded in history but it's known that her marriage to Dabo did not last long because of the controversy it generated between Dabon Dambazau and the first Emir of Kano Suleman dan Abu hama (r 1809–1819). Dabo's third wife was ‘’Magajiyar Kano’’ ‘’Fatsumatu’’ daughter of the 2nd Emir of Kano Ibrahim Dabo . When Ibrahim Dabo became Emir he appointed his first daughter ‘’Fatsumatu’’ as

9047-707: The purpose of which was to ensure a constant flow of tax revenue and commodities to the state apparatus and the standing army, especially for the cavalry. The freedom for pastoralists to move around was curtailed to ensure the smooth functioning of other production activities, such as cereal cultivation and, in the case of Maasina, of fishing activities. There was considerable resistance to the forced acceptance of Islam. Conversion to Islam meant not only changing one's religion but also submitting to rules dealing with every aspect of social, political and cultural life, intrusions with which many nomadic Fulbe were not comfortable. In 1690, Torodbe cleric Malick Sy came to Bundu, in what

9156-452: The region. Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa , South Sudan , Darfur , and regions near the Red Sea coast in Sudan . The approximate number of Fula people is unknown, due to clashing definitions regarding Fula ethnicity. Various estimates put the figure between 25 and 40 million people worldwide. A significant proportion of

9265-409: The reign of Mai Ali IV ibn Haj Hamdun (1755-1793). Dabo was said to be born in the year 1764 when his father Modibbo Umaru and his Dambazawa fulani clan were residents within the area of Borno empire's capital Ngazargamu. Being the son of a scholar and Business man, he was introduced to Islamic knowledge and Business in his early age, his search for Islamic knowledge reached it peak when a section of

9374-596: The reign of the 19th ruler of Kano, Sarki Yakubu Dan Abdullahi Bar-ja who ruled between 1452 and 1463. Kano Fulani settlements were scattered throughout the Kingdom of Kano in such a way that they formed a ring round the walled capital city. The settlement of the Dambazawa was situated north of the city wall and their leader at the end of the 18th century was Modibbo Muhammadu Yunusa Ummaru popularly called Dabon Dambazau . The Fulani of Kano had already been in contact with Shehu (Usman dan Fodiyo) long before his breach with

9483-443: The revolts were subdued, the Kano forces led by Emir Ibrahim Dabo himself, joined the Dambazawa forces and then proceeded to plan and executed a final assault on Dan Tunku at Danbatta town, where they defeated him. But, Dan Tunku was abled to escape through the northern gate of Danbatta Town. Kano forces pursued him until they reached a pond that separated Danbatta and the hills of Kazaure . The Emir dismounted from his horse and ordered

9592-637: The ruling classes of the many emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate . The Fulɓe of Hausaland dress in the clothing and speak the language of their Hausa neighbours (see Hausa–Fulani ). Because they became the dominant ethnic group in these lands, the Fulɓe in the emirates outside Hausaland , like parts of Kanem-Bornu , Adamawa and Gombe , still retain much of their Fulani culture even still speaking Fulfulde as their first language. The Fulɓe who didn't settle during this period and their descendants, however, still keep an obvious distinct identity from that of

9701-531: The same applies to most western groups. Culturally speaking, the central Fulɓe sub-groups are roughly in between the western and eastern Fulani cultural niches. For example, the Massina Fulɓe share similarities both dialectally and culturally to Nigerian or Cameroonian (Eastern) (both of which end interrogative questions with " na ?"), as well as Senegalese and Guinean (western) Fulɓe cultures (who do not end interrogative questions with such mannerism). Accordingly,

9810-549: The son of Malama Muhammad Bakatsine and he was Dabo's age mate), hence Dabo naturally became a top contender of the Emirship. But Sultan Muhammad Bello overlook Dabon Dambazau in favour of Ibrahim Dabo of the Sulluɓawa Clan. Some believe that the Sultan's decision was based upon a letter written to him by Emir Sulemanu on his death bed, in which he requested Ibrahim Dabo (who happen's to be His personal assistant and Galadima) of

9919-514: The state. Abdul Kader defeated the emirates of Trarza and Brakna to the north, but was defeated and captured when he attacked the Wolof states of Cayor and Waalo around 1797. After his release the jihad impetus had been lost. By the time of Abdul Kader's death in 1806 the state was dominated by a few elite Torodbe families. The Sokoto Caliphate was by far the largest and most successful legacy of Fulani power in Western Africa. It

10028-500: The successes achieved by the Jihadists in Kano. They opposed many of his policies and Malam Dabo became the embodiment of that opposition. Malam Dabo later asked the hand in marriage of Shehu's daughter and it was given. This deepened the already complicated relationship between the Dambazawa and Emir Sulemanu. Sulemanu saw this as an affront to his authority by Dabo, as he was also said to be married to another of Shehu's daughters. At

10137-517: The sultan meant by this because the phrase has different meanings in the Hausa language . This was the reason Malam Dabo's supporters and admirers were calling him Sarkin Baya or Sarkin bai (as both baya and bai roughly have the same meaning in the Hausa language) which roughly translates as; "The Emir to come after" (i.e. after Ibrahim Dabo). Although his adversaries, and those who loathed him, also called him Sarkin bai , but they called him that as

10246-688: The time of his death amongst the Fulani Clans leaders that initiated the Jihad in Kano Dabon Dambazau, Malam Jibir of the Yolawa clan and Malam Jamo of the Sulluɓawa clan were still alive, but Malam Jibir and Malam Jamo were very old and frail at that time (Dabo was the youngest amongst the Clan leaders that initiated the Jihad in Kano, some of them even had sons about Dabo's age; Malam Dikko is

10355-571: The title of Magajiya ( the first Fulani Magajiya in Kano). He then gave Fatsumatu to Dabo as a bride, together with Kunchi as a marriage gift, thus publicly demonstrating his reconciliation with the Dambazawa. The fiefdom of the Dambazawa happens to include Danbatta town , which at that time was the headquarters of a rebellious Fulani clan leader named Ibrahim Dan Tunku of the Yarimawa Fulani clan of Shiddar . Dan Tunku began rebelling against

10464-510: The title of Magajiya (a title reserved to the eldest daughter of a reigning Emir), as the first Fulani Magajiya in Kano; he then gave Fatsamatu to Dabon Dambazau as a bride, together with Kunci as her dowry, thus demonstrating to the public his reconciliation with Dabon Dambazau." Throughout his long and eventful life, Dabon Dambazau remained a Business man, neither search for religious knowledge nor War (Battles) and later fief administration had ever deterred Dabo from his Business pursuits, hence

10573-558: The town to order. They built a house beside the destroyed house of Dan Tunku and appointed Dantunku's brother (who had earlier surrendered) as Sarkin Fulanin Danbatta . Dambazawa then made Danbatta the capital of their larger fiefdom and their military base against Dan Tunku. Danbatta became Kano's northern fortress where they governed and defended Kano from all northern aggression. To date, the Dambazawa are those controlling Danbatta and its environs, though they no longer control

10682-777: The valley who were "essentially Serer ", Dominated first by Wagadu and later by the Lamtuna , the Mali Empire and the Jolof Empire , in the early 16th century the area was conquered by Koli Tenguella , who founded the Empire of Great Fulo . The Fulani were cattle-keeping farmers who shared their lands with other nearby groups, like the Soninke, who contributed to the rise of ancient Ghana, with eastward and westward expansion being led by nomadic groups of cattle breeders or

10791-598: The vicinity of the tri-border point of present-day Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania, they are now, after centuries of gradual migrations and conquests, spread throughout a wide band of West and Central Africa. The Fulani People occupy a vast geographical expanse located roughly in a longitudinal east–west band immediately south of the Sahara, and just north of the coastal rain forest and swamps. There are estimates of more than 25 million Fulani people. There are generally three different types of Fulani based on settlement patterns, viz:

10900-526: The western groups are the most divergent from the eastern groups and vice versa. Overall, however, all share most cultural practices to a large extent. In Ghana, the exact number of Fulani is unknown due to systematic oppression that includes not counting the Fulani in the Ghanaian census. This reflects widespread discrimination and negative stereotypes about the Fulani. The origins of the Fulani people are unclear and various theories have been postulated. As

11009-430: The whole of the northern Kano emirate. They still operate as the fief owners of Danbatta and Makoda. Modibbo Muhammadu Yunusa Ummaru Ba-dambaje died in 1845 and was buried under a date palm tree at his house at Dambazau, inside the walled city of Kano. He died one to three months earlier than Emir Ibrahim Dabo (Ibrahim Dabo died in 1846) and did not live to become the Emir of Kano. After his death, his son Muhammadu Kwairanga

11118-424: The ‘’Magajiyar Kano’’ and married her to Dabo. Fatsumatu remained childless up to Dabon Dambazau's death in 1845. Dabo may have had other wives and certainly concubines that bear him children but these three were the only ones recorded in history. It was not known exactly when Dabo left Damban, but he may have settled in Kano around the middle stage of King Alwali's reign between 1786–1790. Dabo after settling in Kano

11227-622: Was a member of the Fulani Islamic revivalists group who waged Islamic revival war (Jihad) on the Kingdom of Kano between 1804 and 1807. He was the first Fulani holder of the noble title of Sarkin Bai of Kano. Prior to his ascension he was the clan leader of the Dambazawa Dayeɓe Fulani Clan, an accomplished Islamic scholar and a business magnate. He was the fifth son of Malam Umaru a Fulani Business man in Borno empire during

11336-525: Was appointed Sarkin Bai of Kano and continued operating as the fief owner of Northern Kano. Muhammadu Kwairanga, after becoming the Sarkin bai of Kano and leader of the Dambazawa clan, decided to choose ten people from the Dambazawa to help him administer the fiefdom. He gave them titles and offices and called them Yan goma (the ten councilors). The titles include: Waziri, Madaki, Makama, Galadima, Wanbai, Ciroma, Tafida, Muqaddas, Dawaki and Santali. Today,

11445-672: Was appointed Emir of Kano between 1809–1810 and in the course of his rulership, had misunderstandings with Dabon Dambazau, and according to the Kano chronicles Emir Sulemanu at one point imprisoned Dabo and the Dambazawa went at night and forcefully break him out, later due to threats to execute him by Emir Sulemanu, Dabo n Dambazau had to seek refuge and redress between him and Sulemanu in front of Shehu Usman. To which Shehu Usman intervened and make peace between them. From there on Dabo removed himself from Kano's administration and turn his affairs towards full time Islamic scholarship, Business pursuits and philanthropy. Emir Sulemanu died in 1817 and at

11554-557: Was established by the Fulbe jihad led by Seku Amadu in 1818, rebelling against the Bamana Empire , a political power that controlled the region from Segou . This jihad was inspired by Usman Dan Fodio and his jihad in Sokoto. This state appears to have had tight control over its core area, as evidenced by the fact that its political and economic organization is still manifested today in the organization of agricultural production in

11663-619: Was only occupied with business pursuits and Islamic scholarship, he had no known contact with Kano royalty. Dabo was already studying under Usman dan Fodio when the Jihad struggles started, he was with Shehu during his flight to Gudu and also was with him during the first battle of the jihad between the Shehu's Jama’a and the King of Gobir Yunfa . After the battle, Dabo returned to Kano and together with leaders of other Fulani clans in Kano that included; Malam Jibir and Malam Abdul-rahman (Goshi) of

11772-615: Was succeeded by Abdul Kader ('Abd al-Qadir), a learned teacher and judge who had studied in Cayor . Abdul Kader became the first Almamy of the theocratic Almamyate of Futa Toro. He encouraged construction of mosques, and pursued an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. The Torodbe prohibited the trade in slaves on the river. In 1785 they obtained an agreement from the French to stop trading in Muslim slaves and to pay customs duties to

11881-625: Was the largest, as well as the most well-organized, of the Fulani Jihad states. Throughout the 19th century, Sokoto was one of the largest and most powerful empires in West Africa until 1903, when defeated by European colonial forces. The Sokoto Caliphate included several emirates, the largest of which was Adamawa , although the Kano Emirate was the most populated. Others included, but are not limited to: Gombe Emirate , Gwandu Emirate , Bauchi Emirate , Katsina Emirate , Zazzau Emirate , Hadejia Emirate , and Muri Emirate . The Maasina Emirate

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