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80-427: The Library sits on a 1.5 acre property and houses the city's art collection, mostly of painting 19th century paintings donated to the city. The Paterson Free Public Library was established in 1885. Although Paterson had many libraries and reading rooms across the city as early as 1828, most were accessible only to those who paid subscription fees. It wasn’t until 1884, when New Jersey Assemblyman William Prall introduced

160-472: A 1,000-stall public parking garage and assist with cleanup of the land, which had been used as a Metro Transit bus base. The two-building headquarters campus opened in June 2011 at a cost of $ 500 million and was designed by NBBJ . The design was awarded LEED Platinum status for its environmentally-friendly features, including a living roof , a rainwater retention pool, and a rooftop solar array . In 2010,

240-433: A back-up plan in the event that its co-chairs could not work together due to their recent divorce. The deal gave Bill and Melinda a two-year trial, after which Melinda could resign from the organization as well as receiving personal resources from her ex-husband for her own charity work. On May 13, 2024, Melinda Gates resigned as co-chair of the foundation, to be effective June 7, 2024. The foundation will then be renamed to

320-542: A card, which was then wrapped around a cylinder. Lewis' invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton , although the design came under suspicion after a fire at Daniel Bourn's factory in Leominster which used Paul and Wyatt's spindles. Bourn produced a similar patent in the same year. Rev John Dyer of Northampton recognised the importance of the Paul and Wyatt cotton spinning machine in

400-509: A day-to-day role with Microsoft , effective July 31, 2008, to allow him to devote more time to working with the foundation. The first CEO of the foundation, until she stepped down in 2008, was Patty Stonesifer . In 2005, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates , along with the Irish rock musician Bono , were named by Time as Persons of the Year 2005 for their outstanding charitable work. In

480-546: A full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy , and field implementation. In 2009, the foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without

560-606: A granite foundation. It was designed by Henry Bacon, who also designed the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The 1956 Biographical Dictionary of American Architects featured Bacon’s architecture and said, “Among the notable examples of his work should be named the Danforth Memorial Library." In a biographical blub on Bacon, the 1978 Encyclopedia of Americana stated, “A strict adherent to

640-449: A human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking . The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for

720-418: A hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor" ) and fecal sludge processing (called " Omni-Processor "). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge ) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with

800-532: A mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey , this was not profitable and soon closed. A factory was opened in Northampton in 1743, with fifty spindles turning on five of Paul and Wyatt's machines, proving more successful than their first mill; this operated until 1764. Lewis Paul invented the hand-driven carding machine in 1748. A coat of wire slips were placed around

880-510: A poem in 1757: A circular machine, of new design In conic shape: it draws and spins a thread Without the tedious toil of needless hands. A wheel invisible, beneath the floor, To ev'ry member of th' harmonius frame, Gives necessary motion. One intent O'erlooks the work; the carded wool, he says, So smoothly lapped around those cylinders, Which gently turning, yield it to yon cirue Of upright spindles, which with rapid whirl Spin out in long extenet an even twine. The spinning jenny

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960-458: A sustainable, inclusive agricultural transformation—one that creates economic opportunity, respects limits on natural resources, and gives everyone equal access to affordable, nutritious food". The foundation's agricultural investments include: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ( WASH ) program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative", and became

1040-493: Is machines which process (or spin) prepared cotton roving into workable yarn or thread. Such machinery can be dated back centuries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the Industrial Revolution cotton-spinning machinery was developed to bring mass production to the cotton industry. Cotton spinning machinery was installed in large factories, commonly known as cotton mills . The spinning wheel

1120-457: Is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764, its invention attributed to James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn , Lancashire. The spinning jenny was essentially an adaptation of the spinning wheel. The Water frame was developed and patented by Arkwright in the 1770s. The roving was attenuated (stretched) by drafting rollers and twisted by winding it onto a spindle. It

1200-705: Is completely fireproof and housed more than 25,000 volumes. The property owner is the Board of Library Trustees of the City of Paterson. In 2020, the Governor of New Jersey, Phil Murphy , granted $ 734,812 to rehabilitate the historic landmark; this fund came from the Library Construction Bond Act. According to the library administration, the rehabilitation project will cost $ 1,469,624; the current mayor, André Sayegh, and his administration need to cover

1280-562: Is intended to lower administrative costs over the years of the Foundation Trust's life and ensure that the Foundation Trust does not fall into a situation where the vast majority of its expenditures are on administrative costs, including salaries, with only token amounts contributed to charitable causes. To maintain its status as a charitable foundation , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation must donate funds equal to at least five percent of its assets each year. As of April 2014,

1360-473: Is known as "doubling". Bill %26 Melinda Gates Foundation The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ( BMGF ) is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates . Based in Seattle , Washington, it was launched in 2000 and is reported to be the third largest charitable foundation in the world , holding $ 69 billion in assets as of 2020. The primary stated goals of

1440-440: Is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications. In mid-2011, the foundation stated that they had committed more than $ 265 million to the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector over

1520-538: Is now employed to spin all counts of yarn. The Throstle frame was a descendant of the water frame. It used the same principles, was better engineered and driven by steam. In 1828 the Danforth throstle frame was invented in the United States. The heavy flyer caused the spindle to vibrate, and the yarn snarled every time the frame was stopped. Not a success. It was named throstle, as the noise it made when running

1600-580: Is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy. This is called open defecation and it poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation, with around 157 million people or approximately 11% of

1680-551: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation donated 35 computers. The library’s Southside location now offers an Arabic/Islamic collection thanks to a New Jersey State Library special collections grant. The Danforth Memorial Library is a member of the PALS Plus consortium. The Danforth Memorial Library architecture is described as Classical Revival. It is a two-story building with four monumental columns made with gray limestone material on

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1760-548: The Gates Foundation with Bill Gates as the sole chairman. On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares (then valued at $ 3,071 each, before a 50–1 stock split in 2010) spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately $ 1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase

1840-577: The International Aid Transparency Initiative . In December 2013 Susan Desmond-Hellmann , president of product development for Genentech before its acquisition by Roche Pharmaceuticals , was announced as BMGF's next CEO. She replaced Jeff Raikes on 1 May 2014. In February 2014 Hillary Clinton launched a partnership between the foundation and the Clinton Foundation to gather and study data on

1920-566: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , the trust owned the following investments (almost 202 million shares) worth a total of over $ 45 billion: Christopher Elias leads the foundation's efforts to combat extreme poverty through grants as president of the Global Development Program. In March 2006, the foundation announced a $ 5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM),

2000-472: The 1872 painting The Bath by American artist, and cofounder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Eastman Johnson . Remodeling was done to the library in 1967, where a staircase was removed from the stack area, a small additional was made to the rear of the building, two of the three skylights were removed, and overhead lighting and air-conditioning were installed along with dropped ceilings on

2080-578: The BMGF was acting as a fund aggregator for wealthy donors: the name recognition associated with BMGF caused more money to be placed than an anonymous control. This was particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic because the BMGF already knew which organizations were working in the field and able to receive funds. When former President Trump threatened to defund the WHO in summer 2020 over concerns that it

2160-738: The BMGF's committed funding as recorded in their International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The BMGF announced in October 2013 that it would join the IATI. The IATI publications only include a subset of BMGF grants (mainly excluding grants to developed countries), and contain few grants before 2009 (which are entirely excluded from the table). The BMGF states on the IATI Registry site that "reporting starts from 2009 and excludes grants related to our US programs and grants that if published could harm our employees, grantees, partners, or

2240-424: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation would not receive any more money after he died. While this does not prevent him from making any further donations while he is still alive, the recipients of his fortune upon his death will be decided unanimously by his three children. In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages

2320-498: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the 2006 announcement, it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled". The plan to close the Foundation Trust is in contrast to most large charitable foundations that have no set closure date. This

2400-505: The Great Fire of 1902 destroyed the first two libraries. Some 40,000 books in the original Danforth Library were destroyed in the fire, the only books that survived were some on loan by patrons in their homes. The devastating fire left some 500 families homeless and destroyed several city buildings including City Hall, police station, high-school, two banks, five churches, a theatre, among others. In 1888, Mary Elizabeth Danforth Ryle funded

2480-666: The New Jersey General Library Act to the State Legislature and called for the establishment of free public libraries across the state. On April 13, 1885, residents of Paterson voted in favor of the Act. It is the oldest public library in New Jersey, and citizens of Paterson created it. Danforth Memorial Library is the current location of the main library branch, and is located at 250 Broadway after

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2560-486: The Reference Department. When the library opened in 1905, it featured four stories of steel book stacks which could shelve sixty thousand volumes, a children’s library with hundreds of books, an art library, newspaper reading room, coal cellar, assembly and exhibition room, and reference library, among others. The library also contained four stories of steel book stack shelving in an area of the library that

2640-535: The Toilet Challenge" is focused on "reinventing the flush toilet ". The aim was to create a toilet that not only removes pathogens from human excreta , but also recovers resources such as energy, clean water, and nutrients (a concept also known as reuse of excreta ). It should operate " off-the-grid " without connections to water, sewer, or electrical networks. Finally, it should cost less than 5 cents per user per day. High-tech toilets for tackling

2720-496: The Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China, and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of $ 400,000 for their first phase, followed by typically $ 1 million – 3 million for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge . The "Reinvent

2800-659: The WHO. It was revealed after the fact that the BMGF had contributed US$ 1.553 billion to the GAVI over the five years 2016 to 2020. The BMGF was the number two ranked contributor. At the Global Vaccine Summit in June 2020, the BMGF pledged $ 1.6 billion (or just under 20% of the total) for the subsequent five years. In May 2022, the Gates Foundation announced the commitment of $ 125 million to aid in ending

2880-592: The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and to aid in preparing for future pandemics. In total since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic the Gates Foundation has committed more than $ 2 billion to COVID-19 response efforts. In 2015, it co-funded a community known as Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy in partnership with the United Kingdom Aid from the UK government. In July 2021, the foundation agreed on

2960-435: The ashes of the old has risen the new nobler structure, an ornament as well as a utility to our city, a building to rejoice over, to behold with admiration and to regard with civic pride.” The Danforth Memorial Library officially opened to the public on May 1, 1905 to a crowd of thousands who jumped on the first opportunity to visit the building. At the time, the total cost of the building construction along with its furnishings

3040-514: The beneficiaries of our work". The following table lists the top receiving organizations to which the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has committed funding, between 2009 and 2015. The table again only includes grants recorded in the Gates Foundation's IATI publications. According to the OECD , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided US$ 4.1 billion for development in 2019. The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided

3120-787: The case of the Gates, the work referenced was that of BMGF. On 12 May 2008 it was announced that Jeff Raikes would replace Stonesifer as the CEO of the BMGF. The foundation announced in January 2005 that it would build its headquarters campus on 12 acres (4.9 ha) adjacent to the Seattle Center in Downtown Seattle . The foundation purchased the property for $ 50.4 million from the Seattle city government, who would help build

3200-695: The city announced it was selling the North Main Street library location to a Paterson-based nonprofit group that planned to convert the building into a resource center that would provide mental health counseling, job training and reentry services. These branches are the Totowa Branch, Southside Branch, and Northside Branch. Danforth Memorial Library opened the Community Learning Center in 1986, and it has increased its African American and Spanish language collection. In 2002,

3280-577: The classic Greek style of architecture, Bacon designed several important buildings, among them the public library in Paterson, N.J.” There are 33 names of famous classical works carved on the structure’s frieze that runs around the entire building. Inside, visitors will find a large bronze tablet which commemorates the building’s donor, Mrs. Mary E. Ryle (Charles Danforth’s daughter), depicting her as an angel-like figure in bas-relief completed by sculptor Evelyn Beatrice Longman (who also worked with Bacon on

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3360-629: The cornerstone ceremony, several items were deposited in the corner stone, including; a photograph of Mrs. Mary E. Ryle, an engraved portrait of the late Charles Danforth, a scrap-book with outlines of the history of both the old and new Danforth Libraries, the Great Fire of 1902 and the Great Floods of 1902 and 1903, silver coins on 1902-1903, and others. A formal dedication ceremony was held on April 29, 1905 where native-Patersonian and former Governor of New Jersey / former member of President William McKinley’s cabinet, John W. Griggs remarked, “Out of

3440-561: The cornerstone of the library was laid in October of 1903, Patersonian and Vice Chancellor Eugene Stevens, of the New Jersey Chancery Court said at the ceremony, “…This building will be the home of the Free Public Library of Paterson. It will be an architectural ornament to our city. It has been skillfully designed to meet all the requirements of the most efficient modern library work.” During the laying of

3520-456: The endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to spend all of the foundation's resources within 50 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths. This was later lowered to within 20 years of their death. This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end

3600-645: The following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability". The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu . In 2010, the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through

3680-408: The foundation and the way it seeks to apply business techniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venture philanthropy , though the foundation itself notes that the philanthropic role has limitations. In 2007, its founders were ranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the U.S., behind Warren Buffett. As of 2018, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates had donated around $ 36 billion to

3760-405: The foundation are to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty across the world, and to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology in the U.S. Key individuals of the foundation include Warren Buffett , chief executive officer Mark Suzman, and Michael Larson . The BMGF had an endowment of approximately $ 75.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 . The scale of

3840-549: The foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett. The foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990-PF forms on the "Financials" section of its website as they become available. At the end of 2023, the foundation registered a cash sum of $ 194,354,000, and net assets of $ 71,290,995,000 (of which 99.84% are unrestricted). As of 30 September 2024 , according to documents filed with

3920-410: The foundation is organized into four program areas under chief executive officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann, who "sets strategic priorities, monitors results, and facilitates relationships with key partners": The foundation maintains an online database of grants. In November 2014, the Gates Foundation announced that they were adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data , "to enable

4000-482: The foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2018, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B stock, this time worth $ 2 billion, to the Gates Foundation. In June 2024, Buffett clarified

4080-503: The foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the foundation's annual giving. Bloomberg News noted, "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets . Buffett gave

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4160-603: The foundation's founders started the Commission on Education of Health Professionals for the 21st Century, entitled "Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world." A 2011 survey of grantees found that many believed the foundation did not make its goals and strategies clear and sometimes did not understand those of the grantees; that the foundation's decision-making and grantmaking procedures were too opaque; and that its communications could be more consistent and responsive. The foundation's response

4240-630: The foundation. Since its founding, the foundation has endowed and supported a broad range of social, health, and education developments, including the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarships at Cambridge University . In 1994, the foundation was formed as the William H. Gates Foundation. In May 2002, the foundation purchased stocks in pharmaceutical companies Johnson & Johnson , Merck , and Pfizer . On June 15, 2006, Gates announced his plans to transition out of

4320-399: The growing public health problem of human waste are gaining increasing attention, but this focus on a "technology fix" has also been criticized by many in the sector. However, low-tech solutions may be more practical in poor countries, and research is also funded by the foundation for such toilets. The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop

4400-521: The historical building in memory of her father, Charles Danforth, a leading industrialist in Paterson and the inventor of the frame used in Cotton-spinning machinery . Mrs. Ryle gifted the funds under two conditions: that the building be used solely for the city’s Free Public Library and to bear the name “Danforth.” Unfortunately, Mrs. Ryle passed away in 1904, before being able to see the library construction completed in memory of her father. When

4480-412: The mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of $ 100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts. Since the launch of the "Reinvent

4560-644: The matching amount. The rehabilitation project consists of renovating the Children's Department and the Community Literacy Center, modifying the elevator to American with Disabilities standards, replacing the library's roof, and repairing the retaining wall. As of March 2024, the Paterson Free Public Library director is Corey Fleming. As of March 2024: Cotton-spinning machinery Cotton-spinning machinery

4640-437: The newly spun thread. The rival machine, the throstle frame or ring frame was a continuous process, where the roving was drawn twisted and wrapped in one action. The spinning mule became self-acting (automatic) in 1830s. The mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about 1900, but was still used for fine yarns until the 1960s. A cotton mill in 1890 would contain over 60 mules, each with 1320 spindles. Between

4720-437: The organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust. The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", and its trustees are currently Bill and Melinda Gates; Warren Buffett announced his resignation as a trustee on June 23, 2021. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to

4800-552: The past five years, i.e. since about 2006. For the time period of about 2008 to mid-2015, all grants awarded to water, sanitation, and hygiene projects totaled a value of around $ 650 million, according to the publicly available grant database. Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority, as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program

4880-671: The progress of women and girls around the world since the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. This is called "No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project". In October 2019, the BMGF partnered with the World Economic Forum to host the tabletop exercise called Event 201 in New York City . In February 2020, BMGF CEO Desmond-Hellmann was replaced "for health and family reasons" by Mark Suzman. As early as 2012, there were reports that

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4960-440: The project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling, and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions. In October 2000, William Gates established the Gates Cambridge Scholarships which allow students and scholars from the U.S. and around the world to study at Cambridge University , one of

5040-538: The same initiative launched in 2016 by Wellcome Trust in their Wellcome Open Research policy launched in partnership with F1000 Research . The Gates Foundation supported Our World in Data , one of the world's largest open-access publications. Bill Gates called the publication his "favorite website". In 2024, the Gates Foundation announced a "preprint-centric" open access policy, and their intention to stop paying article-processing charges. The following table lists

5120-445: The scholarship, making it one of the largest and best-endowed scholarships in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship accepts less than 0.3% of applicants and remains extremely competitive. Each year, approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to study at Cambridge. The BMGF's goal for agricultural development is "to support farmers and governments in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia that are seeking

5200-586: The sculpturing of the Lincoln Memorial ). The bronze tablet was added to the library entrance in November of 1907 after a citizen movement begun pushing for a suitable memorial to be erected in Mrs. Ryle’s honor. Shortly after, Mrs. William Prall gifted a bronze medallion with the head of Rev. William Prall, D.D., who was the library’s first President and one of its founders. Today, that medallion hangs inside

5280-531: The spindle rotated faster than the traveller in a ratio of 8:6, drawing on both was done by the spinners fingers. In 1738 Lewis Paul and John Wyatt of Birmingham patented the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing cotton to a more even thickness, using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds. This principle was the basis of Richard Arkwright 's later water frame design. By 1742 Paul and Wyatt had opened

5360-475: The threads as spun by the ring frame or the mule are ready for the manufacturer; but where extra strength or smoothness is required, as in threads for sewing, crocheting, hosiery, lace and carpets; also where multicoloured effects are needed, as in Grandrelle, or some special form of irregularity, as in corkscrewed, and knopped yarns, two or more single threads are compounded and twisted together. This operation

5440-629: The top universities in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the Rhodes Scholarship , given its similarly international scope and substantial endowment. In 2000, the Gates Foundation endowed the scholarship trust with $ 210 million to help outstanding graduate students outside of the United Kingdom study at the University of Cambridge . The Gates Foundation has continued to contribute funds to expand

5520-557: The total population in 2022, although the situation has improved significantly since then. The foundation has been funding many sanitation research and demonstration projects in India since about 2011. In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of

5600-679: The two floors. By 1995, the library system was reduced from seven locations to three, prior to this, there was a branch in each of the city’s wards. By 1995, there were three (3) additional library branches in the Paterson Public Library system. In 2011, Hurricane Irene destroyed the First Ward (also known as Northside) Branch. Since then, a branch service has been running out of the Christopher Hope Center on Temple Street in its location. In November, 2022,

5680-400: The unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015, their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements. In March 2017, it was confirmed that the open access policy, Gates Open Research , would be based on

5760-526: The use of sewers ), and less on water supply . This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments. In mid-2011, the foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation

5840-464: The years 1824 and 1830 Richard Roberts invented a mechanism that rendered all parts of the mule self-acting, regulating the rotation of the spindles during the inward run of the carriage. The Platt Brothers , based in Oldham , Greater Manchester were amongst the most prominent machine makers in this field of work. At first this machine was only used to spin coarse and low-to-medium counts, but it

5920-490: Was $ 220,000 (equal to about $ 7.7 million dollars in 2024). The Library (and its branches) were closed from October 7 – 25, 1918 by order of the Board of Health because of the Spanish Flu epidemic. In 1925, the wife of Vice-President Garrett A. Hobart , gifted a valuable collection of paintings as a memorial to her late-husband to be hung as a permanent exhibit within the library. Hobart donated 26 works of art, including

6000-491: Was compared to the song of the throstle (thrush). The Ring frame is credited to John Thorp in Rhode Island in 1828/9 and developed by Mr. Jencks of Pawtucket, Rhode Island , who ( Marsden 1884 ) names as the inventor. The bobbins or tubes may be filled from "cops", "ring spools" or "hanks", but a stop motion is required for each thread, which will come into operation immediately a fracture occurs. For many purposes,

6080-573: Was heavy large scale machine that needed to be driven by power, which in the late 18th century meant by a water wheel. Cotton mills were designed for the purpose by Arkwright, Jedediah Strutt and others along the River Derwent in Derbyshire . Water frames could only spin left. The spinning mule or mule jenny was created in 1779 by Samuel Crompton . It was a combination of Arkwright's water frame and Hargreaves ' spinning jenny . It

6160-672: Was invented in the Islamic world by 1030. It later spread to China by 1090, and then spread from the Islamic world to Europe and India by the 13th century. Until the 1740s all spinning was done by hand using a spinning wheel. The state of the art spinning wheel in England was known as the Jersey wheel however an alternative wheel, the Saxony wheel was a double band treadle spinning wheel where

6240-408: Was so named because it was a hybrid of these two machines. The mule consisted of a fixed frame containing a creel of bobbins holding the roving, connected through the headstock to a parallel carriage containing the spindles. It used an intermittent process: On the outward traverse, the rovings were paid out, and twisted, and the return traverse, the roving was clamped and the spindles reversed taking up

6320-412: Was to improve the clarity of its explanations, make "orientation calls" to grantees upon awarding grants, tell grantees who their foundation contact is, give timely feedback when they receive a grantee report, and establish a way for grantees to provide anonymous or attributed feedback to the foundation. The foundation also launched a podcast series. In October 2013, the BMGF announced that it would join

6400-491: Was too "deferential" to the Chinese Communist Party , because the BMGF constituted at that time the second-ranked contributor to the WHO, concerns were raised in the charity and academic sector that the BMGF might conceivably bias the WHO in the pursuit of its ideology. In the most timely accounting period, the BMGF provided 45% of the WHO's NGO funds, or in other words 12% of the total operating expenditure of

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