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81-608: The German Maritime Museum (German: Deutsches Schifffahrtsmuseum (DSM) ) is a museum in Bremerhaven , Germany. It is part of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community . The main museum building was opened on 5 September 1975 by then- president of Germany Walter Scheel , though scientific work already had started in 1971. The museum consists of the building planned by Hans Scharoun as well as several museum ships in

162-511: A castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen. Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Bürgermeister Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover . Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by

243-472: A heavy load of freight traffic from and to the seaport, mostly new cars, containers and food. In 2020, Bremerhaven had a bus network with 19 bus routes operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. Two of the bus routes are night routes that only run on weekends. In addition, there is the Schnellbus-Line S , which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through

324-840: A lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the Klimahaus from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the Atlantic Hotel Sail City and the Radar Tower . Another tourist spot is the Fischereihafen (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard

405-731: A minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people. It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death. The marriage produced seven children, of whom only three outlived Charles: Ulrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered. Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given Ulriksdal Palace , which

486-402: A six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council. Per Brahe was one member of the council. In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg . These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February,

567-565: A treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen. The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with 4.9 million  twenty-foot equivalent units  (TEU) of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal

648-432: A widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government. His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained

729-561: Is twinned with: The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns: In addition to that, there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). Charles XI of Sweden Charles XI or Carl ( Swedish : Karl XI ; 4 December [ O.S. 24 November] 1655 – 15 April [ O.S. 5 April] 1697)

810-476: Is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and

891-412: Is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example Norway . Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record

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972-467: Is served by regional express trains to Hanover ( RE 8 ) and Osnabrück ( RE 9 ) and was reconnected to Deutsche Bahn's Intercity network in late 2021, after nearly 20 years without long-distance rail services in the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border with Langen , has been out of service since 1988. Apart from passenger traffic, the railways in Bremerhaven carry

1053-466: Is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax -sized lock has replaced

1134-452: The Battle of Halmstad (17 August 1676), when Charles and his commander-in-chief Simon Grundel-Helmfelt defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the tableland of the flooded Kävlinge River  – near Lund  – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It

1215-731: The Bürgerschaft of Bremen . The Fischtown Pinguins , also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL , Germany's top ice hockey league. Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA . The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are

1296-556: The Dutch in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards Brandenburg , under the lead of Karl Gustav Wrangel . Denmark was an ally of the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire , and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor Nils Brahe , who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get

1377-553: The First Bremian War (March – July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty ( First Stade Recess  [ de ] ; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden , in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect

1458-501: The German Confederation 's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy . The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoverian territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and

1539-696: The German Maritime Museum ( Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum ) by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge , a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ( Museumshafen ) with a number of museum ships , such as the Type XXI U-boat Wilhelm Bauer (a museum of its own), and the salvage tug Seefalke from 1924. The Bremerhaven Zoo reopened on 27 March 2004, after

1620-650: The Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg . Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died. Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager Hedwig Eleonora as both formal regent and chair of

1701-619: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) . Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the Swedish Empire (1611–1718). In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna (1635–1680). Some sources say

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1782-543: The "magnificence of God". Charles encouraged the production of a hymnal ( Psalmbok ) to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the Bible that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor: Charles XII Bible . On 6 May 1680, Charles married Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693), daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin, Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege , but

1863-546: The 1897 Kaiserschleuse , then the largest lock worldwide. Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate ; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are rare. On average, the city receives about 751 mm (29.6 in) of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August and a slightly drier season in late winter and early spring. Snow does fall in winter and early spring and, more rarely, in late autumn. However, it usually does not stay on

1944-449: The DSM is equipped with laboratories and technical facilities for the examination, conservation and restoration of different types of water craft as well as other objects. It also houses a wide range of artefact collections and a dedicated archive and specialist library with adjacent reading room. The DSM is publisher of two periodicals as well as four scientific monograph series. In 2024

2025-519: The Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin , Danish king Christian V declared war on Sweden that September. The Swedish Privy Council continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them. The 20-year-old king

2106-603: The Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden. In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the lands of Sweden were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as Caroleans , trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around

2187-648: The Old Harbour of Bremerhaven, including the Seute Deern windjammer . The building and the 8 ships of the museum fleet, located between the Old Harbor and the Weser dike, as en esemble were placed under Bremen Cultural heritage management in 2005. In 2000 at the 25th anniversary of the museum, the Hansekogge , a ship constructed around 1380 that was found in the Weser river in 1962, was presented to

2268-412: The Riksdag of the Estates. Here, the king finally pushed through the reduction ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and lordships  – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them

2349-467: The Swedish kings, except for Gustavus II Adolphus , unduly eclipsed by his father and his son. In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others. In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength. Charles XI

2430-518: The Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background. In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at Skottorp on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony. Charles and Ulrika Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and

2511-546: The US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven , which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and

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2592-429: The buildings of the museums were restuarted. The federal government and state governments of Bremen have spent 42 million euros. The museums management said, this is to little to keep the museum and fleet running in the future. DSM research is focussed on the following fields: Permanent exhibitions at the DSM include: Bremerhaven Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport for Bremen , and it remains one of

2673-456: The busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled by Geestemünde  [ de ] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged to Hanover (and later Prussia ). Geestemünde united with neighbouring Lehe  [ de ] to form the city of Wesermünde  [ de ] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation

2754-453: The city government and various interest groups. Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations: Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. All three stations are served by hourly Bremen S-Bahn trains on the line RS 2 as well as regional services to Cuxhaven and Buxtehude on the line RB 33 . Additionally, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof

2835-770: The city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II ; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States, separate to but within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of

2916-414: The company Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB) . There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa , Beverstedt , Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf . In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus . Bremerhaven had a tram service from 1881 to 1982. In its heyday, in 1949, there were six lines. The last line

2997-455: The council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: "he was not bound by anyone other than himself" ("envälde"), and thereby the absolute monarchy was formally established in Sweden. The Riksdag of

3078-468: The country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as the Greycoat (Swedish: Gråkappan ). This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and

3159-487: The country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system . However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study. Charles XI was initially enthusiastic about warfare and combat and he was often portrayed as the soldier-King. In the years after the Scanian War however, during which he personally engaged in

3240-503: The day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for

3321-476: The day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the Scanian lands and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life. In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the Battle of Landskrona . This proved to be the last pitched battle of

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3402-411: The doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, at the age of 41. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire abdominal cavity . Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all

3483-550: The engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the Scanian War soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts throughout her tenure endeared her to

3564-434: The fighting and saw the devastation of war, he would later come to view that war was something better to be avoided if possible. With the recent war in mind he wanted to strengthen the armed forces for a defensive war which he knew would come sooner or later. The Swedish navy suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the Scanian War , revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing

3645-418: The fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of an ice-free base at Karlskrona in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Charles believed it was very important to assimilate the new Swedish territories of Scania , Blekinge , Halland , in southern Sweden; Bohuslän in western Sweden and Jämtland , in northern Sweden, and

3726-479: The foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden. Italian writer Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described

3807-466: The formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts. During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him. As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of

3888-569: The ground for long. The hottest temperature ever recorded was 35.9 °C (96.6 °F) on 20 July 2022, and the coldest was −18.6 °C (−1.5 °F) on 25 February 1956. Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportation difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven . Road connections to Hamburg , however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of

3969-455: The heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22 , the so-called Küstenautobahn (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven / Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel ). Roads leading to the overseas port are frequently overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by

4050-696: The heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern . It also runs the Neumayer Station III in the Antarctic. The Fraunhofer Society Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology  [ de ] maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components. The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association . The Bremerhaven University of Applied Sciences  [ de ] (Hochschule Bremerhaven)

4131-621: The island of Gotland . Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the Treaty of Roskilde ; the use of Swedish language in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden. The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla Snapphane movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from

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4212-457: The king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna. His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place. Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the Riksdag of the Estates in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by

4293-433: The king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes. The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks to French subsidies . France directed its aggression against

4374-454: The law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used serfs , something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally, Kexholm and Ingria were sparsely populated and not of great interest. Charles was a devoted Lutheran Christian . In February 1686, a church law

4455-425: The local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first Governor-General of Scania, his trusted aide Johan Gyllenstierna (governor-general 1679–1680),

4536-551: The neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover . Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Kriegsmarine , 79% of

4617-403: The priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and

4698-465: The primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him. Charles's Church in Tallinn , Estonia , is dedicated to Charles XI. The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if "God had put the illness inside

4779-517: The public after having undergone a lengthy process of conservation in a large preservative-filled basin. The German Maritime Museum (DSM) was founded in Bremerhaven in 1971 to replace the Museum of Marine Science in Berlin , which had been destroyed during World War II . Its task is to collect, record, research and present documents and artefacts pertaining to German maritime history . For this purpose,

4860-529: The recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War . Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period. Charles XI

4941-566: The second oldest team in Germany. Local association football clubs are Leher TS , SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven . TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club . Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute , a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels , amongst them

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5022-489: The silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in English: Bremer Haven/Harbour ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being 50 km (31 mi) downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to, North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of

5103-408: The very rudiments of statecraft and almost illiterate . His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia , a disability that was poorly understood at the time. According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs. Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with

5184-579: The war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to Zealand . In 1679, Louis XIV of France dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his empire practically intact. Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of Fontainebleau (1679) and Lund , and with Brandenburg in

5265-426: Was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp . His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure

5346-661: Was Line 2 from the north of the city to the main train station; but this was shut down on July 30, 1982. Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the Havenwelten and include an attraction about climate change, the Klimahaus Bremerhaven 8° Ost  [ de ] , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and

5427-560: Was actually the third King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf . Charles was born in the Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor in November 1655. His father, Charles X of Sweden , had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the war against Poland . After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and

5508-529: Was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant , with 1,000 boats. The passenger terminal Columbuskaje , built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at Neuer Hafen . Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of

5589-487: Was commemorated on the previous 500- kronor bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the Bank of Sweden was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign. The fortified town of Carlsburg near Bremen , at the site of modern Bremerhaven , was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of Karlskrona , built during his reign to host

5670-462: Was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as stadtbremisch . To complicate matters,

5751-474: Was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of the Greycoat were published in a book by Arvid August Afzelius in the middle of the 19th century. Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the Swedish Privy Council . Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of

5832-580: Was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher educational institution. Bremerhaven

5913-412: Was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the Battle of Lund . This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield. All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of

5994-634: Was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the anarchy in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in Scania to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the Scanian War . The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and out-equipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking Landskrona and Helsingborg , then proceeding through Bohuslän towards Halmstad . The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure. Victory at

6075-399: Was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of Rutger von Ascheberg (governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient. The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German dominions of Swedish Pomerania , Bremen-Verden , and the Baltic dominions ( Estonia and Livonia ). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by

6156-601: Was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During "The Great Reversion" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still

6237-578: Was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a catechism written by archbishop Olov Svebilius and then-bishop Haqvin Spegel so that they would understand

6318-455: Was renamed for him ( Ulric's Dale ). Charles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in February 1697, the pains became too severe for him to cope and he returned to Stockholm where

6399-701: Was restored to Bremen in 1947. The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established de facto rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden 's troops captured Bremerlehe by force. The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden , then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began

6480-400: Was succeeded by his only son Charles XII , who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor

6561-399: Was the former guardian and Lord Chief Justice Magnus De La Gardie , who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room Läckö Castle . The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the dominions , and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances. According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around

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