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68-581: The Dewey Arch was a triumphal arch that stood from 1899 to 1900 at Madison Square in Manhattan , New York City, United States. It was erected for a parade in honor of Admiral George Dewey celebrating his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines in 1898. Planning for the parade, scheduled for September 1899, began early that year. The architect Charles R. Lamb built support for

136-518: A "universal architectural style free of religious ornamentation". The India Gate, which has been called a "creative reworking of the Arc de Triomphe" has a span of 30 feet (9.1 m) across the larger opening and lies on the eastern axial end of Kingsway, present-day Kartavya Path, the central vista and main ceremonial procession route in New Delhi. The 42-metre-tall (138 ft) India Gate stands on

204-659: A black marble plinth with a reversed rifle, capped by a war helmet and bounded by four eternal flames, was built beneath the archway. This structure, called Amar Jawan Jyoti (Flame of the Immortal Soldier), has since 1971 served as India's tomb of the unknown soldier . India Gate is counted amongst the largest war memorials in India and every Republic Day , the Prime Minister visits the Gate to pay their tributes to

272-438: A civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general. In architecture, "triumphal arch" is also the name given to the arch above the entrance to the chancel of a medieval church where a rood can be placed. and more generally a combination of "one large and two small doorways", such as Leon Battista Alberti 's façades for

340-475: A grand procession declared by the Roman Senate following military victory, a "memorial arch" arch or "honourary arch", essentially built by emperors to celebrate themselves, and arches, typically in city walls, that are merely grand gateways. But the groups are often conflated. Often actual Roman triumphal arches were initially in wood and other rather temporary materials, only later replaced by one in stone;

408-692: A location for civil society protests, including demonstrations in response to the 2011 anti-corruption movement . In 2017, the India Gate was twinned with the Arch of Remembrance in Leicester , England, another Lutyens war memorial, following a very similar design but on a smaller scale. In a ceremony, India's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom laid a wreath at the arch in Leicester and

476-436: A low base of red Bharatpur stone and rises in stages to a huge cornice moulding above a frieze with sunburst motifs. The shallow domed bowl at the top was intended to be filled with burning oil on anniversaries, but this is rarely done. The memorial-gate hexagon complex, with a diameter of about 625 metres (2,051 ft), covers approximately 306,000 m (3,290,000 sq ft) in area. The India Gate structure

544-609: A plaster-based material used previously for temporary buildings at several World's Fairs . Modeled after the Arch of Titus in Rome, the Dewey Arch was decorated with the works of twenty-eight sculptors and topped by a large quadriga (modeled by Ward) depicting four horses drawing a ship. The arch was illuminated at night with electric light bulbs. After the parade on September 30, 1899, the arch began to deteriorate. An attempt to raise money to rebuild it in stone (as had been done for

612-438: A regularised set of features – were clearly intended to convey a number of messages to the spectator. The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and triumphator . As such, it concentrated on factual imagery rather than allegory. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative cornices . Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements,

680-423: A single free-standing structure. What were originally supporting columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of arch, while the entablature, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey through the use of statuary and symbolic, narrative and decorative elements. The largest arches often had three archways,

748-519: A statue or a currus triumphalis , a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a quadriga . The inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order. This conception of what later became

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816-621: A triumph were made in the time of the Roman Republic . These were called fornices (s. fornix ) and bore imagery that described and commemorated the victory and triumph. Lucius Steritinus is known to have erected two such fornices in 196 BC to commemorate his victories in Hispania . Another fornix was built on the Capitoline Hill by Scipio Africanus in 190 BC, and Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus constructed one in

884-624: A triumphal arch among his fellow members of the National Sculpture Society . A committee of society members, including Lamb, Karl Bitter , Frederick W. Ruckstull , John Quincy Adams Ward and John De Witt Warner , submitted a proposal for an arch to the City of New York, which approved the plan in July 1899. With only two months remaining before the parade, the committee decided to build the arch and its colonnade out of staff ,

952-898: Is a war memorial located near the Rajpath (officially called Kartavya path ) on the eastern edge of the "ceremonial axis" of New Delhi . It stands as a memorial to 74,187 soldiers of the Indian Army who died between 1914 and 1921 in the First World War , in France , Flanders , Mesopotamia , Persia , East Africa , Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and the Far East, and the Third Anglo-Afghan War . 13,300 servicemen's names, including some soldiers and officers from

1020-457: Is a structure consisting of black marble plinth, with reversed rifle, capped by war helmet, bound by four urns, each with the permanent light ( jyoti ) from compressed natural gas flames, erected under the India gate to commemorate Indian soldiers martyred in the war of the liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971. It was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 26 January 1972,

1088-536: Is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches. Pliny the Elder , writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a quadriga . However, the designs of Roman imperial triumphal arches – which became increasingly elaborate over time and evolved

1156-407: Is oblong, with a large archway on each of the four faces, but the arches on the long sides are larger and higher. The arches on the shorter sides are blocked at the bottom, with doorways, but open higher up. Technically the four arches make the building a tetrapylon . There is a large ornament in stone above the blocked bottom of the arches on the shorter sides. Mouldings run around the building at

1224-519: Is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the arcus quadrifrons – a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits. Little

1292-753: The Amar Jawan Jyoti , following which the Republic Day parade starts. India Gate is often a location for civil society protests, and is popular with tourists. The India Gate was part of the work of the Imperial War Graves Commission , which came into existence in December 1917 under the British rule for building war graves and memorials to soldiers who were killed in the First World War. The foundation stone of

1360-1206: The Arc de Triomphe in Paris , the Narva Triumphal Arch in Saint Petersburg , or Marble Arch and the Wellington Arch in London. After about 1820 arches are often memorial gates and arches built as a form of war memorial , or city gates such as the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Washington Square Arch in New York City , or the India Gate in New Delhi , which although patterned after triumphal arches, were built to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate

1428-627: The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris, for instance, is a tetrapylon closely modelled on the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome. Triumphal arches have continued to be built into the modern era, often as statements of power and self-aggrandizement by dictators. Adolf Hitler planned to build the world's largest triumphal arch in Berlin. The arch would have been vastly larger than any previously built, standing 550 feet (170 m) wide, 92 feet (28 m) deep and 392 feet (119 m) high – big enough for

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1496-626: The Carolingian Empire and its Roman predecessor. In the now dismantled City Gate of Capua of the 1230s, the Emperor Frederick II attempted a triumphal arch in the idiom of Romanesque architecture . It was not until the coming of the Renaissance , however, that rulers sought to associate themselves systematically with the Roman legacy by building their own triumphal arches. Probably the earliest large recreation

1564-506: The Tempio Malatestiano and San Andrea, Mantua . Roman aqueducts, bridges, amphitheaters and domes employed arch principles and technology. The Romans probably borrowed the techniques of arch construction from their Etruscan neighbours. The Etruscans used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities; examples of Etruscan arches survive at Perugia and Volterra . The two key elements of

1632-539: The Yamuna River , and the New Delhi Railway Station was opened in 1926. The Gate, which is illuminated every evening from 19:00 hrs to 21:30 hrs, today serves as one of Delhi's most important tourist attractions. Cars used to travel through the gate until it was closed to traffic. The Republic Day Parade starts from Rashtrapati Bhavan and passes around the India Gate. India gate is often

1700-559: The arch in Washington Square Park ) failed, owing to the growing unpopularity of the Philippine War . The arch was demolished in 1900, and the larger sculptures sent to Charleston, South Carolina , for an exhibit, after which they were either destroyed or lost. Triumphal arch Triumphal arches are one of the most influential and distinctive types of ancient Roman architecture . Effectively invented by

1768-522: The Arc de Triomphe to fit into it 49 times. It was intended to be carved with the names of Germany's 1.8 million dead in the First World War. However, construction was never begun. North Korea 's dictator Kim Il Sung built the world's largest triumphal arch in Pyongyang in 1982. It was designed to be substantially bigger than the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was erected on the site where, on October 14, 1945, Kim Il Sung gave his first public speech to

1836-677: The British High Commissioner to India laid one at the India Gate. The memorial gate was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens , who was not only the main architect of New Delhi but also a member of the Imperial War Graves Commission and one of Europe's foremost designers of war graves and memorials. He designed sixty-six war memorials in Europe, including the highly regarded Cenotaph in London in 1919,

1904-495: The Emperor Maximilian I . It was one of the largest prints ever produced, measuring 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) high and consisting of 192 individual sheets, depicting an arch that was never intended to be built. It was printed in an edition of 700 copies and distributed to be coloured and pasted on the walls of city halls or the palaces of princes. The French led the way in building new permanent triumphal arches when

1972-679: The Gate, then called the All India War Memorial, was laid on 10 February 1921, at 16:30 hrs, by the visiting Duke of Connaught in a ceremony attended by officers and men of the Imperial Indian Army, Imperial Service Troops , the Commander-in-Chief, and Lord Chelmsford , the Viceroy. On the occasion, the Viceroy is reported to have said, "The stirring tales of individual heroism, will live forever in

2040-591: The Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the Arch of Titus (AD 81), the Arch of Septimius Severus (203–205) and the Arch of Constantine (315). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the Triumphal Arch of Orange ( circa AD 21)

2108-559: The King-Emperor wearing his Delhi Durbar coronation robes and Imperial State Crown , bearing the British globus cruciger and sceptre, was placed atop the pedestal, which bore the Royal Coat of Arms and the inscription GEORGE V R I, the "R I" designating him as 'Rex Imperator' or 'King Emperor'. The combined height of the statue and pedestal was 53.25 feet (16.23 m); while the pedestal and canopy were designed by Lutyens,

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2176-574: The North Korean people. It is decorated with sculptures and reliefs depicting "the triumphal returning of the victorious Great Leader to the country". The form of the triumphal arch has also been put to other purposes, notably the construction of monumental memorial arches and city gates such as the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Washington Square Arch in New York City , or the India Gate in New Delhi , or simple welcoming arches such as Barcelona 's Arc de Triomf , built as an entrance to

2244-680: The North West Frontier and during the Third Afghan War. 13,313 names are engraved out of which 12,357 are Indian. Access to read the names on the memorial is restricted, though they can be seen on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) website, which lists the names with their respective date of death, unit name, regiment, place on gate where name is inscribed, location, and other information). About 150 metres (490 ft) east of

2312-470: The Roman Forum in 121 BC. None of these structures has survived and little is known about their appearance. Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the imperial period when the princeps Augustus decreed that triumphs and triumphal honours were to be confined to members of the Imperial family; in practice, this meant the ruling emperor or his antecedents. The term fornix

2380-463: The Roman triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in ancient Greece , but the Greeks preferred the use of entablatures in their temples , and almost entirely confined their use of the arch to structures under external pressure, such as tombs and sewers. The Roman triumphal arch combined a round arch and a square entablature in

2448-434: The Romans, and using their skill in making arches and vaults, the Roman triumphal arch was used to commemorate victorious generals or significant public events such as the founding of new colonies , the construction of a road or bridge, the death of a member of the imperial family or the accession of a new emperor. Archaeologists like to distinguish between a true "triumphal arch", built to celebrate an actual Roman triumph ,

2516-584: The United Kingdom, are inscribed on the gate. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens , the gate evokes the architectural style of the ancient Roman triumphal arches such as the Arch of Constantine in Rome, and later memorial arches ; it is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and the Gateway of India in Mumbai. Following the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1972, a structure consisting of

2584-565: The annals of this country", and that the memorial which was a tribute to the memory of heroes, "known and unknown", would inspire future generations to endure hardships with similar fortitude and "no less valor". The Duke also read out a message from the King, which said, "On this spot, in the central vista of the Capital of India, there will stand a Memorial Archway, designed to keep", in the thoughts of future generations, "the glorious sacrifice of

2652-601: The arch have INDIA, flanked by the dates MCMXIV ('1914'; on the left) and MCMXIX ('1919'; on the right). Below the word INDIA, in capital letters, is inscribed: To the dead of the Indian Armies who fell and are honoured in France and Flanders, Mesopotamia and Persia, East Africa, Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and Far East and in Sacred Memory also of those whose names are here recorded and who fell in India on

2720-431: The art of typography remains of fundamental importance down to the present day. Roman triumphal arches remained a source of fascination well after the fall of Rome, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power, that was especially appealing to Holy Roman Emperors . At Lorsch Abbey , the triple-arched Torhalle was built in deliberate imitation of a Roman triumphal arch to signify continuity between

2788-578: The central one significantly larger. The minority type of arch with passageways in both directions, often placed at crossroads, is called a tetrapylon (or arcus quadrifrons in Latin), as it has four piers . Roman examples are usually roughly cubical, like the Arch of Septimius Severus in Leptis Magna , Libya , but modern examples, like the Arc de Triomphe , tend to be oblong, with clear main faces and smaller side faces. Examples with three arches on

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2856-485: The city. Finally, in late 1968, the statue was removed from its position beneath the canopy and briefly placed in storage before being moved to Delhi's Coronation Park , where it joined other British Raj-era statues. During and after the statue's removal, it was often suggested that a statue of Mahatma Gandhi be placed under the canopy. The suggestion was even discussed in the Indian Parliament. In 1981,

2924-439: The deeds of the triumphator , the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The spandrels usually depicted flying Victories , while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the triumphator . The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with coffers . Some triumphal arches were surmounted by

2992-458: The fairgrounds for the 1888 World Fair . Although patterned after triumphal arches, these were built for quite different purposes – to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general. A lecture on Triumphal arch India Gate The India Gate (formerly known as All India War Memorial )

3060-548: The first national war memorial erected after World War I, for which he was commissioned by David Lloyd George , the British Prime Minister. The memorial in New Delhi, like the Cenotaph in London, is a secular memorial, free of religious and "culturally-specific iconography such as crosses". Lutyens according to his biographer, Christopher Hussey, relied on the "elemental mode", a style of commemoration based on

3128-419: The foundation stone's laying on 12 February 1931, the memorial was inaugurated by Lord Irwin , who, on the occasion, said "those who after us shall look upon this monument may learn in pondering its purpose something of that sacrifice and service which the names upon its walls record." In the decade between the laying of foundation stone of the memorial and its inauguration, the rail-line was shifted to run along

3196-538: The gate, at a junction of six roads, is a 73 feet (22 m) cupola , inspired by a sixth-century pavilion from Mahabalipuram . Lutyens used four Delhi Order columns to support the domed canopy and its chhajja . In the autumn of 1930, Jagatjit Singh , the Maharaja of Kapurthala State , organized an appeal amongst the Indian princely rulers to erect a statue of King-Emperor George V in New Delhi to commemorate

3264-528: The government had in response to a question in the Parliament, confirmed that it was considering the installation of a Gandhi statue under the empty canopy, but nothing came of it. On 21 January 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that a statue of Subhas Chandra Bose would be installed in the canopy at India Gate. The announcement came two days before the 125th anniversary of his birth. A 28 feet high and 6 feet wide 3D holographic statue of Bose

3332-481: The imperial Roman past. Temporary wooden triumphal arches were also built in Malta for ceremonies in which a newly elected Hospitaller Grand Master took possession of Mdina and sometimes Birgu . Images of arches gained great importance as well. Although temporary arches were torn down after they had been used, they were recorded in great detail in engravings that were widely distributed and survived long after

3400-488: The imperial ambitions of the Bourbon kings and Napoleon Bonaparte led to a spate of arch-building. By far the most famous arch from this period is the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, built from 1806 to 1836, though it is consciously dissimilar from its Roman predecessors in omitting the customary ornamental columns – a lack that fundamentally changes the balance of the arch and gives it a distinctly "top-heavy" look. Other French arches more closely imitated those of imperial Rome;

3468-405: The levels from which both sizes of arch rise, and the keystones of the arches protrude slightly. The top of the keystones on the short sides' arches touch the bottom of the moulding at the base level of the higher long sides' arches. The ceilings and undersides of the arches are decorated with well-spaced coffers . The cornice of the India Gate is inscribed with Imperial suns while both sides of

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3536-417: The long face as well as arches at the ends, so with eight piers, are called octopylons . The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris is an example. The modern term triumphal arch derives from the notion that this form of architecture was connected to the award and commemoration of a triumph to particularly successful Roman generals, by vote of the Roman senate . The earliest arches set up to commemorate

3604-409: The majority of ancient survivals are actually from the other two groups. The survival of great Roman triumphal arches such as the Arch of Titus or the Arch of Constantine has inspired many post-Roman states and rulers, up to the present day, to erect their own triumphal arches in emulation of the Romans. Triumphal arches in the Roman style have been built in many cities around the world, including

3672-556: The nation's independence in 1947, but certain political factions increasingly objected to its continued presence in its central location, particularly after the tenth anniversary of Independence and the centennial of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . On the night of 12–13 August 1958, the royal insignia of George V and the Tudor Crown atop the canopy were removed. With increasing pressure from Socialist members of Parliament, then-Deputy Minister Home Affairs Lalit Narayan Mishra stated in May 1964 that all British statuary would be removed from

3740-415: The national capital by 1966. Two days before Independence Day in 1965, members of the Samyukta Socialist Party overpowered two constables guarding the site, covered the statue in tar and defaced its imperial crown, nose and one ear, also leaving a photo of Subhas Chandra Bose at the monument. Despite the resulting adverse publicity and the growing controversy over the situation, the matter of relocating

3808-431: The officers and men of the Indian Army who fought and fell". During the ceremony, the Deccan Horse , 3rd Sappers and Miners, 6th Jat Light Infantry , 34th Sikh Pioneers , 39th Garhwal Rifles , 59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force) , 117th Mahrattas , and 5th Gurkha Rifles . The land was owned by contractor Sir Sobha Singh who helped construct large tracts of New Delhi and was the primary contractor. Ten years after

3876-449: The original arches had been destroyed. The medium of engraving gave the viewer the opportunity to examine the allegories and inscriptions presented by the arches in a way that would not have been possible during the event. Sometimes the arches depicted were not even real structures but existed entirely as imaginary representations of royal propaganda. One famous example was the Ehrenpforte Maximilians I by Albrecht Dürer , commissioned by

3944-488: The remainder of the monument was carved in India. The statue's installation in the autumn of 1936, amidst the Indian independence movement , made it a target for Independence activists; on the night of 3 January 1943, during the Quit India movement , Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna and Manubhai Shah scaled the statue, smashed its nose and draped it with a large black cloth inscribed "Death to the Tyrant." The statue remained standing at its original site for two decades following

4012-469: The sovereign's recent recovery from sepsis . As originally conceived, the statue would have depicted the monarch in marble riding in a howdah atop a red stone elephant; a canopy was not then included in the design. The final concept, approved by George V before his death, dispensed with the elephant, instead incorporating a red stone canopy and pedestal, with the pedestal standing 34.5 feet (10.52 m) tall. An 18.75 feet (5.72 m) tall marble statue of

4080-455: The statue dragged on for several years. The British government rejected a proposal to repatriate the monument to the United Kingdom, citing the lack of an appropriate site and sufficient funds, while the British High Commission in New Delhi declined to have the statue relocated to their compound, due to limited space. Efforts to move the statue to a Delhi park were strongly opposed by the nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh , which then held power in

4148-489: The statue was designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger of the Royal Academy of Arts . The canopy was topped by a gilded Tudor Crown and bore the Royal Cyphers of George V, with the completed monument intended to "mark the loyalty and attachment of the Ruling Princes and Chiefs of India to the Person and Throne of the King-Emperor." Following the premature death of Jagger, the statue's head and crown were completed by one of his assistants in England and then shipped to India, while

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4216-407: The streets of Rome under temporary triumphal arches built specially for the occasion. Arches were also built for dynastic weddings; when Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy married Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the House of Savoy and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with

4284-556: The triumphal arch was also adapted and incorporated into the façades of public buildings such as city halls and churches. Temporary triumphal arches made of lath and plaster were often erected for royal entries . Unlike the individual arches erected for Roman conquerors, Renaissance rulers often built a row of arches through which processions were staged. They defined a space for the movement of people and denoted significant sites at which particular messages were conveyed at each stage. Newly elected popes , for instance, processed through

4352-416: The twenty-third Indian Republic Day. Since the installation of the Amar Jawan Jyoti, it has served as India's tomb of the unknown soldier . It is staffed around the clock by the Indian armed forces. Wreaths are placed at the Amar Jawan Jyoti every Republic Day, Vijay Diwas , and Infantry Day by the Prime Minister and the Chiefs of the Armed Forces. On 21 January 2022 the Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate

4420-401: Was inaugurated at the site on 23 January 2022, celebrated as Parakram Diwas (Courage Day). On this occasion, an award in the name of Bose was instituted for the exemplary work in disaster management. On 8 September 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the newly made statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose near the India Gate. Amar Jawan Jyoti, or the flame of the immortal soldier,

4488-425: Was merged with the Amar Jawan Jyoti at the National War Memorial. In July 2014, the government announced plans to construct a National War Memorial in the C-Hexagon (India Gate Circle), and an adjoining National War Museum. The cabinet allocated ₹ 500 crore (US$ 60 million) for the project. The National War Memorial was completed in January, 2019. Since January 2022, it houses the Amar Jawan Jyoti , or

4556-546: Was replaced by arcus (arch). While Republican fornices could be erected by a triumphator at his own discretion and expense, Imperial triumphal arches were sponsored by decree of the senate, or sometimes by wealthy holders of high office, to honour and promote emperors, their office and the values of empire. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike many modern triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not around. Most Roman triumphal arches were built during

4624-411: Was the "Aragonese Arch" at the Castel Nuovo in Naples , erected by Alfonso V of Aragon in 1470, supposedly to commemorate his taking over the kingdom in 1443, although like the later Porta Capuana this was a new façade for the gateway to the castle. By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. The motif of

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