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104-690: Richard E. Byrd chose this glacier as his route to the Polar Plateau on 28 November 1929 when he flew from Little America to the South Pole. According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "The Liv Glacier (85° S. 168° W.) reaches the Ross Ice Shelf on the western side of the Duncan Mountains. It is about 7 miles wide and trends southward about 40 miles to the polar plateau. The Fisher Mountains rise prominently forming

208-731: A dominant figure in the Virginia Democratic Party from the 1920s until the 1960s; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a time. On January 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Ames Byrd (d. 1974). He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered " Marie Byrd Land " after her, and a mountain range, the Ames Range , after her father. They had four children – Richard Evelyn Byrd III , Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. By late 1924,

312-690: A letter from Nuku Hiva (the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia ) to Chambers, the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in

416-495: A member of the winter party at McMurdo Station in 1963. 84°36′S 174°45′W  /  84.600°S 174.750°W  / -84.600; -174.750 . A high ridge, 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) long, extending north from the Prince Olav Mountains between Massam and Barrett Glaciers to the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. A series of rock spurs extend from the west side. Visited and so named by

520-587: A parade in New York City, and Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the Medal of Honor . The Josephine Ford was flown around the country in celebration. Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of machinist. Byrd and Bennett were presented with Tiffany Cross versions of the Medal of Honor on March 5, 1927, at

624-765: A pet dog, Igloo, who accompanied Byrd to the North and South poles and who is buried at the Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery with a tombstone that reads "He was more than a friend." Byrd attended the Virginia Military Institute for two years and transferred to the University of Virginia , before financial circumstances inspired his starting over and taking an appointment to the United States Naval Academy , where he

728-402: A privately financed expedition, where he headed the inaugural aircraft crew that successfully flew over the South Pole. Byrd strongly advocated for ski-equipped aircraft, despite the considerable operational, logistical, and maintenance challenges they posed, necessitating the establishment of significant onshore bases to address these issues. As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to

832-763: A sailor who had fallen overboard. In April 1914, he transferred to the armored cruiser USS Washington and served in Mexican waters in June following the American intervention in April. His next assignment was to the gunboat USS Dolphin , which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy. This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then Assistant Secretary of

936-577: A steep bluff at the east side of Shackleton Glacier. Named by F. Alton Wade, leader of the Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Party (1962–63), in honor of Lubbock, Texas , home of Texas Technological College, to which all three members of the party were affiliated. 84°45′S 173°47′W  /  84.750°S 173.783°W  / -84.750; -173.783 . A ridge, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, extending northwest from Mount Llano and terminating at

1040-622: A time as Honorary National President (1931–1935) of Pi Gamma Mu , the international honor society in the social sciences. He carried the society's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences. To finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions, Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals, including President Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, John D. Rockefeller Jr. , and Vincent Astor . As

1144-567: A token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters. On his second expedition during the summer of 1933–1934, (it was winter in the US, above the equator) Byrd spent five months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm

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1248-1131: Is easily viewed from positions on Shackleton Glacier or the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929. Named by US-SCAN after Franklin Alton Wade (1903–78), geologist with the ByrdAE (1933–35), senior scientist at West Base of the US AS (1939–41), and leader of two Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Parties (1962–63 and 1964–65) to this vicinity; Senior Scientist USARP Marie Byrd Land Survey, 1966–67 and 1967-68. 84°57′S 174°00′W  /  84.950°S 174.000°W  / -84.950; -174.000 . A peak 4,070 metres (13,350 ft) high situated 6.5 nautical miles (12.0 km; 7.5 mi) south-southeast of Mount Wade. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos 1960-65. Named by US-ACAN in recognition of

1352-476: Is joined by the LaVergne Glacier. It turn northeast, and flows on both sides past McKinley Nunatak, June Nunatak and Aviator Nunatak. Opposite June Nunatak it is joined from the left (northwest) by DeGanahl Glacier. Further down it is joined from the left by Zotikov Glacier, then from the right by Somero Glacier. It flows into the Ross Ice Shelf between Mount Henson to the northwest and Morris Peak to

1456-463: Is numbered 753 in the Scott's Catalog. The U.S. Post Office contracted with the expedition for this purpose as it had no other means to deliver mail to and from the Antarctic. Approximately 150,000 pieces of such mail went through the special Antarctic post office in 1933 to 1934. As only members of the post office were authorized to postmark and handle mail, Charles F. Anderson, a special representative of

1560-1068: Is southwest of the central portion, north of the McGregor Glacier , which flows west to the Shackleton Glacier. It is north of the Cumulus Hills . The southeastern part of the Prince Olaf Mountains include Jones Peak and the Seabee Heights to the southwest of the DeGanahl Glacier , which joins the LaVergne Glacier east of Garcia Point. North of the DeGanahl Glacier are, from west to east, Mount Fisher, Mount Ray, Mount Wells, Mount Roe and Mercie Peak, opposite Hardiman Peak where Zotikov Glacier joins Liv Glacier from

1664-476: The First Families of Virginia . His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas , William Byrd II of Westover Plantation , who established Richmond , as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter , a colonial governor. He was also descended from George Yeardley , Francis Wyatt and Samuel Argall . He was the brother of Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd ,

1768-599: The Legion of Merit . In 1946, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project. Byrd's fourth Antarctic expedition was code-named Operation Highjump . It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 6–8 months. The expedition was supported by a large naval force (designated Task Force 68), commanded by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen . Thirteen US Navy support ships (besides

1872-701: The Queen Maud Mountains in Antarctica stretching from Shackleton Glacier to Liv Glacier at the head of the Ross Ice Shelf . The Prince Olav Mountains were discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen on the way to the South Pole , and named by him for the then Crown Prince Olav of Norway. This range includes the following high mountains and peaks: The Prince Olav Mountains extend in a generally northwest – southeast direction between

1976-712: The Shackleton Glacier to the west and the Liv Glacier to the east. The Gabbro Hills and Lillie Range are to the northeast. In the northwest the mountains include the Waldron Spurs, including Nilsen Peak and Mount Orndorff, the Longhorn Spurs, including Cape Surprise, Garden Spur and Olds Peak, and Cathedral Peaks including Mount Kenney, McCuistion Glacier and Lubbock Rudge, all to the west of Barrett Glacier . The Dick Glacier runs west to

2080-733: The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) in 1944 to 1945. On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of the Dominican Republic . Byrd was present at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945. He was released from active duty on October 1, 1945. In recognition of his service during World War II, Byrd received two awards of

2184-455: The Virginia (Byrd's birth state). A base camp named " Little America " was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf , and scientific expeditions by snowshoe , dog sled , snowmobile , and airplane began. To increase the interest of youth in arctic exploration, a 19-year-old American Boy Scout , Paul Allman Siple , was chosen to accompany the expedition. Siple went on to earn a doctorate and

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2288-579: The White House by President Calvin Coolidge . Since 1926, doubts have been raised, defenses made, and heated controversy arose over whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958, Norwegian-American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's statement on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane's speed. Balchen said that Bennett had confessed to him months after

2392-659: The 1963–64, 1964–65, and 1965–66 summer seasons. 85°10′S 169°48′W  /  85.167°S 169.800°W  / -85.167; -169.800 . A massive ice-covered mountain standing at the west side of Liv Glacier, about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northwest of June Nunatak . Named by US-ACAN for Harry Wells, Executive Secretary of the Committee on Polar Research, National Academy of Sciences, 1962-66. 85°08′S 169°36′W  /  85.133°S 169.600°W  / -85.133; -169.600 . A flattish, largely ice-covered mountain overlooking

2496-656: The Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau . He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley , the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica. Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the North and South Poles by air. However, there is some controversy as to whether or not Byrd was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that

2600-535: The Atlantic Ocean. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France. Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta , and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. During a practice takeoff with Anthony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in

2704-617: The Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale. In 1928, Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships and three airplanes: Byrd's flagship was the City of New York (a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship some said was in the vicinity of the Titanic when the latter

2808-625: The Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York , in the America on June 29, 1927. On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft. Arriving over France the next day, they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover; they returned to

2912-570: The Baselaying Flight of Nov. 18, 1929, and surveyed by A.P. Crary in 1957-58. Named by Crary for Harry Sellery of the United States National Bureau of Standards, who was Antarctic Project Leader for ionosphere studies, 1957-60. 84°59′S 172°10′W  /  84.983°S 172.167°W  / -84.983; -172.167 . A mountain over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) high along the north escarpment of

3016-511: The British designation of R-38 ). As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. The airship broke apart in midair, killing 44 of 49 crew members on board. Byrd lost several friends in the accident, and was involved in the subsequent recovery operations and investigation. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions. Due to reductions in

3120-589: The Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist. Byrd was friends with Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford , whose admiration of his polar exploits helped to gain Byrd sponsorship and financing for his various polar expeditions from the Ford Motor Company. He had

3224-755: The Cathedral Peaks, a group of summits that form a portion of the wall on the east side of Shackleton Glacier. The peak is 2,090 metres (6,860 ft) high and stands 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southwest of Mount Kenney. Named by US-ACAN for Helmut Ehrenspeck, geologist with the Ohio State University Party of 1970–71 which geologically mapped this vicinity. 85°50′S 175°25′W  /  85.833°S 175.417°W  / -85.833; -175.417 . A high ridge, about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long, extending west from Mount Wade and terminating in

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3328-753: The Centennial of the Ohio State University in 1970, the same year the University's Institute of Polar Studies celebrated its Decennial. The University and the Institute have been very active in Antarctic investigations since 1960. 84°55′S 174°00′W  /  84.917°S 174.000°W  / -84.917; -174.000 . A prominent peak 3,790 metres (12,430 ft) high standing 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) southeast of Mount Wade. Discovered and photographed by

3432-643: The Chief of Naval Operations. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him until the last of its participants left Antarctica on March 22, 1941. As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. King . From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in

3536-409: The Committee on Polar Research, National Academy of Sciences, 1957-63. 85°13′S 171°15′W  /  85.217°S 171.250°W  / -85.217; -171.250 . Rugged snow-covered heights rising to 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) high. The heights are about 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long and 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) wide and are bounded by the flow of

3640-565: The DeGanahl, LaVergne and Liv Glaciers. Named by US-ACAN for the United States Navy Construction Battalions (Seabees) which have played a significant role in the building of United States Antarctic stations. 85°14′S 170°16′W  /  85.233°S 170.267°W  / -85.233; -170.267 . A conspicuous point which forms the south side of the terminus of DeGanahl Glacier, where

3744-525: The Navy Franklin Roosevelt . He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) on June 8, 1915. During Byrd's assignment to Dolphin , he was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy , who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II . Byrd's last assignment before forced retirement was to the presidential yacht USS Mayflower . On March 15, 1916, Byrd, much to his frustration,

3848-640: The Navy after the First World War, Byrd reverted to the rank of lieutenant at the end of 1921. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station (NRAS) at Squantum Point near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard

3952-403: The Postmaster General, was assigned to the post office at Little America in Antarctica. In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg, and was invited to participate in the 1938/1939 German " Neuschwabenland " Antarctic Expedition, but declined. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as Führer of the German Reich since 1934, and i nvaded Poland

4056-443: The Prince Olav Mountains and entering Liv Glacier just east of Hardiman Peak . Named by US-ACAN for Igor A. Zotikov , Soviet exchange scientist to the USARP at McMurdo Station in 1965. 85°00′S 167°12′W  /  85.000°S 167.200°W  / -85.000; -167.200 . A tributary glacier 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, flowing northwest from Mount Fairweather to enter Liv Glacier just south of

4160-555: The Prince Olav Mountains, at the confluence of Holzrichter and Gough Glaciers. Discovered by the United States Ross Ice Shelf Traverse Party (1957–58) under A.P. Crary, and named for Professor Carroll William Dodge , who analyzed and reported upon lichens and lichen parasites for the ByrdAE. 1933-35. 84°58′S 172°45′W  /  84.967°S 172.750°W  / -84.967; -172.750 . A prominent peak 3,895 metres (12,779 ft) high between Mounts Oliver and Smithson. Discovered and photographed by Rear Admiral Byrd on

4264-400: The Prince Olav Mountains, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) east of Mount Sellery between the heads of Krout and Harwell Glaciers. Named by US-ACAN for James Smithson , English philanthropist. In 1835, his property came into the possession of the United States Government, having been bequeathed by him for the purpose of founding an institution at Washington, DC, to be called

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4368-458: The Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for the Fisher brothers, Detroit industrialists and contributors to the ByrdAE, 1928-30. 85°07′S 170°48′W  /  85.117°S 170.800°W  / -85.117; -170.800 . A peak, 3,905 metres (12,812 ft) high, standing 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) southeast of Mount Fisher. Named by US-ACAN for Carleton Ray, USARP zoologist at McMurdo Station in

4472-524: The Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929. Named by US-ACAN for Capt. William H. Munson, United States Navy, Commanding Officer of United States Navy Air Development Squadron Six, otherwise known as VX-6, 1959-61. 84°51′S 174°19′W  /  84.850°S 174.317°W  / -84.850; -174.317 . A massive mountain 4,085 metres (13,402 ft) high which is a most distinctive landmark in its region, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northwest of Mount Campbell. The feature

4576-439: The Queen Maud Mountains. Named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Harold June, aviator and engineer on the South Pole flight of R. Admiral Richard E. Byrd in 1929. 85°11′S 168°58′W  /  85.183°S 168.967°W  / -85.183; -168.967 . The northernmost of three large nunataks in the upper Liv Glacier, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east of Mount Wells. Named by

4680-494: The Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on USS Concord , Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding, in September 1943. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took

4784-504: The Shackleton Glacier to the south of Lubbock Ridge. The central part of the range is separated from the Gabbro Hills by Watt Ridge, terminating in Mount Llano. It includes, from northwest to southeast, Mount McCue, Mount Munson, Mount Wade, Mount Campbell, Mount Oliver, Mount Dodge, Mount Sellery and Mount Smithson. The Holzrichter Glacier , Krout Glacier and Harwell Glacier drain east into Gough Glacier . The Yeats Glacier drains west into Shackleton Glacier. The Mount Finley massif

4888-424: The Smithsonian Institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. 85°05′S 172°00′W  /  85.083°S 172.000°W  / -85.083; -172.000 . A mainly ice-free peak, 3,670 metres (12,040 ft) high, standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west-northwest of Mount Fisher at the head of DeGanahl Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for John M. Jones, Program Officer of

4992-413: The South Pacific in May and June 1942. The report submitted by the Board describes conditions found at each base and analyses, lessons learned in planning and equipping these bases. The report contains recommendations applicable to the individual bases and others designed to be helpful in the planning of future advanced bases. On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to

5096-492: The Southern Party of NZGSAE (1963–64) because this is the first place where rocks of these groups have been found on the coast, surprising the geologists. 84°33′S 174°45′W  /  84.550°S 174.750°W  / -84.550; -174.750 . A spur on the west side of Longhorn Spurs, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Cape Surprise. So named by the Southern Party of New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) (1963–64) because of

5200-419: The Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Capt. Ashley C. McKinley, photographer with R. Admiral Richard E. Byrd on his South Pole flight of 1929. 85°14′S 169°29′W  /  85.233°S 169.483°W  / -85.233; -169.483 . The central of three nunataks in mid-stream of the upper Liv Glacier, standing about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southeast of Mount Wells , in

5304-806: The Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961–62) for the aviators of R. Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's flight to the South Pole in 1929. 85°19′S 170°45′W  /  85.317°S 170.750°W  / -85.317; -170.750 . A tributary glacier about 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, flowing east along the south slopes of Seabee Heights to enter Liv Glacier close southwest of McKinley Nunatak. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. Cdr. Cornelius B. de LaVergne, Deputy Commander of Antarctic Support Activity at McMurdo Station during USN OpdFrz 1961. 85°13′S 170°35′W  /  85.217°S 170.583°W  / -85.217; -170.583 . A narrow, steep-walled glacier about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, flowing southeast from Jones Peak into

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5408-427: The Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Party (1964–65) because of the resemblance of the spurs to the horns of longhorn cattle . 84°31′S 174°25′W  /  84.517°S 174.417°W  / -84.517; -174.417 . A cape marking the northern end of Longhorn Spurs, between Massam and Barrett Glaciers, at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. It is composed of rocks of the Beacon and Ferrar groups. So named by

5512-474: The United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Commander James E. Waldron, United States Navy Reserve , pilot with Squadron VX-6 in 1957-58. 84°32′S 175°25′W  /  84.533°S 175.417°W  / -84.533; -175.417 . A prominent peak 780 metres (2,560 ft) high at the north end of Waldron Spurs, marking the east side of the mouth of Shackleton Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for W.B. Nilsen, Master of

5616-499: The United States Antarctic Service (1939–41), and surveyed by A.P. Crary (1957–58). Named by Crary for Joel Campbell of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Antarctic Project Leader for geomagnetic operations, 1957-60. 84°56′S 173°44′W  /  84.933°S 173.733°W  / -84.933; -173.733 . A peak over 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) high, standing 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southeast of Mount Campbell. Discovered and photographed by

5720-429: The United States Antarctic Service, 1939-41. Surveyed by A.P. Crary (1957–58) and named by him for Norman Oliver, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, who was Antarctic Project Leader for aurora operations, 1957-60. 84°52′S 172°22′W  /  84.867°S 172.367°W  / -84.867; -172.367 . A mainly ice-free peak 1,760 metres (5,770 ft) high on a mountain spur descending northward from

5824-549: The United States Antarctic Service, 1939-41. Surveyed by A.P. Crary (1957–58) and named by him for James A. McCue, United States Navy, radio mechanic, who was in charge of the first Beardmore Camp during the 1957–58 season. 84°48′S 174°26′W  /  84.800°S 174.433°W  / -84.800; -174.433 . A mountain 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) high rising from the northwest flank of Mount Wade, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from its summit. Discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on flights to

5928-423: The United States Naval Ship Chattahoochee during Operation Deep Freeze 1965. 84°37′S 175°26′W  /  84.617°S 175.433°W  / -84.617; -175.433 . A peak 1,520 metres (4,990 ft) high standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) south of Nilsen Peak, at the west side of Massam Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Howard J. Orndorff, United States Navy,

6032-592: The United States Ross Ice Shelf Traverse Party (1957–58) under A.P. Crary. Named after George Albert Llano , American biologist and authority on polar lichems; Program Manager for Biological and Medical Sciences, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1960–77; member of several seasonal expeditions to Antarctica from 1957-58. 84°45′S 174°41′W  /  84.750°S 174.683°W  / -84.750; -174.683 . A peak 1,710 metres (5,610 ft) high standing 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) northwest of Mount Wade. Discovered by

6136-444: The aviation element during the expedition led to Byrd's renown as a pioneer of aircraft in exploration. During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett and Norwegian pilot Bernt Balchen , both of whom would later contribute to Byrd's expeditions. Bennett served as a pilot in his flight to the North Pole the next year. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable,

6240-484: The co-pilot seat, the Fokker Trimotor airplane, America , crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd. As the plane was being repaired, Charles Lindbergh won the prize by completing his historic flight on May 21, 1927. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late.) Byrd continued with his quest to cross

6344-428: The coast of Normandy and crash-landed near the beach at Ver-sur-Mer (known as Gold Beach during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944) without fatalities on July 1, 1927. In France, Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French Legion of Honor by Prime Minister Raymond Poincare on July 6. After their return to the United States, an elaborate dinner in their honor

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6448-418: The distance Byrd claimed to fly was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross , the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy. Byrd was born in Winchester, Virginia , the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. He was a descendant of one of

6552-943: The east margin of Shackleton Glacier. From the glacier the peaks resemble the spires and turrets of a cathedral. Named by F. Alton Wade, who worked in this area as leader of the Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Party, 1962-63. 84°44′S 175°28′W  /  84.733°S 175.467°W  / -84.733; -175.467 . A sharp summit 2,030 metres (6,660 ft) high in the Cathedral Peaks, rising 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) east of Shackleton Glacier and 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) northwest of Mount Wade. Discovered and photographed by United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47. Named by US-ACAN for 1st Lieutenant Leroy S. Kenney, United States Marine Corps Reserve, helicopter and airplane pilot with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 during Deep Freeze operations. 84°46′S 175°35′W  /  84.767°S 175.583°W  / -84.767; -175.583 . One of

6656-461: The east side of Barrett Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Robert C. Watt, United States Navy, Supply Officer during United States Navy OpDFrz 1964. 84°48′S 173°21′W  /  84.800°S 173.350°W  / -84.800; -173.350 . A mountain peak 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) high in the foothills of the Prince Olav Mountains, standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) northeast of Mount Wade. Surveyed by

6760-401: The efficiency of the militia. Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War in April 1917, Byrd oversaw the mobilization of the Rhode Island Naval Militia. He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. In the autumn of 1917, he

6864-401: The expedition. The flight left from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and returned to its takeoff airfield, lasting 15 hours and 57 minutes, including 13 minutes spent circling at their Farthest North . Byrd and Bennett said they reached the North Pole, a distance of 1,535 miles (1,335 nautical miles ). When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. He was thrown

6968-418: The flagship USS  Mount Olympus and the aircraft carrier USS  Philippine Sea ), six helicopters, six flying boats, two seaplane tenders, and 15 other aircraft were used. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000. Jones Peak The Prince Olav Mountains ( 84°57′S 173°00′W  /  84.950°S 173.000°W  / -84.950; -173.000 ) is a mountain group in

7072-437: The flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen , Umberto Nobile , Oscar Wisting , and Lincoln Ellsworth . In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans-Oceanic Company , which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across

7176-452: The flight that Byrd and he had not reached the pole. Bennett, who had not completely healed from the early crash, developed pneumonia after participating in a flight to rescue downed German aviators in Greenly Island, Canada, leading to his death on April 25, 1928. Bennett, though, had started a memoir, given numerous interviews, and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd's version of

7280-427: The flight. The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926, flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ from Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later official typescript reports

7384-484: The funding needed to finance Byrd's expedition to the Antarctic. The expedition, via the Post Office, sold philatelic subscription Philatelic covers to be serviced at the official USPOD post office set up in the Antarctic exploration base , dubbed Little America , and which was officially established on October 6, 1933. All mail sent to the Antarctic required at least one Byrd II 3 cent stamp (pictured), along with sufficient postage amounting to 53 cents. The postage stamp

7488-818: The head of Massam Glacier, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northeast of Mount Kenney, in the Prince Olav Mountains. The feature was geologically mapped on November 18, 1970, by the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) Ohio State University Party of 1970-71. Named by US-ACAN for Vaughn P. Wendland, geologist and field assistant with the Ohio State party. 84°44′S 175°40′W  /  84.733°S 175.667°W  / -84.733; -175.667 . A rugged mountain mass surmounted by several conspicuous peaks, located north of Lubbock Ridge and extending for about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) along

7592-437: The latter enters Liv Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Leopoldo Garcia, USARP meteorologist at South Pole Station, winter 1965. 85°06′S 171°03′W  /  85.100°S 171.050°W  / -85.100; -171.050 . A domed, snow-capped summit 4,080 metres (13,390 ft) high standing 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Mount Ray. Discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on flights to

7696-413: The lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote

7800-412: The men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and mechanical troubles. Finally, Thomas Poulter , E. J. Demas , and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of

7904-515: The men returned to base camp with the tractor. This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography Alone . During the summer months the days were long and the evenings existed in twilight. Inside the exploration headquarters Byrd had fashioned a large calendar on the wall, where he would cross off each day as it passed. A CBS radio station, KFZ, was set up on the base camp ship, the Bear of Oakland and The Adventures of Admiral Byrd program

8008-469: The mission. Unfortunately for Byrd, his tour of duty in Newfoundland was considered overseas service. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. Of the three flying boats (NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4) that started from Newfoundland, only Lieutenant Commander Albert Read 's NC-4 completed

8112-514: The next year .) Byrd's third expedition was the first one financed and conducted by the United States government. The project included extensive studies of geology, biology, meteorology, and exploration. The innovative Antarctic Snow Cruiser was brought with the expedition, but broke down shortly after arriving. Within a few months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of

8216-522: The rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy. By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service. He is one of only four persons including Admiral David Dixon Porter , Arctic explorer Rear Admiral Donald Baxter MacMillan and Rear Admiral Frederic R. Harris , to have been promoted to

8320-600: The rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain. After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society . This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), which covered his trip there. Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for

8424-732: The rich flora of mosses, algae and lichens found there. 84°40′S 174°41′W  /  84.667°S 174.683°W  / -84.667; -174.683 . A peak 1,480 metres (4,860 ft) high standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) northeast of Mount Kenney in the south part of Longhorn Spurs, Queen Maud Mountains. Named by US-ACAN for Commander Corwin A. Olds, United States Navy, who participated in Antarctic Support Activity during United States Navy OpDFrz 1964. 84°42′S 175°18′W  /  84.700°S 175.300°W  / -84.700; -175.300 . A peak 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) high near

8528-579: The ridge descending from the latter. Named by US-ACAN for James E. Mercik, USARP aurora scientist at South Pole Station, winter 1965. 85°01′S 169°23′W  /  85.017°S 169.383°W  / -85.017; -169.383 . A peak, 1,210 metres (3,970 ft) high, forming the east extremity of the ridge along the north side of Zotikov Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Terrance L. Hardiman, USARP geomagnetist/seismologist at South Pole Station, 1965. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

8632-400: The same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18°18'18". On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the distance to the pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his statement of reaching the pole. Accepting that the conflicting data in

8736-438: The sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc). If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with

8840-417: The southeast. Download coordinates as: 85°27′S 170°12′W  /  85.450°S 170.200°W  / -85.450; -170.200 . A wide gap just southeast of Barnum Peak , through which Liv Glacier emerges from the polar plateau. It was originally referred to as the "Hump" by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and is the pass over which he made his historic South Pole flight of 1929. The feature

8944-521: The trip on May 18, 1919, achieving the first transatlantic flight. In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring Charles Lindbergh 's historic flight by six years. Byrd's ambition was dashed by then acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Jr. , who felt the risks outweighed the potential rewards. Byrd was then assigned to the ill-fated dirigible ZR-2 (formerly known by

9048-510: The typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight's 85-mph airspeed , a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data ). This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that

9152-523: The war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal . After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. This mission was historic, as it was the first time the Atlantic Ocean was crossed by an aircraft. It was decided that only men who had not served overseas would be allowed on

9256-499: The west end of the Duncan Mountains . Named by US-ACAN for George N. Somero, USARP biologist at McMurdo Station, 1963-64, and winter 1965. Richard E. Byrd Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957), an American naval officer , was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed

9360-601: The west side of Liv Glacier, opposite June Nunatak. Discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on the South Pole Flight in November 1929 and named for Joe DeGanahl, navigator and dog driver and member of the Supporting Party, ByrdAE, 1928-30. 85°02′S 169°15′W  /  85.033°S 169.250°W  / -85.033; -169.250 . A tributary glacier, 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) long, flowing northeast from Mount Fisher in

9464-582: The west side of Liv Glacier. It stands 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northeast of Mount Wells at the southeast end of Prince Olav Mountains. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Donald W. Roe, Jr., of US Navy Squadron VX-6, a member of the 1961 winter party at McMurdo Station and squadron safety officer in the 1962-63 season. 85°05′S 169°06′W  /  85.083°S 169.100°W  / -85.083; -169.100 . A conspicuous peak, 1,425 metres (4,675 ft) high, located 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) northeast of Mount Wells, on

9568-530: The west. Features extending northwest of the range, just east of the Shackleton Glacier, include: 84°35′S 175°40′W  /  84.583°S 175.667°W  / -84.583; -175.667 . A group of rocky spurs at the east side of the terminus of Shackleton Glacier in the foothills of the Queen Maud Mountains. Discovered by the United States Antarctic Service (United States Antarctic Service) (1939–41), and named by

9672-626: The western wall, and the massif of Mount Fridtjof Nansen , about 13,156 feet high, forms the eastern flank of the Liv Glacier. The northern slopes of this sandstone and granite massif were investigated by Gould in 1929, and coal beds found. Many tributary or dendritic glaciers feed the Liv Glacier from the heights of the bordering mountains." The head of Liv Glacier is on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet , where it passes through Hump Passage. The glacier flow north, and near its head

9776-537: Was appointed as a midshipman on May 28, 1908. On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming . During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal , for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of

9880-491: Was built on the site. NRAS Squantum was commissioned on August 15, 1923, and is considered to have been the first air base in the Naval Reserve program. Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. Although the expedition was largely unsuccessful (they did not in fact reach the pole) Byrd's efforts and the successful contributions of

9984-791: Was held in New York City on July 19. Byrd and Noville were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur at the dinner. Acosta and Balchen did not receive the Distinguished Flying Cross because, at that time, it could only be awarded to members of the armed services and not to civilians. Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly

10088-507: Was launched. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen , co-pilot/radioman Harold June , and photographer Ashley McKinley , flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful. In November 1929, Byrd participated in

10192-560: Was medically retired on three-quarters pay for an ankle injury he suffered on board Mayflower . Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence, Rhode Island . While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot , the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving

10296-508: Was observed by the Southern Party of NZGSAE (1961-62) who recommended perpetuation of a form of the original name. The three nunataks in Liv Glacier are, from south to north, 85°18′S 170°03′W  /  85.300°S 170.050°W  / -85.300; -170.050 . The southernmost of three large nunataks in upper Liv Glacier, about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north-north-east of Barnum Peak . Named by

10400-415: Was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions. Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back

10504-465: Was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida . He qualified as a naval aviator (number 608) in June 1918. He then commanded naval air forces at Naval Air Station Halifax in Nova Scotia , Canada, from July 1918 until the armistice in November. In that assignment, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant and the temporary rank of lieutenant commander. For his services during

10608-492: Was short-waved to Buenos Aires, then relayed to New York. Sponsored by General Foods , the broadcasts aired on Saturday nights at 10:00 pm and reached #16 on the Hooper rating for the 1933-34 broadcast season, reaching an average audience of 19.1 million. Byrd's Antarctic expedition prompted President Roosevelt and the U.S. Postmaster General to honor the event in 1933 on a U.S. commemorative stamp which greatly helped raise

10712-611: Was sinking) and the Eleanor Bolling (named after Byrd's mother); a Ford Trimotor airplane called the Floyd Bennett (named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions) flown by Dean Smith ; a Fairchild FC-2W2 , NX8006, built 1928, named Stars And Stripes (now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum 's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center ); and a Fokker Super Universal monoplane called

10816-437: Was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford , who helped finance the expedition. In addition to Ford contributions, John D. Rockefeller also notably provided funding for

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