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92-414: Diogo Fernandes Pereira's name is usually given simply as 'Diogo Fernandes'. He is sometimes referred to as Diogo Fernandes de Setúbal (his hometown), to distinguish him from another Indian Ocean adventurer of that period with a similar name, known as Diogo Fernandes de Beja . In older chronicles, (e.g. Damião de Góis ) his name is also written as Diogo Fernandes 'Piteira' or 'Peteira'. Diogo Fernandes

184-424: A Setúbal ship bound for India. How a master was elevated to captain of an India nau (usually a position reserved for nobles or wealthy men who 'paid' for the privilege) is uncertain. One possible conjecture is that the ship was not a crown ship, but a privately outfitted ship. In some secondary accounts, it is said that Diogo Fernandes's ship was named Setúbal . That is almost certainly incorrect. Known lists for

276-516: A brutish calling card, made absurd demands upon the rulers, disrupted trade and daily life all along the coast. It should not have been too difficult to prevail upon the Malabari cities to participate in a general boycott of Portuguese trade, at least temporarily. But the Cochin rejected Zamorin's unreasonable demands. The city of Cochin ( Cochim , Kochi) was a growing commercial town perched on

368-749: A cargo throughput of 6.058 million tons in 2012, making it the 4th busiest port in Portugal, with 7.4% of the cargo throughput in the country. In the 19th century, the area was notable for the production of sea salt. St. Ubes bay salt was exported as far as Australia in the 1830s. Setúbal has a train station, Praça do Quebedo station , with regional and commuter trains every hour on weekdays (and every half-hour during rush hour ) to Entrecampos railway station in Lisbon , with daily connections to Santa Apolónia railway station , and transfers from there to other cities in Portugal, including Sintra and Póvoa . There

460-518: A certain 'Diogo Pereira' (possibly Diogo Fernandes?) in charge of the nau Concepção , protecting the city. Diogo Fernandes returned to Portugal in 1505. His report on Socotra generated much excitement in the Portuguese court. The strategic placement of the island at the mouth of the Red Sea made it an optimal location to station a Portuguese patrol. It could prey on Arab shipping and shut down

552-470: A commercial treaty with the Zamorin. Unimpressed by Gama, the elderly Zamorin allowed the Portuguese to buy spices on Calicut's markets, but refused to accord them any greater privileges. The follow-up expedition of Pedro Álvares Cabral ( 2nd India Armada , 1500) arrived better prepared. The old Zamorin having died in the interim, Cabral negotiated a treaty with the new Zamorin, and a Portuguese factory

644-441: A couple hundred smaller boat guns. Notices had been sent to the Zamorin's allies – the lords ( Kaimals ) of Edapalli , Cranganore , Kottakkal , Kingdom of Tanur (Vettath raja of Vettattnad), Beypore , Chaliyam , Pariyapuram etc. – to prepare their auxiliary forces. News of the size and arms of the Zamorin's alerted Cochin. Cochin had lost a battle during the previous year's siege. Although, in his new position as lord of

736-579: A fortress on the edge of the Cochinese peninsula (an area now known as Fort Kochi ), just a little to the west of the old city of Cochin proper (around what is now Mattancherry ). Fort Manuel de Cochim, as it was named, was the first Portuguese fort in Asia. Built from local coconut palm timber supplied by the Trimumpara himself, the fort was completed in a couple of months. As soon at it was finished,

828-437: A narrow passage for the troops to ford across to the Cochinese peninsula and march calmly up behind Cochin city. The problem is that it also means that the Zamorin's fleet sailed the entire length of the lagoon, from the environs of Cranganore down to Kumbalam – that is, their fleet sailed past Cochin without making a lunge at it or being challenged. And that is unlikely, especially as the Portuguese kept their nau on guard before

920-540: A record high temperature of 45.5 °C (113.9 °F) which, according to weather records expert Maximiliano Herrera, was the highest temperature ever recorded on the coast of the Iberian Peninsula. According to the census of 2011, the municipality of Setúbal had a labor force of 58,514 people, among whom 15.6% were unemployed. Among those who had a job, 1.6% were working in the Primary sector , 24.9% in

1012-436: A small coastal patrol behind, to help defend Cochin. But the patrol's commander, Vicente Sodré dismissed the rumors of the Zamorin's military preparations and decided to take his patrol to cruise the mouth of the Red Sea . They did not return until the end of the summer. In April, the Zamorin led a large Calicut army of some 50,000 troops against Cochin. Along the way, he was to be joined by allied Malabari lords, notably

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1104-471: Is also a train line south to Faro , with twice-daily service, and a connection eastward to Ebora , five times daily. In the past, in the municipality there was also the Santiago do Cacém railway station , which operated from 1933 through the 1980s. In addition, there are local buses and a network of highways and secondary roads in and around the city. The city's main sports club is Vitória de Setúbal ,

1196-471: Is also the seat of the Setúbal District and formerly in the historic Estremadura Province . In the beginning of the 20th century, Setúbal was the most important center of Portugal's fishing industry, particularly specializing in processing and exporting sardines . None of the many factories then created are operating today. However, the existing maritime ports, either traditional, commercial and

1288-442: Is not Pallurthy, but somewhere else (Logan et al. suggest 'Valanjaca', but where that is is also uncertain.) If the Zamorin was held at Edapalli ford, crossing the lagoon there would have gotten them only to Vypin island, which would not necessarily be a grave concern for the Portuguese, since that would not place them within marching range of Cochin. A third possibility is that Cambalão is actually Kumbalangy and not Kumbalam – that

1380-453: Is not corroborated by other chroniclers, Diogo Fernandes Pereira seems to almost certainly have missed Mozambique Island , the usual collection point for Portuguese ships, and where one of his squadron, Rui Lourenço Ravasco , was known to be waiting. Instead, we next hear of Fernandes up near Cape Guardafui , which strongly suggests that he did take the outer route, as, sailing north by that route, he would not have sighted African coast before

1472-516: Is possible that this 'Diogo Pereira' is none other than Diogo Fernandes Pereira the lost captain of the third squadron of the 5th Armada , who had discovered Socotra and wintered there, and set on a solo crossed of the Indian Ocean around this time. If so, then the nau Concepção might be his ship. Intelligence networks in south India were such that both the Zamorin and the Trimumpara knew each other's every movement (the element of surprise

1564-631: Is speculated that Albuquerque (uninterested in such exploratory ventures) elected to stay in Mozambique, and temporarily passed his ship, the Cirné , over to the command of the master Diogo Fernandes Pereira. Diogo Fernandes is said to have struck a wide arc east of Madagascar and stumbled upon the island of Réunion , which he promptly named ilha de Santa Apollonia (in honor of the St. Apollonia whose day it was, February 9, 1507). He proceeded east to discover

1656-495: Is the idea of the Calicut fleet sailing there passes even closer to Cochin than before; Aroor does not really point to Palluruthy, and it is difficult visualize where Palignard ford would have been by comparison. (A slight variation has the ford somewhere along what is now the narrow peninsula between Kumbalangy and Kochi – that is, there might have been a tiny strait and ford somewhere there, long since disappeared. That would open

1748-475: Is the peninsula directly south of Cochin. That means the Calicut army marched much further south, taking a long loop around the southern end of the Vembanad lagoon through the very southerly 'lands of Porquá'( Purakkad ) (or possibly cut across at Perumbalam ) and then marched north through Kumbalangy. The main reasons to contemplate this southern position are: (1) It is practically a continuous land march – if

1840-618: The 8th Armada of 1506 led by Tristão da Cunha . Diogo Fernandes himself sailed on it, albeit only as a master of Albuquerque's ship, the Cisne ('the Swan', usually transcribed as Cirné ). In late 1506, when the 8th Armada made the usual stop in Mozambique Island , the admiral Tristão da Cunha ordered a pause in the expedition to explore the island of Madagascar (then known as the ilha de São Lourenço ). During this interlude, it

1932-668: The Arrábida hills natural park - which offers an unspoiled nature and beautiful beaches to the Atlantic Ocean. A dolphin colony inhabits the Sado River . Across the river on the south bank lies the peninsula of Tróia , a place with vast white/golden sand beaches where several luxury hotels and resorts were recently built. The Tróia peninsula can be sighted from the city, across the river. Albarquel , Figueirinha, Galápos, Galapinhos, Creiro and Portinho da Arrábida are some of

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2024-600: The Cape of Good Hope by himself, Fernandes did not turn into the Mozambique Channel , but rather pushed east, sailing under the island of Madagascar , and then turned north, sailing up east of Madagascar. This would make him the first known ship to sail the ' outer route ' to the East Indies. (Although there remains the possibility that Diogo Dias also did precisely that in 1500.) Although Correia's account

2116-603: The Secondary sector and 73.5% in the Tertiary sector . Setúbal is notable for the industries of pulp , paper , cement , fertilizers , pesticides , other phytopharmaceutical products, thermal power , shipbuilding and ship repair there was a lot of automobile assembling industry since the 1950s with several known manufacturers had or have opened assembly halls for the Portuguese market. Today there are only 3 tradenames nearby currently in production. The Port of Setúbal had

2208-524: The Trimumpara Raja , and the armies of the Zamorin of Calicut and vassal Malabari states. The celebrated heroics of the tiny Portuguese garrison, led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira , fended off an invading army several hundred times bigger. It proved a humiliating defeat for the Zamorin of Calicut. He not only failed to conquer Cochin , but his inability to crush the tiny opposition undermined

2300-492: The Vembanad backwaters, the Trimumpara Raja could, notionally, call on 30,000 troops from around the lagoon, at most 8,000 might respond to his call, the remainder being "actively or passively hostile." Rumors soon spread through Cochin that the Portuguese garrison had no intention to stay, that ships were being prepared to evacuate the Portuguese to Cannanore or Quilon the moment the Zamorin's army arrived, and leave

2392-401: The horn . Around Cape Guardafui , Diogo Fernandes stumbled on the island of Socotra sometime in late 1503. Although the island was long known to eastern merchants (Socotra aloe was a highly valued balm in the markets of Arabia and India), it was unknown to the Portuguese. Diogo Fernandes was also surprised to encounter a strong (Syriac) Christian community on the island (after all, this

2484-508: The 19th century, the port was called Saint Ubes in English, and Saint-Yves in French. The municipal holiday is 15 September, which marks the date in 1860 when King Pedro V of Portugal officially recognised Setúbal as a city. The city of Setúbal is located on the northern bank of the Sado River estuary , approximately 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of Portugal's capital, Lisbon . It

2576-489: The Cochinese to bear the brunt of the assault. The population of Cochin began to evacuate the city. Trimumpara Raja himself began to waver, his advisors urging him to seek out a reconciliation with the Zamorin before it was too late. Duarte Pacheco's first order of business was to stiffen Trimumpara Raja's resolve, persuading him that the Portuguese were there to stay. Remembering how the Portuguese coastal patrol of Vicente Sodré had abandoned them during last year's siege ,

2668-459: The Kumbalam ford, a mere 100 m of shallow water. Pacheco ordered the long sharpened poles drilled deep mid-channel and across the length of the ford, a makeshift stockade to block the passage of the infantry. He subsequently ordered the ships tied to each other, and to the banks (with iron cords, so that they could not be easily cut and set adrift). The ships were set with the broadsides facing

2760-468: The Malabar states and close off access to spices, the Portuguese would either leave or be forced to negotiate terms and make a sensible peace. That meant trying to force his enemy kingdoms of Cochin, Cannanore and Quilon into shutting their markets to the Portuguese. In principle, the Zamorin's plan was sound. The Portuguese had antagonised some of the residents of the Malabar coast. Their fleets had left

2852-506: The Portuguese agents were holed up in Vypin. The Zamorin and his Malabari allies were in the process of preparing assault boats against the island, when they spotted six armed Portuguese ships under Francisco de Albuquerque – the vanguard of the arriving 5th Armada – racing towards Cochin. The allied Malabari armies began to melt away immediately. The Zamorin reluctantly dismantled the siege and returned to Calicut. Cochin had been saved in

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2944-487: The Portuguese alliance to strengthen his own position against his relatives. Sentiment among the Cochinese population was largely against the Portuguese. Cochin was not self-sufficient in food, and the people had suffered much from the general disruption of trade along the Malabar coast. Moreover, Cochin had a significant Muslim population – both expatriate Arabs and local Mappilas – and the Portuguese had made no secret of their hostility towards them. Yet these were usually

3036-520: The Portuguese alliance, and urged him to pursue a reconciliation with the Zamorin. They warned him that the continued loyalty of the Cochinese Nairs could not be taken for granted in the event of a war. Nonetheless, the Trimumpara Raja refused to abandon the Portuguese. In March, 1503, as soon as the Portuguese fleet ( 4th Armada ) had set sail back to Lisbon, the Zamorin decided to intimidate his enemy into compliance. The Portuguese had left

3128-424: The Portuguese called Arraul island, with an alternate passage to Cochin that is somewhat pointing through Palluruthy; (4) the southerly loop route to Kumbalangy passes through or near the lands of Udayamperoor ( Diamper ), Perumbalam ( Primbalão ) and/or the very southerly lands of Purakkad ( Porquá ), whose lords were known to have defected from Cochin to Calicut before the battle. The drawbacks to Kumbalangy

3220-400: The Portuguese fleet commander Afonso de Albuquerque , against all odds, suddenly agreed to a peace treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut. It was probably a cynical move on both sides – no one really expected the peace to hold, but it bought them a little time. For a few weeks, the Portuguese could finish their defenses, the Zamorin could prepare his forces, without being molested by the other. But

3312-627: The Portuguese late Gothic style known as Manueline . The Roman Catholic Church has a diocese, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Setúbal , headquartered in the city, with its see (seat of the bishop) at the Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, Setúbal , famous for its Mannerist façade. Also of interest are the São Julião Church , also with Manueline portals. The Castelo de São Filipe , is a 16th- and 17th-century fortress on

3404-465: The Portuguese made their stand much further north, at the ford of Edapalli (Portuguese Repelim ), the same pass which Narayan fruitlessly tried to hold the previous year. There are reasons to justify either location and doubt the other. If Kumbalam was indeed the passage, that would suggest the Zamorin's army marched all down the east coast of the lagoon unchallenged. That is not necessarily unlikely. The passage across Kumbalam islands certainly makes

3496-409: The Portuguese ships worked wonders, cushioning the missiles and allowing the Portuguese crossbowmen, musketeers and gunners to pick off the gunners and musketeers on the Malabari boats, which had little or no protection. After a few volleys, four boats were half-sunk, the rest sufficiently damaged or covered in enough dead & wounded to be unable to proceed, and began to retire. They were followed by

3588-623: The Sea') had been generally recognized as overlord by most of the small states on the Malabar Coast of India. Under the Zamorin's rule, Calicut grew as a commercial city, emerging as the major entrepot of the Kerala pepper trade and the principal emporium for other spices shipped from further east (see spice trade ). In the opening journey of the Portuguese to India in 1498, Vasco da Gama immediately made his way to Calicut and tried to secure

3680-413: The Trimumpara had ample reason to doubt Pacheco's word. But he also knew his fate was fatally tied to the Portuguese. Shaking off his misgivings, he placed the defense of the city in their hands. Trimumpara issued edicts forbidding anybody to leave Cochin on the penalty of death, and ordering his own officials and soldiers to treat an order from Duarte Pacheco as if it were his own. Of particular concern

3772-408: The Zamorin just needed to go back a few steps. But if they were held up at Edapalli ford, that detachment would have had to go across the very pass the Portuguese were holding. If they circumvented it, they would come up below them, which then brings up the question why not attack the Portuguese pass from both sides and finish off the story there? It is possible that Palurte is misidentified, that it

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3864-466: The Zamorin of Calicut removed an ancient sacred stone, upon which the old Chera Kings of Malabar were traditionally ceremonially esconsed as lords of the sea and overlords of all the Malabari states. The sacred stone had originally been housed at the ancient Malabari capital of Cranganore , but had since been moved to Cochin. The Zamorin now moved it once more, to Edapalli. The main Calicut army returned that same August, and once again Trimumpara Raja and

3956-459: The Zamorin wanted to avoid ferry boats for his huge army, taking the long loop under the Vembanad lake was the least water-clogged option (2) it places the Portuguese position closer to Cochin – more precisely, the Zamorin would be one ford away from the Cochinese land mass, thus making it a more critical point to hold for the Portuguese; (3) Kumbalangy has Aroor to the east, which might be what

4048-430: The Zamorin's agents set fire to the city or it had to be evacuated. In prelude, Duarte Pacheco launched a few minor raids on some small settlements around Edapalli , which sided with the Zamorin. Their strategic value was minor – it was more a show of force and bravado, to inculcate confidence in the Cochin population that the Portuguese were itching for a fight. (However, it seems that these raids may have damaged one of

4140-599: The Zamorin's army and fleet. For Duarte Pacheco, the most immediate worry was the five Venetian guns on the shore. Most of the Indian guns were said to have about the 'range and strength of an arm-thrown stone', which posed little threat to the cotton-reinforced ships. But the Venetian guns could sink them at distance. Pacheco directed all his fire immediately upon those guns, scattering the battery crews, and kept intermittent fire focused on them to prevent them reforming. Fire

4232-411: The anchored Portuguese with a very narrow front. This pitted the three Portuguese ships against only a dozen or so paraus at a time, something the superior Portuguese firepower might handle. The first wave was the most difficult – some 20 boats, tightly tied to each other, advanced together, constituting some 40 bombards and 100 muskets, plus innumerable bowmen. But the tower shields and cotton sacks on

4324-462: The armada and the chronicles do not actually give his ship a name, but just call it "the ship from/of Setúbal", a strong suggestion that it might have been privately outfitted by the merchant community of the city of Setúbal . If so, that might better explain how Diogo Fernandes got to be captain - the merchants of Setúbal just naturally chose to entrust their capital in their most knowledgeable and experienced native son. Diogo Fernandes's Setúbal ship

4416-463: The battle of Hormuz in the Fall of 1507, but we have no record of him there. More importantly, we have no record of his participation (or non-participation) in the mutiny against Albuquerque at Hormuz. We do know Albuquerque elevated a certain 'Dinis Fernandes' to replace one of the mutinous captains; and we also know a certain 'Diogo Pereira' was involved in presenting the mutinous captains' petition to

4508-474: The city's many beaches, located in the north bank of the estuary, at the very beginning of the Arrábida hills. In antiquity the city was known as Cetobriga, a Turdetani settlement that came under Roman control in the province of Lusitania . The main historical monument of the city of Setúbal is the Monastery of Jesus , which is a 15th- and 16th-century church that represents one of the first buildings in

4600-474: The city's markets. But the Zamorin's influence over the Kerala hinterlands had dried up much of Cochin's pepper supply. The Portuguese factors were disappointed at the spare findings on Cochin's spice markets, and the Trimumpara Raja was painfully aware of their increasing interest in other more promising cities, notably Quilon . If the Portuguese abandoned Cochin, the Trimumpara would have nothing to show for his pains. The Trimumpara's advisors argued against

4692-512: The city. As a result, the alternative theory, that the Portuguese held their position at Edapalli ford makes more sense. The name was simply misunderstood – they were blocking the road to Kumbalam, not at Kumbalam. But Edapalli pass brings up other inconsistencies – in particular, later in the campaign, the Zamorin sent part of his army to try a different pass to Palurte , which is almost certainly Palluruthy , again south of Cochin. If they were encamped by Kumbalam, it makes perfect sense –

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4784-488: The city. The Zamorin quickly learned that there was little point challenging the Portuguese fleets at sea – the technological gap in ships and cannon was just too great – but on land the difference was not nearly as lopsided. The Portuguese presence in India consisted only of a handful of commercial agents, after all. The Portuguese had come for spices. The Zamorin calculated that if he could exert his traditional authority over

4876-556: The city. When the Zamorin refused, Cabral bombarded the city of Calicut. Thus began the war between Portugal and Calicut. The Portuguese quickly found local allies among some of the city-states on the Malabar coast which had long grated under Calicut's dominance. Cochin ( Cochim , Kochi), Cannanore ( Canonor , Kannur) and Quilon ( Coulão , Kollam) opened their ports and invited the Portuguese. The succeeding Portuguese armadas to India took to routinely bombarding Calicut, preying on her ships, and driving commercial traffic away from

4968-494: The competing spice trade through that route. The existence of the isolated Christian community only made it even more appealing (the Portuguese had long hoped to find a Christian port of call in the Muslim-dominated Indian Ocean ). Plans were immediately launched to outfit a squadron, under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque , to seize the island for Portugal. The Socotra squadron was adjoined to

5060-410: The complicated, disorderly process of loading and unloading ferry -boats. The Calicut fleet was composed of 160 vessels – about 76 of which were paraus (a sail-and-oar-powered Malabari warship, often compared by European writers to a fusta or galiot ). Each parau was armed with two bombards, five muskets and 25 archers. The remaining boats were smaller, some 54 catures (a smaller version of

5152-429: The dawn of 31 March ( Palm Sunday ). The sudden sight, in the early morning light, of the Zamorin's massive army of 84,000 on the banks, already arrayed, in their magnificent arms with flags flying, and guns in position, was a startling sight to the defenders. The intimidating blare of the trumpets and war cries of such a massive army was too much for some of the defenders to bear. The final act in this terrifying prelude

5244-441: The day and 5–8 °C (41–46 °F) at night, most of the precipitation (starting from November) falls in this season. Temperatures in the summer vary between 27 and 30 °C (81 and 86 °F) during the day and 15 and 17 °C (59 and 63 °F) at night, precipitation is scarce during this season. The average annual temperature varies between 16.5 and 17 °C (61.7 and 62.6 °F). On 4 August 2018, Setúbal registered

5336-404: The edge of the Vembanad lagoon. The ruling Hindu prince, Unni Goda Varma, the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin , was not secure in his own position. Formally, he was a minor prince, subsidiary to senior family members across the lagoon at Edapalli ( Repelim ), the official overlords of the lagoon. Indeed, it is quite probable Trimumpara was in the midst of a family quarrel and originally sought out

5428-440: The entire municipality in 2014 was 118,166, occupying an area of 230.33 km (88.9 sq mi). The city itself had 89,303 inhabitants in 2001. It lies within the Lisbon metropolitan area , about 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Lisbon downtown by road. In the times of Al-Andalus , the city was known as Shaṭūbar ( Andalusian Arabic : شَطُوبَر [ʃeˈtˤuːbɑr] ), after the old pre-Roman name of Cetobriga . In

5520-474: The faith of his vassals and allies. The Zamorin lost much of his traditional authority over the Malabar states of India in the aftermath. The preservation of Cochin secured the continued presence of the Portuguese in India. Since the fragmentation of the Chera state in the 10th century, the ruler of the city-state of Calicut ( Port. Calecute ; now, Kozhikode), known as the Zamorin (Samoothiri Raja, 'Lord of

5612-435: The first and third islands, before returning to Mozambique. Diogo Fernandes island ('Domigo Friz') was visited by Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509 and the name 'Don Galopes' (another transcribed abbreviation) sometimes appears for that island in some maps. It went through its final name change, to Rodrigues island much later, after another Portuguese explorer Diogo Rodrigues visited the area in 1528. The entire archipelago

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5704-518: The football club established on 20 November 1910. Setúbal is twinned with: Setúbal has international cooperation protocols with: Battle of Cochin (1504) The Battle of Cochin , sometimes referred as the Second Siege of Cochin , was a series of confrontations, between March and July 1504, fought on land and sea, principally between the Portuguese garrison at Cochin , allied to

5796-497: The infantry. Being fully informed of the Zamorin's plans, Duarte Pacheco Pereira determined that the Portuguese-Cochinese forces needed to block the passage of the army at Kumbalam ford ( Passo de Cambalão ). That meant distributing his forces carefully. He placed the factor Diogo Fernandes Correia and his two assistants, Lourenço Moreno and Álvaro Vaz , with 39 men at Fort Manuel . The large nau Concepção

5888-425: The island of Mauritius , which he named ilha do Cirne (the name of his ship). From there Fernandes went further east and discovered the island now known as Rodrigues , but which at the time was named on maps as the ilha de Diogo Fernandes , Domigo Friz or Domingo Frias (the latter two probably just poor cartographic transcriptions or abbreviations of 'Diogo Fernandes'). He is said to have stopped for water at

5980-473: The leading Muslim merchants of Cochin, promising that no harm would come to them. He co-opted a few of their leaders (notably, a certain Muhammad Marakkar) and, just in case, held some leading Muslim families hostage, shipping them over the outlet under guard to Vypin island for the duration of the hostilities. Large stores of foodstuffs ( rice , sugar , etc.) were also stockpiled in Vypin in case

6072-444: The masts and sacks filled with cotton were placed throughout the ship's deck, and hung all along the sides, to protect the ships from cannonballs. Boatloads of good hard stone had been shipped down from Anjediva island to be carved by Cochinese workers into cannonballs for the Portuguese guns. Cochinese workers had also been quietly producing a large number of 3.5-metre-tall (12 ft) poles, sharpened at one end, hardened by fire on

6164-464: The new marines, keep the city's links to the ocean and water well alive and vibrant. Tourism, based on the beautiful natural conditions plus excellent hotels, resorts and infrastructures, is one of the city's most appreciated resources, due to its interconnection with the Sado (river) on one side and Atlantic Ocean on another, having a coast line with both. The city is also connected with the nearby coast of

6256-424: The nick of time, but the Zamorin's armies were sure to return next Spring, as soon as the 5th Armada left. So the Portuguese immediately set about making preparations for Cochin's defense in the fleet's absence. In the first order of business, a squadron of Portuguese ships did a tour of the Vembanad lagoon, punishing the local princelets who had given their support to the Zamorin's siege. Notable in this campaign

6348-564: The north bank of the Sado river, overseeing the city. The fortress was converted into a luxury hotel ( pousada ). Teatro Animação de Setúbal is based in Setúbal. Administratively, the municipality is divided into five civil parishes ( freguesias ): Setúbal has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. Temperatures in the winter vary between 15 and 17 °C (59 and 63 °F) during

6440-417: The other (with 22 men) under himself. Each batel was armed with four swivel guns . These three vessels would try to hold Kumbalam ford. Cochinese workers had produced a collection of tower shields ( paveses ), thick wooden planks, two fingers thick, which were mounted all along the sides of the caravel and bateis as makeshift crenellations to protect the crew from missile fire. Rope nets were hung across

6532-545: The other, with pre-cut grooves to allow them to be snapped tight with crosspoles. The bulk of his army having deserted, Trimumpara Raja of Cochin was left with less than 5,000 troops. He assigned around 500 Nairs to join Duarte Pacheco's little fleet at Kumbalam pass, retaining the remainder to protect the city. Navigating carefully through the thin brackish narrows and straits of Vembanad lake, Duarte Pacheco's three ships (and accompanying Cochinese boats) arrived at

6624-399: The parau) and 30 tones ( canoes ), each mounted with a cannon, and 16 soldiers. The fleet was under the command of the Zamorin's nephew (and heir of Calicut), Naubea Daring ( Naubeadarim ), with the lord ( Kaimal ) Elcanol of Edapalli as second-in-command. The fleet was to slip into the Vembanad lagoon via the outlet near Cranganore and then sail down the lagoon, accompanying and protecting

6716-752: The peace was soon broken again in a skirmish over the delivery of a spice shipment in Cranganore. In late January, 1504, Albuquerque's 5th Armada finally departed Cochin. They left behind a small garrison of around 150 armed Portuguese troops (some say only 130 or less) in Fort Manuel of Cochin, under the command of the knight Duarte Pacheco Pereira . Pacheco was also given three ships – one carrack (the nau Concepção under Diogo Pereira) and two caravels (the Garrida of Pêro Rafael , and another of unknown name under Diogo Pires (or Peres)). [Note: It

6808-485: The possibility that the Calicut fleet actually did not sail into the Vembanad lagoon at all, but actually sailed down the outside of it, through the Arabian Sea alone.) Duarte Pacheco did not have to wait long before the massive army of the Zamorin of Calicut appeared at Kumbalam ford. The army is said to have moved in and deployed their positions on the banks during the night, without anyone quite seeing them until

6900-618: The rulers of Edapalli. The Trimumpara's son Narayan rushed with a force of 5,500 Cochinese troops to block the passage of the Calicut army over a ford near Edapalli ( Repelim ). Narayan valiantly repelled two Calicut assaults, but eventually the Zamorin's agents, by bribery and subterfuge, managed to detach many of the Cochinese Nairs from the frontline. In the next assault, Narayan was overwhelmed and killed, along with his remaining forces. Narayan's brave stand gave his father and his Portuguese guests enough time to flee Cochin across

6992-471: The shores. The exact location of the Passe de Cambalão , the fording point where Duarte Pacheco Pereira made his stand, is uncertain and disputed in various sources. Portuguese Cambalão is probably modern Kumbalam on the elongated islands in the middle-southern part of the Vembanad lagoon – that is below Cochin city. However, some historians (e.g. Logan (1887), Whiteway (1894), Monteiro (1989)) suggest

7084-441: The two Portuguese caravels, making it unavailable for the upcoming confrontation). From intelligence networks, Duarte Pacheco Pereira received the details of the Zamorin's armed forces and, more importantly, their movements. The Zamorin himself was leading a 57,000 strong army of Calicut (some cite 84,000, which may or may not include auxiliaries; although certainly most of these were very lightly armed, at best.). The Zamorin's army

7176-401: The very traders upon whom the city's subsistence depended. The Cochinese population did not, could not, see the point of the current state of affairs. Sensing the resentment, Trimumpara Raja had the Portuguese factor Diogo Fernandes Correia and his assistants, Lourenço Moreno and Álvaro Vaz , stay at his own palace, and ensured they were always escorted by loyal guards when walking around

7268-494: The vice-roy in Cochin. But there is no evidence or suggestion that either of these men can be identified with Diogo Fernandes Pereira. Set%C3%BAbal Setúbal ( / s ə ˈ t uː b əl / sə- TOO -bəl , US also /- b ɑː l / -⁠bahl , European Portuguese: [sɨˈtuβal] ; Proto-Celtic : * Caetobrix ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal . The population of

7360-442: The water to Vypin island ( Vaipim ) with a small core of loyal guards. The Zamorin seized Cochin city and demanded Trimumpara hand over the Portuguese agents, but the king refused. Vypin's natural defenses and the worsening weather prevented the launching of an assault against the island. The frustrated Zamorin limited himself to burning the city of Cochin and vowed to return after the weather improved. [Before burning down Cochin,

7452-466: Was a Portuguese seaman of obscure background. According to João de Barros , he was "a native of Setúbal, a man used to the sea" ( muito usado no mar ). He served as master on several ships - that is, as third officer, below the pilot and captain, a position which required trained navigational expertise, and may have served as pilot on other occasions. In 1503, Diogo Fernandes Pereira was appointed master and captain (a very unusual combination) of

7544-472: Was a predominantly Muslim region). Diogo Fernandes spent the winter in Socotra, before crossing the Indian Ocean (again by himself) in early 1504. Diogo Fernandes arrived in India just as the Zamorin of Calicut was launching an invasion of Portuguese-allied Cochin . During the ferocious Battle of Cochin (1504) , the commander of the Portuguese garrison, Duarte Pacheco Pereira , is said to have placed

7636-402: Was also directed at Calicut hatchet-crews which had ventured into the ford to attempt to chop down the ford-blocking stockade . While this was going on, the Calicut fleet began to advance on the Portuguese position. But the very narrowness of the channel chosen by Pacheco had been fortuitous. It did not allow the large Calicut fleet to spread out on a broad front. Instead, they had to approach

7728-424: Was bringing the five European large guns, cast by the two Venetian engineers, and nearly 300 smaller Indian guns. The army was assembled near Cranganore , and were to march south along the east bank of the Vembanad lagoon, and cross the fording passage by Kumbalam ( Cambalão ). The ford was said to be a mere 100 m wide, waist-deep, and passable at all tides, so the vast Calicut army would not need to go through

7820-618: Was loaded with 25 men, artillery and five expert gunners, and placed under the command of Diogo Pereira (possibly Diogo Fernandes Pereira ?) and instructed to remain close to the Fort and defend Cochin city (it would simultaneously guard the Vembanad outlet and prevent Calicut ships from slipping through there). Duarte Pacheco placed 26 men in one of the caravels under the command of Pêro Rafael . The other caravel still under repair, Pacheco commandeered two Malabarese bateis (comparable to pinnaces ), placing one (with 23 men) under Diogo Pires, and

7912-426: Was made part of the 5th Portuguese India Armada of Afonso de Albuquerque . Fernandes was originally assigned to the third squadron of that fleet, under the vice-admiral António de Saldanha . But navigational errors (on Saldanha's part) led to the separation of the ships shortly after Cape Verde . Diogo Fernandes was forced to sail on alone. The chronicler Gaspar Correia (p. 418) claims that after doubling

8004-529: Was named the Mascarenes islands, after D. Pedro Mascarenhas , who visited the islands in 1512, following up on Sequeira's report. After returning from his Mascarene jaunt, Diogo Fernandes Pereira went on to participate with Albuquerque in the conquest of Socotra that summer. We have no more records of him afterwards. If Diogo Fernandes remained aboard the Cirne after Socotra, he would have participated in

8096-556: Was never really an exploitable tactic on the Malabar coast). And, sure enough, news soon arrived of the assembly of a large invasion army in Calicut. Unlike the previous one, this army was better equipped. The Zamorin had received a large contingent of firearms ( arquebuses and/or muskets ) from the Turks . Two Venetian agents that had secretly come to India with the 4th Armada had been busy helping Calicut forge better artillery. At least five European large cannons were ready, as well as

8188-488: Was opened in Calicut. But within a couple of months, quarrels erupted between Portuguese agents and established Arab traders in the city, in which the Zamorin refused to intervene. In December 1500, a riot was raised and the factory in Calicut was overrun and numerous Portuguese massacred. Blaming the Zamorin for the incident, Cabral demanded that the Zamorin compensate them for their losses and expel all Arab traders from

8280-457: Was the Muslim merchant community in Cochin. The Portuguese had made no secret of their hostility and regarded them suspiciously as a ' fifth column ' for the Zamorin. But Cochin was dependent upon their trade for their food supply and should the siege be prolonged, the fate of the city would be in their hands. Duarte Pacheco went out of his way to secure their cooperation. He addressed an assembly

8372-412: Was the Portuguese brutal sack of Edapalli , razing the city, with great bloodshed. Smaller towns and villages either met a similar fate, or quickly switched their allegiance over to Cochin. In this manner, the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin was forcibly imposed by Portuguese arms as the overlord of the Vembanad lagoon. In the meantime, the Portuguese commanders persuaded Trimumpara Raja to allow them to erect

8464-403: Was the sudden appearance of the Calicut fleet, 160 armed ships, behind the strait's bend. Nerves cracked before this display. Some Cochinese boats started sneaking away, others followed, and soon mass panic set in. The Cochinese boats, with their 500 Nairs, were soon all fleeing back to Cochin. Only the three anchored ships, with 90 or so Portuguese (plus two Cochinese officials) remained to face

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