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63-601: Although sources such as the Oxford English Dictionary list uses of "dragon" and even "dragoness" from the 18th and 19th centuries to indicate a fierce and aggressive woman, there does not appear to be any use in English of "Dragon Lady" before its introduction by Milton Caniff in his comic strip Terry and the Pirates . The character first appeared on December 16, 1934, and the "Dragon Lady" appellation

126-543: A caravanserai before returning to Bagdad. The Mongol asks the Indian to check whether the princess has waited for them. They discover that she is near death, and ride the flying carpet to reach her. Then the Mongol uses the apple to cure her. The suitors argue over which gift is rarest, but the princess points out that without any one gift, the remaining two would have been useless in saving her. Her loyal slave shows her Ahmed in

189-409: A Hollywood studio set, at a reputed cost of $ 1,135,654.65, The Thief of Bagdad was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s. Art director William Cameron Menzies was largely responsible for the production design, closely following the requirements laid down by Fairbanks, who acted as writer, producer and star. Fairbanks' meticulous attention to detail, as well as complex visual imagery, required

252-642: A career and that Ireland said, "Stick to your inkpots, kid, actors don't eat regularly." He died on April 3, 1988, and was buried in the Mount Repose Cemetery, Haverstraw, New York . In 1932, Caniff moved to New York City to accept an artist job with the Features Service of the Associated Press . He did general assignment art for several months, drawing the comic strips Dickie Dare and The Gay Thirties , then inherited

315-408: A deposed prince and a thief, the latter played by Sabu . Ahmed steals as he pleases in the city of Bagdad. Wandering into a mosque , he tells the holy man he disdains his religion; his philosophy is, "What I want, I take." That night, he sneaks into the palace of the caliph using a magic rope he stole during ritual prayers . All thoughts of plunder are forgotten when he sees the sleeping princess,

378-637: A mysterious, possibly criminal, past; Chopstick Joe, a Chinese petty criminal; Singh Singh, a warlord in the mountains of China; Judas, a smuggler; Sanjak, a lesbian; and then boon companions such as Hotshot Charlie, Terry's wing man during the War years; and April Kane, a young woman who was Terry's first love. But Caniff's most memorable creation was the Dragon Lady , a pirate queen; she was seemingly ruthless and calculating, but Caniff encouraged his readers to think she had romantic yearnings for Pat Ryan. During

441-597: A new level of imaginative fantasy. It had the biggest star of the era in a production that dwarfed anything anyone had ever seen ... It has sets bigger than those in Intolerance and costumed crowd scenes to rival the enormous Italian spectacles of the day. What's more, the picture is packed with elaborate special effects, many of which still have the power to impress. ... Some critics prefer Douglas Fairbanks' earlier modern-day adventures to his twenties' costume epics, but this dazzler still takes people's heads off. Simply put,

504-503: A number of real-life characters and situations, albeit in a fictional setting, including Gary Powers and the U-2 Crisis and Hugh Hefner . During World War II, Dottie is the model for Milton, an artist who has been commissioned to draw a strip to raise the morale of the troops. He creates Poison Ivy , a strip-within-a-strip, in which the titular character is a combination of Lace of Male Call and Mata Hari (though she fights with

567-534: A panel cartoon named Mister Gilfeather in September 1932 when Al Capp quit the feature. Caniff was also hired by his friend Bil Dwyer when Dwyer took over the Chic Young -created comic strip Dumb Dora in 1932, and needed help while learning the routines of a daily cartoon strip. Caniff ghost-wrote and drew a number of strips, working closely with Dwyer for the first year and a half of Dwyer's tenure on

630-527: A short time earlier: I Sailed with Chinese Pirates by Aleko Lilius and Vampires of the Chinese Coast by Bok ( pseudonym for unknown). Women pirates in the South China Sea figure in both books, especially the one by Lilius, a portion of which is dedicated to the mysterious and real-life "queen of the pirates" (Lilius’ phrase), named Lai Choi San ( Chinese : 來財山 ). "Lai Choi San" is

693-532: A transliteration from Cantonese , the native language of the woman, herself—thus, the way she pronounced her own name. Caniff appropriated the Chinese name, Lai Choi San, as the "real name" of his Dragon Lady, a fact that led both Lilius and Bok to protest. Patterson pointed out that both books claimed to be non-fiction and that the name belonged to a real person; thus, neither the fact of a woman pirate nor her name could be copyrighted. (Neither Bok nor Lilius had used

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756-535: A universal Everyman figure, in the film's latter two-thirds, the former distinctive superstructure gives way to a kind of Pilgrim’s Progress in Orientalist drag. ... Adventure sequences are staged like fairground tableaux and have none of the interest in physical process or emotional investment that made the early reels so exciting. ... After promising a dream, this great but flawed film eventually sends its audience to sleep. The film along with The Sheik (1921)

819-640: A version of Fu Manchu's daughter Fah Lo Suee . Terry and the Pirates was an action-adventure comic strip created by cartoonist Milton Caniff . Joseph Patterson , editor for the Chicago Tribune New York Daily News Syndicate , hired Caniff to create the new strip, providing Caniff with the idea of setting the strip in the Orient. A profile of Caniff in Time recounts the episode: Patterson... asked: "Ever do anything on

882-751: Is a 21st century example of the Hollywood use of the Dragon Lady image, in her roles in Charlie’s Angels , Kill Bill , and Payback . Other American or British films in which Asian women are hyper-sexualized include The Thief of Baghdad , The Good Woman of Bangkok , and 101 Asian Debutantes , where Asian women are portrayed as prostitutes. Miss Saigon is an American musical with examples of this as well. Dragon Lady characters are visually defined by their emphasis on "otherness" and sexual promiscuity. An example of headwear for Dragon Lady costumes

945-417: Is a common thief and informs the caliph. Ahmed is lashed mercilessly, and the caliph orders he be torn apart by a giant ape, but the princess has the guards bribed to let him go. When the caliph insists she select another husband, her loyal slave advises her to delay. She asks that the princes each bring her a gift after "seven moons"; she will marry the one who brings her the rarest. In despair, Ahmed turns to

1008-407: Is delighted. The Mongol slave tells her countryman of the prophecy, but before he can touch the rose-tree, Ahmed's startled horse tosses its rider into it. That night, following ancient custom, the princess chooses Ahmed for her husband. Out of love, Ahmed gives up his plan to abduct her and confesses all to her in private. The Mongol prince learns from his spy, the princess's Mongol slave, that Ahmed

1071-540: Is the Hakka hat or other headdresses with eastern inspiration. For body wear, traditionally Dragon Ladies have been put in sexualized renditions of the cheongsam or kimono . Examples of this in The World of Suzie Wong include Nancy Kwan 's character in cheongsam that accentuates her hips and breasts. Milton Caniff Milton Arthur Paul Caniff ( / k ə ˈ n ɪ f / ; February 28, 1907 – April 3, 1988)

1134-473: Is the case with other racial caricatures—has generated a large quantity of sociological literature. Today, "Dragon Lady" is often applied anachronistically to refer to persons who lived before the term became part of American slang in the 1930s. For example, one finds the term in recent works about the "Dragon Lady" Empress Dowager Cixi (Empress Dowager Tzu-hsi; Chinese : 慈禧太后 ; pinyin : Cíxī Tàihòu ; Wade–Giles : Tz'u-hsi T'ai-hou ), who

1197-476: The Arabian Nights tales, The Thief of Bagdad is the greatest artistic triumph of Fairbanks's career. The superb visual design, spectacle, imaginative splendor, and visual effects, along with his bravura performance (leading a cast of literally thousands), all contribute to making this his masterpiece." The film was remade several times; the 1940 Technicolor version splits the main character into two:

1260-646: The Sigma Chi fraternity and later illustrated for The Magazine of Sigma Chi and The Norman Shield (the fraternity's pledgeship/reference manual). Graduating in 1930, Caniff began at the Columbus Dispatch where he worked with the noted cartoonists Billy Ireland and Dudley Fisher , but Caniff's position was eliminated during the Great Depression. Caniff related later that he had been uncertain of whether to pursue acting or cartooning as

1323-411: The 12 years that Caniff produced the strip, he introduced many fascinating characters, most of whom were "pirates" of one kind or another. Introduced during the early days of the strip was Terry and Pat's interpreter and manservant Connie. They were later joined by the mute Chinese giant Big Stoop. Both he and Connie provided the main source of comic relief. Other characters included: Burma, a blonde with

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1386-619: The 1960 film Baghdad Thirudan . The 1924 film was directly remade in Europe in 1961 as Il Ladro di Bagdad , with Steve Reeves in the lead, while a 1978 made-for-television film combined plot elements of these with others from the Sabu version. A number of Indian films, were made under the titles of: Baghdad Ka Chor ( The Thief of Baghdad ) in 1934, 1946 , 1955; Baghdad Gaja Donga ( Thief of Baghdad ) in 1968; and Thief of Baghdad in 1969 and 1977. A television series, Thief of Baghdad ,

1449-415: The 34 episodes of the 1958–59 NBC television series Steve Canyon featuring Dean Fredericks in the title role. From 1995, Dargaud has published a series of Franco-Belgian comics , Pin-Up , intended mainly for adults, written by Yann Le Pennetier and drawn by Philippe Berthet . The series describes the adventures of artist's model Dottie Partington during and after World War II. The strip features

1512-679: The Milton Caniff Collection of papers and original art became the foundation for what is known presently as the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum . Covering 696 cubic feet (19.7 m ), the collection fills 526 boxes, plus 12,153 art originals and 59 oversized items. In addition to the original artwork, the collection includes Caniff's personal and business papers, correspondence, research files, photographs, memorabilia, merchandise, realia, awards, audio/visual material and scrapbooks. In 1987, he

1575-505: The Mongol slave suggests he escape with the princess on the flying carpet. Ahmed liberates the city and rescues the princess, using his cloak of invisibility to get through the Mongols guarding their prince. In gratitude, the caliph gives his daughter to him in marriage. The eccentric Second World War soldier Jack Churchill had an uncredited part, as did blues musician Jesse Fuller . Fairbanks sought to make an epic. Lavishly staged on

1638-436: The Orient?" Caniff hadn't. "You know," Joe Patterson mused, "adventure can still happen out there. There could be a beautiful lady pirate, the kind men fall for." In a few days Caniff was back with samples and 50 proposed titles; Patterson circled Terry and scribbled beside it and the Pirates . Caniff's biographer R. C. Harvey suggests that Patterson had been reading about women pirates in one of two books (or both) published

1701-563: The Pirates . While the strip was a major success, it was not owned by its creator but by its distributing syndicate, the Chicago Tribune-New York Daily News, a common practice with syndicated comics at the time. And when Caniff, growing more and more frustrated with the lack of rights to the comic strip he produced, was offered the chance to own his own strip by Marshall Field, publisher of the Chicago Sun,

1764-542: The US Air Force who later worked as a James Bond movie technical adviser. The character of Madame Lynx was based on Madame Egelichi, the femme fatale spy played by Ilona Massey in the 1949 Marx Brothers movie Love Happy . The character stirred Caniff's imagination, and he hired Ilona Massey to pose for him. Caniff designed Pipper the Piper after John F. Kennedy and Miss Mizzou after Marilyn Monroe . Caniff

1827-626: The Yanks against the Japanese). Milton is later shown working on Steve Canyon . This version of Caniff is not a particularly sympathetic one, depicting him in a loveless marriage while obsessed with Dottie who has rejected him. The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film) The Thief of Bagdad is a 1924 American silent adventure film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Douglas Fairbanks , and written by Achmed Abdullah and Lotta Woods . Freely adapted from One Thousand and One Nights , it tells

1890-531: The actual term "Dragon Lady".) Sources are not clear on whether it was Patterson or Caniff who coined that actual term, though it was almost certainly one of the two. Since the 1930s, when "Dragon Lady" became fixed in the English language, the term has been applied countless times to powerful East, Southeast and South Asian women, such as Soong Mei-ling , also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek, Madame Nhu of Vietnam, Devika Rani of India , and to any number of Asian or Asian American film actresses. That stereotype—as

1953-534: The autumn of 1934. In July 1933, Caniff began an adventure fantasy strip, Dickie Dare , influenced by series such as Flash Gordon and Brick Bradford . The eponymous main character was a youth who dreamed himself into adventures with such literary and legendary persons as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe and King Arthur. In the spring of 1934, Caniff changed the strip from fantasy to "reality" when Dickie no longer dreamed his adventures but experienced them as he traveled

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2016-407: The caliph's daughter. The princess's Mongol slave alerts the guards, but he gets away. When his associate Abu reminds the disconsolate Ahmed that a bygone thief once stole another princess during the reign of Haroun al-Rashid , Ahmed sets out to do the same. The next day is the princess's birthday. Three princes arrive, seeking her hand in marriage (and the future inheritance of the city). Another of

2079-574: The cartoonist quit Terry to produce a strip for Field Enterprises. Caniff produced his last strip of Terry and the Pirates in December 1946 and introduced his new strip Steve Canyon in the Chicago Sun-Times the following month. At the time, Caniff was one of only two or three syndicated cartoonists who owned their creations, and he attracted considerable publicity as a result of this circumstance. Like his previous strip, Steve Canyon

2142-439: The city; the beautiful princess is only an added incentive.) After he lays his hands on a magic golden apple which has the power to cure anything , even death, he sends word to the Mongol slave to poison the princess. After many adventures, Ahmed gains a cloak of invisibility and a small chest of magic powder which turns into whatever he wishes when he sprinkles it. He races back to the city. The three princes meet as agreed at

2205-402: The creative community, The Thief of Bagdad was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the fantasy genre. The George Eastman Museum has a 16mm triacetate positive print. The 1940 film of the same name made the title character, played by Sabu , a sidekick for a handsome prince rather than the leading man. Indian actor M. G. Ramachandran assumed the role of Ali, the thief of Baghdad in

2268-412: The crystal ball, so the princess convinces her father to deliberate carefully on his future son-in-law. The Mongol prince chooses not to wait, unleashing his secret army that night and capturing Bagdad. Ahmed arrives at the city gate, shut and defended by Mongols. When he conjures up a large army with his powder, the Mongol soldiers flee. The Mongol prince is about to have one of his soldiers kill him when

2331-544: The film marked Fairbanks's transformation from genial comedy to a career in "swashbuckling" roles. The film, strong on special effects ( flying carpet , magic rope and fearsome monsters) and featuring massive Arabian-style sets, also proved to be a stepping stone for Anna May Wong , who portrayed a treacherous Mongol slave. The Thief of Bagdad is now widely considered one of the great silent films and Fairbanks's greatest work. Fairbanks biographer Jeffrey Vance writes, "An epic romantic fantasy-adventure inspired by several of

2394-453: The film. The score has been re-constructed by Mark Fitz-Gerald and recorded. A 1924 Literary Digest article details Wilson's work on the film (and includes a photo of the composer). Wilson also wrote the music for Fairbanks's next two films, Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925) and The Black Pirate (1926). Glenn Erickson praised the film, writing: Every age has its wonder entertainments, and 1924's The Thief of Bagdad transported audiences to

2457-529: The films appeared—make no use of the term "Dragon Lady". (One writer, however, did refer to the Empress Dowager as "a little lady Bismarck.") Today’s anachronistic use of "Dragon Lady" in such cases may lead the modern reader to assume that the term was in earlier use than appears to be the case. Anna May Wong was the contemporary actress to assume the Dragon Lady role in American Cinema in

2520-568: The holy man. He tells the thief to become a prince, revealing to him the peril-fraught path to a great treasure. The Prince of the Indies obtains a magic crystal ball from the eye of a giant idol, which shows whatever he wants to see, while the Persian prince buys a flying carpet . The Mongol prince leaves behind his henchman, telling him to organize the soldiers he will send to Bagdad disguised as porters. (The potentate has sought all along to take

2583-710: The movie Daughter of the Dragon , which premiered in 1931. Josef von Sternberg 's 1941 The Shanghai Gesture contains a performance by Ona Munson as 'Mother' Gin Sling, the proprietor of a gambling house, that bears mention within presentations of the genre. Contemporary actresses such as Michelle Yeoh in Tomorrow Never Dies may be constrained by the stereotype even when playing upstanding characters. These actresses portrayed characters whose actions are more masculine, sexually promiscuous, and violent. Lucy Liu

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2646-483: The nation's history and learned about families for whom piracy was a way of life passed down for generations. The result was Terry and the Pirates , the strip which made Caniff famous. Like Dickie Dare, Terry Lee began as a boy who is traveling with an adult mentor and adventurer, Pat Ryan. But over the years the title character aged, and by World War II he was old enough to serve in the Army Air Force . During

2709-456: The princess's slaves foretells that she will marry the man who first touches a rose-tree in her garden. The princess watches anxiously as first the glowering Prince of the Indies, then the obese Prince of Persia and finally the Prince of the Mongols pass by the rose-tree. The mere sight of the Mongol fills the princess with fear, but when Ahmed appears (disguised in stolen garments as a suitor), she

2772-463: The production's overall design and execution -- sets, costumes, lighting, special effects -- are coordinated so tightly that the illusion of grandeur is complete. Darragh O'Donoghue is of the opinion that: "The first reel provides some of the purest joy the silent cinema can offer. ... Where initially there had been a satisfying equivalence between the discrete adventures of Ahmed as a psychologically plausible thief in medieval Mesopotamia and Ahmed as

2835-479: The profession and in newspapering, and he produced the strip until his death in 1988. The strip was published for a couple of months after he died, but was ended in June 1988, due to Caniff's decision that no one else would continue the feature. The character of Charlie Vanilla, who appeared frequently with an ice cream cone, was based on Caniff's long-term friend Charles Russhon , a former photographer and Lieutenant in

2898-774: The story of a thief who falls in love with the daughter of the Caliph of Baghdad. In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Fairbanks considered this to be the favorite of his films, according to his son. The imaginative gymnastics suited the athletic star, whose "catlike, seemingly effortless" movements were as much dance as gymnastics. Along with his earlier The Mark Of Zorro (1920) and Robin Hood (1922),

2961-495: The strip was renamed Male Call and given a new star, Miss Lace, a beautiful woman who lived near every military base and enjoyed the company of enlisted men, whom she addressed as "Generals". Her function, Caniff often said, was to remind service men what they were fighting for, and while the situations in the strip included much 'double entendre', Miss Lace was not portrayed as being promiscuous. Much more so than civilian comic strips which portrayed military characters, Male Call

3024-408: The strip. While some critics claimed that Caniff was largely responsible for the strip's quality at this time, Caniff himself took credit only for some of the art and none of the writing, calling Dwyer "a good gag man." Caniff continued Gilfeather until the spring of 1933, when it was retired in favor of a generic comedy panel cartoon called The Gay Thirties , which he produced until he left AP in

3087-407: The use of state-of-the-art special effects, featuring a magic rope, a flying horse, a flying carpet and full-scale palace sets. Douglas Fairbanks encouraged the respected composer Mortimer Wilson to provide a fully-fledged classical score. Wilson composed leit-motifs for each character and developed them symphonically. He also spent many hours in the editing room working on combining his music with

3150-530: The war, Caniff began a second strip, a special version of Terry and the Pirates without Terry but featuring the blonde bombshell, Burma. Caniff donated all of his work on this strip to the armed forces—the strip was available only in military newspapers. After complaints from the Miami Herald about the military version of the strip being published by military newspapers in the Herald's circulation territory,

3213-429: The work of comic book/strip artists such as Jack Kirby , Frank Robbins , Lee Elias , Bob Kane , Mike Sekowsky , John Romita, Sr. , Johnny Craig , William Overgard and Doug Wildey to name just a few. European artists were also influenced by his style, including Belgian artists Jijé , Hubinon and Italian artist Hugo Pratt . The Caniff estate hired special effects artist John R. Ellis to restore for release

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3276-599: The world with a freelance writer, Dickie's adult mentor, "Dynamite Dan" Flynn. In 1934, Caniff was hired by the New York Daily News to produce a new strip for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate . Daily News publisher Joseph Medill Patterson wanted an adventure strip set in the mysterious Orient, what Patterson described as "the last outpost for adventure," Knowing almost nothing about China, Caniff researched

3339-564: Was a successful comic strip with a greater circulation than Terry ever had. A short-lived Steve Canyon television series was produced in 1958. Steve Canyon was often termed the "unofficial spokesman" for the Air Force. The title character's dedication to the military produced a negative reaction among readers during the Vietnam War, and the strip's circulation decreased as a result. Caniff nonetheless continued to enjoy enormous regard in

3402-603: Was adapted into a broadway by Dardanella which was performed on October 12, 1928, in Surabaya , and starred Indonesian actor Tan Tjeng Bok which later earned him the nickname "Douglas Fairbanks of Java". Future American dancer, Devi Dja , also appeared in the broadway by working behind the stage. In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its 10 Top 10 , the 10 best films in 10 "classic" American film genres. After polling over 1,500 people from

3465-404: Was alive at the turn of the 20th century, or references to Chinese-American actress Anna May Wong as having started her career in the 1920s and early 1930s in "Dragon Lady" roles. In both these cases, however, articles written in the early 1900s about the Empress Dowager or reviews of Wong’s early films such as The Thief of Bagdad (1924) or Daughter of the Dragon (1931)—reviews written when

3528-504: Was also made in India which aired on Zee TV between 2000 and 2001. The Thief of Bagdad is in the public domain and many cheap, unrestored black-and-white copies have been issued on VHS and DVD. A restored version first appeared on US DVD in 1998, distributed by Image Entertainment. It featured original color tinting and a musical accompaniment arranged from the original 1924 music cue sheets and performed in 1975 by Gaylord Carter on

3591-795: Was an American cartoonist known for the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips. Caniff was born in Hillsboro, Ohio . He was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America . Caniff did cartoons for local newspapers while studying at Stivers High School (now Stivers School for the Arts ) in Dayton Ohio . At Ohio State University , Caniff joined

3654-461: Was an action strip with a pilot as its main character. Canyon was portrayed originally as a civilian pilot with his own one-airplane cargo airline, but he re-enlisted in the Air Force during the Korean War and remained in the Air Force for the remainder of the strip's run. While Steve Canyon never achieved the popularity that Terry and the Pirates had as a World War II military adventure, it

3717-850: Was awarded an Inkpot Award in 1974. He was inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1988. He received the National Cartoonists Society Elzie Segar Award in 1971, the Award for Story Comic Strip in 1979 for Steve Canyon , the Gold Key Award (the Society's Hall of Fame) in 1981, and the NCS has since named the Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award in his honor. In 1977,

3780-561: Was first used on January 6, 1935. The term does not appear in earlier " Yellow Peril " fiction such as the Fu Manchu series by Sax Rohmer or in the works of Matthew Phipps Shiel such as The Yellow Danger (1898) or The Dragon (1913). However, a 1931 film based on Rohmer’s The Daughter of Fu Manchu , titled Daughter of the Dragon , is thought to have been partly the inspiration for the Caniff cartoon name. Wong plays Princess Ling Moy,

3843-595: Was made the first honorary member of the Eighth Air Force Historical Society in recognition for the "Male Call" strip that he did for Stars and Stripes during World War II. Caniff died in New York City in 1988. Along with Hal Foster and Alex Raymond , Caniff's style had a tremendous influence on the artists who drew American comic books and adventure strips during the mid-20th century. Evidence of his influence can be seen in

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3906-598: Was notable for its honest depiction of what the servicemen encountered; one strip displays Lace dating a soldier on leave who had lost an arm (she lost her temper when a civilian insulted him for that disability). Another strip had her dancing with a man in civilian clothes; a disgruntled GI shoved and mocked him for having an easy life, but Lace's partner was in fact an ex-GI blinded in battle. Caniff continued Male Call until seven months after V-J Day , ending it in March 1946. In 1946, Caniff ended his association with Terry and

3969-684: Was one of the founders of the National Cartoonists Society and served two terms as its president, 1948 and 1949. He also received the Society's first Cartoonist of the Year Award in 1947 for work published during 1946, which included both Steve Canyon and Terry and the Pirates as well. Caniff would be named Cartoonist of the Year again, receiving the accompanying trophy, the Reuben, in 1972 for 1971, again for Steve Canyon . He

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