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98-466: Independent Catholicism is an independent sacramental movement of clergy and laity who self-identify as Catholic (most often as Old Catholic or as Independent Catholic) and form "micro-churches claiming apostolic succession and valid sacraments ", in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic church, the Roman Catholic church. The term "Independent Catholic" derives from

196-408: A community is not available, or if they have discerned that their vocation is largely a hidden one [...].Private celebration is often grounded in a deep conviction of the objective reality and efficacy of the sacraments. From such a perspective, even a mass said in one's living room unknown to any other soul, is still a radiant gift to the world, and a powerful prayer for those held in mind and heart. On

294-772: A denomination based in Frankfort , Illinois , in the United States . In doing so it gives them a place and voice in national and international Christian organizations such as Churches Uniting in Christ , the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA and the World Council of Churches , membership of which is usually reserved to larger, longer-established church bodies. The consecration of bishops without

392-475: A formal theological education. Independent Catholic clergy "are not usually specialized professionals, but volunteers who hopefully know at least enough to celebrate the sacraments for themselves and those around them. [...] Such radically different models of Christian priesthood raise questions of what sort of clergy training is needed, and offered within these communities." Plummer shares interviewee feedback suggesting that "the challenge of clergy training [...]

490-620: A larger population of laity and a small number of paid clergy. In Independent Catholicism, freelance ministries meeting the needs of a small number of persons are far more common than large parishes. While many Independent Catholic clergy and communities affirm the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed , with or without the filioque and with varying interpretations, they espouse a variety of doctrines and beliefs, ranging from neo-gnostic and theosophical beliefs allowing for "freedom in

588-406: A less exalted level, private masses for those without a community enforce one's priestly identity, which may be outwardly expressed in less obvious ways." Practically speaking, Plummer says, "viable independent communities are not always easily created, and these clergy would deprive themselves of the benefits of communion, and of the joining of themselves to Christ in his sacrifice, if they waited for

686-477: A mainstream Christian rite (like the Roman Rite ). Plummer suggests that "the most critical factor for independent sacramental identity is the single-minded focus on sacramental activity [and that] very few independent communities offer coffee hour, Sunday School , and the array of other social programs which have come to characterize many mainstream churches." Like the liturgies of early Christian communities,

784-529: A majority, at least theoretically subscribe to fairly standard Catholic/ Orthodox / Anglican theology, with few distinctive beyond, for instance, the rejection of papal infallibility . Most spent many years within those mainstream jurisdictions [and now as independent Catholic clergy] they have often expended great energy in appearing 'real,' and 'just like' the larger liturgical churches, with only one or two adjustments." Many Independent Catholic clergy are "essentially alone in their priestly practice" and exercise

882-684: A matter of discipline, not of faith. The divisions that came to a head at the Councils of Ephesus (A.D. 431) and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were seen as matters of heresy, not merely of schism. Thus the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy regard each other as heretical, not orthodox, because of the Oriental Orthodox Church's rejection and the Eastern Orthodox Church's acceptance of

980-569: A modernist and former Catholic priest. The first bishops of the CHC were consecrated by priests through the laying on of hands. In 1931, Louis-Charles Winnaert (1880–1937), who was consecrated by Liberal Catholic bishop James Wedgwood (1883–1951), consecrated two CHC bishops, Gustav Procházka (1872–1942) and Rostislav Stejskal (1894–1946), thus sharing apostolic succession with the CHC. The CHC ordained its first woman priest in 1947, and it consecrated its first woman bishop in 1999. According to

1078-609: A more broadly defined group. Independent Catholics tend to share the view that, "whatever else we may disagree about, we all believe earnestly in apostolic succession!" Many in the Independent Catholic movement who say they possess valid lines of apostolic succession received them from lines derived from Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa , Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc , Old Catholic Bishop René Vilatte (who later reconciled with

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1176-642: A much larger percentage of the membership than in mainstream churches. Thus, those who want to become priests can generally do so. In the case of women and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons , there is a redemptive reversal in which those who were denied a public role in the church's sacramental life have assumed the previously forbidden place at the altar. Persons from ethnic or cultural minority groups who have been denied leadership positions, or who feel that their culture has been stifled, can work to more fully integrate their cultural identity and their faith [...]. Thus, we have those who have been excluded from

1274-824: A number of bishops, first for the Palmarian Catholic Church , then for the sedevacantists of the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church. Thục also consecrated individuals unaffiliated to either of these groups such as Jean Laborie . In 1999, pop star Sinéad O'Connor was ordained a priest by Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church, whose lines of apostolic succession came through Thục. Emmanuel Milingo served as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lusaka, Zambia from 1969 to 1983. As such, he had lines of apostolic succession from

1372-494: A primarily solitary vocation, with many of their family members and friends not even knowing of their clerical status. In line with Jesus ' command to pray to God in secret and with the monastic tradition of hermit priests (e.g., Catholic Carthusians ) praying alone but in mystical union with the entire church and interceding for the entire world, much of their worship is performed in private. Plummer suggests: "A growing number of clergy are comfortable with private celebration, when

1470-650: A purportedly unbroken line of bishops back to the original faith established by Jesus of Nazareth and his apostles ) has played an important role in the history of the Western Church since the Donatist controversy in the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The traditional Catholic position holds that a validly consecrated bishop shares apostolic succession with the bishops he consecrates and the priests and deacons he ordains regardless of any heresy or schism he may have committed. Some theologians argue that this view

1568-511: A result, "we begin to see the small, endlessly multiplying groups, with a high percentage of the membership in holy orders , which came to characterize the independent movement." From a historical perspective, one of Mathew's most important consecrations was of Frederick Samuel Willoughby , who in turn consecrated James Wedgwood , the co-founder in 1918 of the Liberal Catholic Church , an esoteric community closely aligned with

1666-477: A rich tradition of varied religious orders , Independent Catholicism also consists of a diversity of religious communities. Most often, these communities and their jurisdictions resemble their Catholic counterparts. Apart from those members of the clergy who were formed within the seminary system of the Catholic Church or of a similar mainstream church, very few Independent Catholic clergy have received

1764-783: A schismatic institution when Tanjore and the Wodeyars of Mysore went to war against each other. It is on record that in 1839 the Kumbakonam Mutt applied for permission from the English Collector of Arcot to perform the “kumbhabhishekham” of the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram. In 1842, the East India Company headquartered at Fort William, Calcutta appointed the head of the mutt as the sole trustee of

1862-529: A schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ. Choose heresy every time." The word schism comes from the Greek word σχίσμα, Greek transliteration: schisma which means "cleft, division". In Buddhism , the first schism was set up by Devadatta , during Buddha 's life. This schism lasted only a short time. Later (after Buddha's death), the early Buddhist schools came into being, but were not schismatic, only focusing on different interpretations for

1960-607: A significant following in the United Kingdom . Two years later, in 1910, Mathew consecrated two priests to the episcopate , without clear reasons and without consulting the Archbishop of Utrecht , and, in response to the ensuing protest, declared his autonomy from the Old Catholic Church . Mathew later consecrated several other bishops who spread through England and North America . Plummer writes that, as

2058-632: A teenage binge one day to find myself consecrated bishop of the Primitive Restored Old Catholic Church of North America." Plummer concludes: "It is very difficult to know what to do about such untrained clergy. Some provide themselves the training they did not receive from their bishop, and serve admirably well, perhaps better than some of their formally educated peers. Others are walking disasters, spiraling into psychological distortions that injure themselves and others, or ignoring their ordained status altogether." Much of

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2156-473: A union of all Christian churches on earth. See also One true church and Great Apostasy . Protestant groups, lacking the stronger traditional authority-structures of (say) Roman Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy, and often riven by politico-national divides (sometimes resulting from cuius regio, eius religio ), show a high degree of fissibility, which ecumenical efforts may only intensify. Schisms have occurred particularly frequently among Anabaptists , to

2254-422: A wide ranges of elements from other spiritual and religious traditions. Plummer suggests the following categories for Independent Catholic communities: clergy who primarily celebrate alone, traditionalists with conservative theological commitments, churches maintaining traditional liturgy but with a different social or theological vision (e.g., full inclusion), groups with a particular focus on women's issues (e.g.,

2352-469: Is a schism, while there may be some schisms free of the added guilt of heresy. Liberal Protestantism , however, has often preferred heresy over schism. Presbyterian scholar James I. McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian Bishop of Virginia , Peter Lee ) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As

2450-570: Is an expansion of an earlier term: the Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement, which was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially Arnold Harris Mathew , Aftimios Ofiesh , Carlos Duarte Costa , and Joseph René Vilatte . It remains difficult to define

2548-562: Is commonly called the Nicene Creed declares belief in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church . Some who accept this creed believe they should be united in a single Church or group of Churches in communion with each other. Others who accept this creed believe it does not speak of a visible organization but of all those baptized who hold the Christian faith, referred to as " Christendom ". Some churches consider themselves to be

2646-426: Is mechanical and reductionist, and that episcopal consecration is for service within a specific Christian community; in this view, consecration or ordination of an individual with no reference to a community is without effect. Independent Catholic clergy reject this view, arguing that bishops are consecrated and priests and deacons ordained for the service of others, whether of a defined community or jurisdiction, or of

2744-535: Is the one to which I and my companions belong" (reported in Sunan al-Tirmidhi Hadith No. 171). Sunni Muslims , often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or Ahl as-Sunnah , are the largest denomination of Islam . The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah , which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet , Muhammad ; therefore, the term Sunni refers to those who follow or maintain

2842-405: Is usually considered to be complementary to orthodox Islam, although Sufism has often been accused by the salafi of being an unjustified Bid‘ah or religious innovation. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use. One starts with sharia (Islamic law),

2940-693: The Anglican Communion involves responses to homosexuality . In 2018 Eastern Orthodoxy suffered a schism, the 2018 Moscow-Constantinople schism between the primatial See of Eastern Orthodoxy, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Russian Orthodox Church over the issue of Constantinople granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . The Sringeri Matha, also called

3038-628: The Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and began consecrating numerous bishops in the apostolic succession . He is known as "St. Charles of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, which had grown to 560,781 members by 2010. From 1975 until his death in 1984, exiled Roman Catholic Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục (1897–1984) of Huế , Vietnam, an older brother of Ngo Dinh Diem , the first president of South Vietnam , consecrated

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3136-676: The Confession of Chalcedon about the two natures (human and divine) of Christ. However, this view has been challenged in the recent Ecumenical discussion between these two groups, classifying the matter of Chalcedon as a matter of schism, not of heresy. In its extended and final form (possibly derived from the First Council of Constantinople in 381 although only known from the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon seventy years later), what

3234-599: The Early Church , many see their efforts as "the seeds of a new kind of ministry that can adapt itself to the time and place of its exercise, the needs of the moment, and the people who are actually present in that particular place at that particular time. And yet is it so new? Is it not perhaps the very way that St. Paul set about spreading the Gospel and building the Church?" Many Independent Catholic communities look to

3332-595: The Roman Catholic Bishop of Babylon , consecrated four men successively as Archbishop of Utrecht without papal approval. The cathedral chapter of Utrecht, which elected these men, had previously obtained an opinion from Zeger Bernhard van Espen (1646–1728) and two other doctors of canon law at the University of Louvain , which said that the chapter had the right, in special circumstances, to elect its own archbishop and have him consecrated without

3430-504: The Roman Catholic Church . Most possess a mediatory priesthood and an historic episcopate , which are often the only constants amid diversity that ranges from extreme traditionalism to radical experimentation. Julie Byrne comments: "Independents vary widely, ranging from right to left in the political spectrum. On the right traditionalist churches practice versions of Catholicism more conservative than Rome. These include

3528-843: The Society of St. Pius X , founded by Marcel Lefebvre , as well as the Mount St. Michael 's community in Spokane, Washington , and actor Mel Gibson 's church in Malibu, California , which made headlines when he directed the movie, The Passion of the Christ in 2004. On the left stand groups such as the Church of Antioch , the Ecumenical Catholic Communion , and the White-Robed Monks of St. Benedict." While

3626-605: The Theosophical Society and allowing complete freedom of belief. Joseph René Vilatte (1854–1929), an Old Catholic priest ordained by Bishop Eduard Herzog (1841–1924) of the Old Catholic Church in Switzerland , is credited with being the first person to bring to North America the movement that would result in Independent Catholicism. In 1892, Vilatte traveled to India , where he

3724-732: The Utrecht Union of Churches (UU). In 1908, the movement that would become Independent Catholicism left continental Europe when Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919), a former Catholic priest, was consecrated in Great Britain by Archbishop Gerardus Gul (1847–1920) of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands . Mathew believed that Old Catholicism might provide a home for disaffected Anglican clergy who reacted to Pope Leo XIII's declaration that Anglican orders were null and void, and Gul incorrectly believed that Mathew had

3822-435: The Western Church and its theology have remained constant, despite changing clergy, Independent Catholicism often possesses another model in which "the priesthood remains constant, while the church it serves and the theology it teaches are often in a state of flux. While some western Christians may see this state of affairs as a distortion, it is nonetheless the centerpiece of the independent sacramental inheritance from

3920-515: The al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn or " Rashidun " (The Rightly Guided Caliphs). Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph may be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Caliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. There has not been another widely recognized Caliph since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923. Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam . Shia Muslims believe that, similar to

4018-431: The ecumenical Christian tradition and other religious traditions , a growing number of Independent Catholic clergy and communities espouse a certain universalism , believing that God's loving embrace and forgiveness might be extended to all. Sometimes reaching beyond the bounds of the Christian tradition, some Independent Catholic clergy and communities feel greater liberty to incorporate into their lives and their worship

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4116-489: The exoteric or mundane practice of Islam, and then is initiated into the mystical ( esoteric ) path of a Tariqah (Sufi Order). Kharijite (lit. "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Islamic sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali , eventually rejected his legitimacy after he negotiated with Mu'awiya during the 7th Century Islamic civil war ( First Fitna ). Their complaint

4214-487: The liturgical aspect of being Christian." Many Independent Catholic clergy and their communities are "those who have felt themselves excluded from the mainstream liturgical churches due to gender, sexuality, race, culture, style of worship [...] or theology." Plummer says that within the Independent Sacramental Movement , which includes Independent Catholicism, " ordination is often open to

4312-535: The ordination of women ) or the recovery of the Divine Feminine in worship, groups seeking liberal, non-dogmatic approaches to being church with little, if any, standards of dogmatic beliefs, and fellowships with an esoteric spirituality. Hundreds of websites are devoted to Independent Catholic jurisdictions and communities, some of which "seem to exist primarily in cyberspace." Others have no web presence at all. Independent Catholic clergy do not fall under

4410-419: The pope , these bishops were sometimes referred to as autocephalous (or self-governing) bishops from within their circles or episcopi vaganti (wandering bishops) from outside of their circles. These validly-consecrated bishops could claim apostolic succession, and they continued to share valid lines of apostolic succession with the priests and deacons they ordained. In 1889, they formally united as part of

4508-675: The ' Tunga Sringeri Math' diverged after a schism with the Koodli Sringeri Matha during the 16th century after which the Tunga Math gained prominence. [1] The Kanchi Math was originally established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 by the Maratha king of Tanjore , Serfoji II Bhonsle , as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt , one of the four cardinal Shankaracharya Maths of the mainstream Smarta denomination. It became

4606-501: The 2011 Czech Republic census, 39,276 people at that time self-identified as members of the CHC. Carlos Duarte Costa (1888–1961) was a Roman Catholic bishop in Brazil for twenty years before distancing himself, and being excommunicated by the Catholic Church over his opposition to its position on clerical celibacy , divorce , vernacular liturgy, and accused the Catholic Church of fascist sympathies. In 1945, Duarte Costa founded

4704-492: The Catholic Church will not recognize. Conditional consecrations and ordinations complicate conversations on the historical origins of the Independent Catholic movement and its communities. Plummer writes: "Many independent bishops have been consecrated multiple times, in an effort to ensure sacramental validity and consolidate claims to the historic episcopate . Such consecrations, in which literally dozens of 'lineages' can be transmitted from one bishop to another, only increase

4802-406: The Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism". The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome , but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, related to

4900-556: The Church. This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity , more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church . While they don't possess "full communion" ( communio in sacris ) with the Catholic Church, they are still considered much more linked to it than the Protestant ecclesial communities, which have markedly different theological beliefs and rejected the concept of apostolic succession (with

4998-645: The Great East–West Schism or the Western Schism . It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc. A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism. In religion,

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5096-517: The ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely related Independent Catholic movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality. Many denominations within the movement originated from schisms with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the historic episcopate or apostolic succession , though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by

5194-637: The Independent Catholic movement from the Roman Catholic Church. Perhaps the largest departure from the Roman Church was the Czechoslovak Hussite Church (CHC), which organized on 8 January 1920, when several thousand priests and laypeople formed an independent church in response to their deep concerns over the Catholic Church's opposition to modernism . The church's first patriarch was Karel Farský (1880–1927),

5292-585: The Kamakshi temple. The protests of the traditional priests of the Kamakshi temple are well documented and preserved. Incidentally, Fort William is also the first Freemason lodge of India. Since then, the Math has maintained cordial relations with the British Raj though the main math at Sringeri fell sour with the colonial power Thus, the Kanchi Mutt can at best claim its origin to be in 1844. After

5390-575: The Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk . Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism (since 1616) from

5488-598: The One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Church to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Church also claims that title and holds the view that the Catholic Church is schismatic. Some Protestant Churches believe that they also represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and consider the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to be in error, while others do not expect

5586-464: The Roman Catholic Church (with whose structures, beliefs and practices Independent Catholicism often closely aligns) while rejecting some traditional Catholic teachings. Independent Catholicism may be considered part of the larger independent sacramental movement , in which clergy and laity of various faith traditions—including the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Anglican Communion and various non-Catholic Christian churches—have separated themselves from

5684-482: The Roman Catholic Church and, after departing from the Catholic Church in 1983 over the issues of faith healing and clerical celibacy , he formed Married Priests Now! and consecrated four married priests as bishops: George Stallings of Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation , Peter Paul Brennan of the Old Catholic Confederation. Upon encountering Independent Catholicism for

5782-667: The Roman Catholic Church), Roman Catholic Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo , who are seen within the movement as having validly, even if illicitly, consecrated and ordained individuals outside the Roman Catholic Church. While making no explicit statement about the validity or invalidity of consecrations and ordinations carried out in the Independent Catholic movement, the Roman Catholic Church suspended Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc , who had purportedly excommunicated himself by his latae sententiae act of consecrating other bishops and ordaining priests whom

5880-550: The Sunnah of Muhammad. The Sunni believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Ummah (Muslim community). After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr , Muhammad's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph . Sunnis regard the first four caliphs – Abu Bakr , Umar (`Umar ibn al-Khattāb), Uthman Ibn Affan , and Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib) – as

5978-613: The appointment of prophets, Imams after Muhammad are also chosen by God. According to Shias, Ali was chosen by Allah and thus appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslim community. They regard him as the first Shia Imam , which continued as a hereditary position through Fatimah and Ali's descendants. Sufism is a mystical - ascetic form of Islam practised by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi followers consider themselves Sunni or Shia, while others consider themselves as just Sufi or Sufi-influenced. Sufism

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6076-434: The approval of the wider church or papal mandate appears to be an ancient phenomenon, which led to Canon VI of the Council of Chalcedon 's assertion that any potential sacramental validity of such consecrations is valueless without the church's endorsement. The resurgence of the phenomenon in the modern era seems to have coincided with the spread of Enlightenment values. Beginning in 1724, Dominique Marie Varlet (1678–1742),

6174-472: The authorities of a Church, and not every break of communion is necessarily about doctrine, as is clear from examples such as the Western Schism and the breaking of the communion that existed between Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens in 2004. However, when for any reason people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities may result, each of which, or at least some members thereof, may then accuse

6272-426: The case of their bishops. Schism A schism ( / ˈ s ɪ z ə m / SIZ -əm , / ˈ s k ɪ z ə m / , SKIZ -əm or, less commonly, / ˈ ʃ ɪ z ə m / SHIZ -əm ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination . The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as

6370-403: The charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy , since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of division, especially among groups with differing pastoral jurisdictions and authority. However, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy, and also that of the Great Apostasy . In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy

6468-719: The church's sacramental life, for whatever reasons, taking ownership of the liturgical traditions, and creatively innovating to form new communities.". Outside of mainstream churches, Plummer says, such clergy "have often been accused of 'playing church.' Perhaps there is a grain of truth in that barb, as there is a touch of a playful attitude, when all these unlikely folks process into the church's sanctuary." Independent Catholic clergy have been described as "often very attached to their individual views of theology, liturgy, and other matters [...] and would rather belong to minuscule groups which more closely approximate their vision of Christianity." Plummer shares: "Many independent clergy, perhaps

6566-415: The consent of the pope , and that, in the case of necessity, one bishop alone might validly consecrate another. Nineteen doctors of the theological faculties at Paris , Nantes , Rheims and Padua approved of this opinion. This consecration by Varlet caused a theological controversy and schism within the Catholic Church, which now possessed bishops who were validly consecrated without the permission of

6664-511: The death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought , traditions and related faiths. According to a hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammad), Muhammad is said to have prophesied "My Ummah (Community or Nation) will be fragmented into seventy-three sects, and all of them will be in the Hell fire except one." The Sahaba (his companions) asked him which group that would be, whereupon he replied, "It

6762-491: The difficulty of accurately describing the ancestry of any given group." He says that this "crossbreeding of ecclesiastical lineage" has reached such a point that most Independent Catholic clergy share most or all of their heritage in common, even if this shared heritage has not contributed in any way toward jurisdictional unity. Independent Catholicism comprises a wide variety of clergy, many of whom are "primarily ritually focused" and possess "a particularly strong attachment to

6860-434: The exception of the Anglicans, which, however, are viewed by the Catholic Church as not having a valid priesthood). The First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) distinguished between schism and heresy. It declared Arian and non- Trinitarian teachings to be heretical and excluded their adherents from the Church. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis , considering their quarrel to be

6958-510: The extent that divisions over even minute details of doctrine and theology are common and scholars have dubbed the phenomenon Täuferkrankheit or "The Anabaptist Disease". Emphasizing fully voluntary membership in the church, and without an established authority of hierarchical structure, Anabaptists, especially Mennonites have experienced dozens of schisms, resulting in the establishment of dozens of various unaffiliated Mennonite churches. A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for

7056-453: The fact that "these denominations affirm both their belonging to the Catholic tradition as well as their independence from Rome ". It is difficult to determine the number of jurisdictions, communities, clergy and members who make up Independent Catholicism, particularly since the movement "is growing and changing in every moment". Some adherents choose Independent Catholicism as an alternative way to live and express their Catholic faith outside

7154-456: The first time, the questions of many individuals "are often historical: 'Where did this come from? Who ordained you? Did you invent this? ' " Many Independent Catholics respond by emphasizing their tie to the larger Christian tradition of which they form part, the heritage they have received from larger, historic, mainstream churches, like the Roman Catholic Church , and their continuity of faith and ministry with those churches. Like Christians of

7252-609: The fourth century BCE, leading to rise of two major sects, Digambara and Śvetāmbara , which were later subdivided in further sub-sects. Major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform , Conservative and Reconstructionist . In early Jewish history , the Jewish and Samaritan religions were the product of the schism during the Babylonian Exile (6th Century BCE). Schisms in Judaism included

7350-619: The historic churches of Rome , Constantinople , the Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches , and the Church of England . Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as Independent Catholic , "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches ), Liberal Catholic , Autocephalous Orthodox , Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or episcopi vagantes in

7448-486: The institutions with which they previously identified. Within this movement, various independent churches have sprung from the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the members of these independent Eastern Orthodox groups most often self-identify as independent or autocephalous Orthodox and not as Independent Catholic. Some Independent Catholic churches have joined the International Council of Community Churches ,

7546-561: The interpretation of scriptures, creeds, and liturgies," or the belief in no creed at all, to extremely traditional orthodox Catholic positions. Plummer says: "The nature of the movement makes it virtually impossible for there to ever be a unified theology" among Independent Catholics. Within the movement of Independent Catholicism, views vary widely on such issues as the ordination of women , homosexuality , divorce , issues of conscience, and other issues that are also controversial in other mainstream Catholic and Christian churches. Drawing from

7644-455: The jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church . Rather, the bishops of the Independent Catholic movement are autocephalous or self-governing. At present, there is no single unifying structure for the many clergy and laity who make up Independent Catholicism, and no reliable, centralized record-keeping. Independent Catholic communities are often small and extremely fluid. Various directories of Independent Catholic clergy have been attempted through

7742-544: The leisure to pursue full-time studies. Independent Catholic clergy have established a number of seminaries, most featuring distance learning or mentoring programs that vary considerably in quality, but very few of which grant legitimate degrees possess meaningful accreditation or could lead to a paycheck or a reasonably well-assured career path. More common is the mentoring and training of candidates by bishops and priests who have few if any clear guidelines or expectations for ordinands and instead adjust training requirements to meet

7840-422: The liturgies of Independent Catholic communities often vary widely, with each cleric or community making "its own choices of emphasis in terms of doctrine, liturgy, and other matters." In practice, Independent Catholic polity is often essentially congregational. For the most part, Independent Catholic communities possess a sacramental and eucharistic spirituality, often mirroring the sacramental life and theology of

7938-557: The needs of the ordinand's vocation. Plummer concludes: "Mentoring will likely continue to be the primary means of clergy training in the Independent Sacramental Movement, due in part to the extremely flexible, anarchic nature of the movement, which works against the creation of formalized seminary programs." The grace of God in the sacrament of Holy Orders is often freely shared within Independent Catholicism, thus leading to such characterizations as that of

8036-440: The other Tibetan schools. The words schism and schismatic are used to denote splits within a church, denomination or religious body. In this context, "schismatic", as a noun, denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or a person who is a member of a splinter Church; as an adjective, "schismatic" refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or constitute schism, and ultimately to departure from what

8134-424: The other(s) of heresy. In Roman Catholic Church canon law , an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy , automatically brings the penalty of excommunication on the individual who commits it. As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside

8232-495: The past, seeking to create communities according to models provided by the New Testament (e.g., home-based fellowships led by volunteer clergy) and restoring various practices of the primitive Church. Virtually all members of the Independent Catholic movement possess "a deep commitment to the catholic (in the broadest possible sense) sacramental tradition" and worship according to a prescribed liturgy , usually derived from

8330-482: The pope. This schism marked the birth of the movement that would later be known as the Old Catholic Church (a term coined in 1853 for the Catholics of Utrecht ), and it marked the beginning of an era in the Western Church , in which validly -consecrated bishops could claim apostolic succession but were not subject to the rights and responsibilities of the Catholic Church. The sharing of apostolic succession in

8428-493: The presence of others in order to approach the altar." Often volunteering their time in ministry, many Independent Catholic bishops, priests and deacons are a "working clergy" who support themselves and their ministries with jobs outside their ministries. As such, many often struggle to integrate their secular jobs and "ordinary" lives with their vocations and ministries. Similar to the Catholic Church , which possesses

8526-442: The sacraments, and new theologies, or at least a new synthesis of inherited elements." Many Independent Catholic communities are small, are led by an unpaid clergy, and lack a stable schedule or location. Larger Independent Catholic communities have often resulted from schism within the Church or are often led by clergy who were formed by and formerly ministered to the Church; these communities often resemble mainstream churches with

8624-601: The same monastic community. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups ( Mahanikaya and Dhammayut ), of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in

8722-526: The time and the tools helpful to the development of a fully imagined theology." Academic literature on Independent Catholicism has historically been relatively sparse and often not sympathetic to the movement. Independent sacramental movement The term was used in 2005 by John Plummer, in The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement , and was used earlier, in 2002, by Richard Smoley in his Inner Christianity . The movement's name

8820-402: The user of the word considers to be the true Christian Church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group-splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular. One can make a distinction between heresy and schism . Heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of communion with

8918-532: The west outside the Catholic Church was largely confined to the Church of Utrecht for over a century. After the (First) Vatican Council in 1870, many Austro-Hungarian , German and Swiss Catholics rejected assertions of universal jurisdiction of the pope and the declaration of papal infallibility , and their bishops, inspired by earlier acts in Utrecht , decided to leave the Roman Catholic Church to form their own churches, independent of Rome. Now independent of

9016-461: The west." Plummer says: "Independent sacramental Christians have given a unique primacy to the priesthood , carrying the ' priesthood of all believers ' to an extent never before envisioned. In many such churches, most or all of the members are ordained, with ordination functioning more like [the sacrament of confirmation ], rather than a professional credential. For better or worse, there is great freedom to create new church structures, new forms for

9114-610: The writing (and liturgical books ) concerning the Independent Catholic movement are self-published , and they are often directed by Independent Catholic clergy toward other Independent Catholic clergy. It has been suggested by Plummer that sustained theological reflection might eventually emerge from clergy and communities with greater theological formation or from larger and more stable communities that have survived into their second or third generation. According to Plummer, "as Independent clergy are most often volunteers with secular jobs, and little formal theological training, they lack both

9212-413: The years, much of the information is provided by subjects, often with little verification, and most such directories contain hardly more than the quickly-outdated contact information of individual clerics, with little information on jurisdictions, communities, apostolic succession, and forms of worship. The notion of apostolic succession (i.e., the ability of a bishop to trace spiritual ancestry through

9310-514: The young and ministerially-unprepared teenager whom poet Robert Kelly (b. 1935) says he once was: "A Unitarian I came into the world in Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts , and a Unitarian I shall leave it, notwithstanding my daily practice of certain Vedic sacrifices, my twenty-year long pursuit of ritual magic , the fact that I am technically a Muslim , and the more resplendent fact that I awoke from

9408-499: Was cited as the most important challenge facing the movement." Resources for the formation and education of Independent Catholic clergy and seminarians are sparse, many Independent Catholic seminarians lack the financial and personal resources to be full-time seminarians, and many are not "willing to go to such lengths, and incur such debt [for a graduate degree], with no prospect of paid ministry." Instead, many Independent Catholic seminarians work full-time at secular jobs and do not have

9506-633: Was consecrated, as Mar Timotheos, by Mar Julius I (1836–1923) of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church . In 1915, Vilatte founded the American Catholic Church which still exists. During the following 28 years, Vilatte consecrated "a number of men who are the episcopal ancestors of an enormous variety of descendants" in North America. The 20th century has seen a number of clergy and laity move into

9604-510: Was that the Imam must be spiritually pure, whereas Ali's compromise with Mu'awiya was a compromise of his spiritual purity and therefore of his legitimacy as Imam or Caliph. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree. Dates: The first schism in Jainism happened around

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