117-664: Engie SA (stylised in all caps as ENGIE ) is a French multinational electric utility company, headquartered in La Défense , Courbevoie . Its activities cover electricity generation and distribution , natural gas , nuclear power , renewable energy , and the petroleum industry . It is involved in both upstream (engineering, sale, operation, maintenance) and downstream (waste management, dismantling) activities. Engie supplies electricity to 27 countries in Europe and 48 countries worldwide. The company, formed on July 22, 2008, by
234-467: A Smart City over the entire Expo area, simulating a city of 100,000 inhabitants with a total energy consumption of 1 GWh per day. The Smart City comprised a smart grid for the distribution of electricity, an operations center for the monitoring and management of the smart grid, an information system that allowed visitors to view in real-time the electricity consumption in each pavilion, charging stations for electric vehicles , and LED lighting of
351-548: A hydrogen-fueled power station located in Fusina , near Venice was commissioned but only produced energy for less than two years with costs of energy production 5-6 times higher than conventional sources. In March 2017, Enel inaugurated the Innovation Hub at University of California, Berkeley, an initiative for start-up scouting and collaboration development. In April 2017, in joint venture with Dutch Infrastructure Fund,
468-451: A 9 GWh production capacity, to reach a renewable installed capacity of 52 to 64 GW by 2026. As far as the services are concerned, Isabelle Kocher's plan is to develop "energy transition as a service" for large companies and metropolises, whom she says are driving the "second wave of energy transition" by searching ways to reduce their carbon emissions (the first wave having been driven by the states). She also says it might be "the invention of
585-849: A French Senate committee that it was planning a gradual withdrawal from coal-fired generation over the coming years. This could include closure of, or sale of its stake in, the lignite-fired Hazelwood Power Station in Victoria, Australia. Hazelwood power plant closed at the end of March 2017. Engie sold to Enea its Polaniec power plant, in Poland. In February 2019, Engie announced the definitive exit of all coal activities. All caps In typography , text or font in all caps (short for " all capitals ") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG. All-caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements , newspaper headlines , and
702-689: A commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of small caps to emphasise key names or acronyms (for example, Text in Small Caps ), or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold . In addition, if all caps must be used it is customary to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10 per cent of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing. Some digital fonts contain alternative spacing metrics for this purpose. Messages completely in capital letters are often equated on social media to shouting and other impolite or argumentative behaviors. This became
819-483: A computer program shouting at its user. Information technology journalist Lee Hutchinson described Microsoft's using the practice as "LITERALLY TERRIBLE ... [it] doesn't so much violate OS X's design conventions as it does take them out behind the shed, pour gasoline on them, and set them on fire." In programming, writing in all caps (possibly with underscores replacing spaces ) is an identifier naming convention in many programming languages that symbolizes that
936-419: A dedicated entity named "Engie Fab" focused on the development of intelligent networks (smart grids), Internet of objects, green mobility, energy storage, and hydrogen. Between 2016 and 2018, Engie invested €15 billion in new activities, financed by the sale of coal and upstream oil and gas. In 2019, Isabelle Kocher announces the strategic plan of the company for the 2019–2021 period, with an ambition to become
1053-495: A delicate scanning of characters (from a damaged image that needs further contextual text correction). Depending on the typeface , these similarities accidentally create various duplicates (even quite briefly and without realizing it when reading). E.g. H/A, F/E or I/T by adding a bar; P/R, O/Q, even C/G from similar errors; V/U, D/O, even B/S while rounding the shape; and more deformations implying mixings. Adding digits in all caps styled texts may multiply these confusions, which
1170-512: A gradual reduction of reliance on oil, which decreased from 75.3% in 1973 to 58.5% in 1985. Several large power plants became active during this period. Among these, the fossil fuel power plant of Fiumesanto ( Sardinia ) in 1983–84; the pumped-storage hydroelectricity power station of Edolo ( Lombardy ) in 1984–85, one of the biggest of its kind in Europe ; and the coal power plant of Torrevaldaliga Nord ( Lazio ) in 1984. In 1981, with
1287-631: A grid capable of effectively adjusting the two-way flow of electricity generated from renewable sources. The total investment for this project was € 10 million. Also in 2011, Enel became part of the United Nations Global Compact , a United Nations initiative to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable policies worldwide, and signed a cooperation framework agreement with the World Food Programme , to fight against world hunger and climate change. The cost of
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#17327914334751404-399: A mainstream interpretation with the advent of networked computers, from the 1980s onward. However, a similar interpretation was already evidenced by written sources that predated the computing era, in some cases by at least a century, and the textual display of shouting or emphasis was still not a settled matter by 1984. The following sources may be relevant to the history of all caps: Before
1521-552: A merger of its GDF SUEZ Energy International business unit, along with its operations within the United Kingdom and Turkey , with International Power . The acquisition created the world's biggest independent power producer, and the enlarged company retained International Power's listing on the London Stock Exchange and was 70% owned by GDF Suez. In December 2010, GDF SUEZ became the key founding member of
1638-489: A new industry" of a 1 billion dollar potential value. Engie also announces its intention to leave 20 of the 70 countries where it is active, and focus its activities on 20 countries and 30 metropolitan areas, mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa. Thanks to former Suez subsidiaries such as Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), Electrabel and Société hydroélectrique du Midi [ fr ] (SHEM), GDF Suez
1755-929: A number of countries outside France. Most notably, the company is the leading producer in both Belgium and the Netherlands through Electrabel (and the fifth-largest generator in Europe overall), as well as the largest non- state owned generator in both Brazil and Thailand (thanks to majority stakes in Engie Brasil and Glow Energy respectively). The company also operates in North and Latin America through its Suez Energy International unit, as well as in other European and Asian countries. The company generates electricity through various types of plants, including thermal power, nuclear power, combined heat and power , wind farms , hydroelectric and biomass . Engie
1872-517: A partner of the Osmose project for the development of integrated systems and services in the renewable energy industry. In the same month, the company inaugurated Global Thermal Generation Innovation Hub&Lab in Pisa, a space for the development of innovative technologies of interest to thermal generation. In May 2018, Enel won the final round of the tender offer for the acquisition of Eletropaulo. At
1989-464: A permit from the Bureau of Indian Affairs before mining rock and other material for the pits in which turbine bases are built. The United States asked that all excavating on the 8,500-acre site cease and that dozens of turbines that are already being erected be removed. Osage Wind has insisted that it is not mining and needs no permit. The company says that it has already spent nearly $ 300 million on
2106-407: A previous agreement to sell the stake to Électricité de France . Suez, meanwhile, was forced to reduce its shareholding in natural gas distributor Fluxys and sell its Belgian gas supply subsidiary Distrigas to Eni . The newly created GDF Suez came into existence on July 22, 2008; the world's second-largest utility with over €74 billion in annual revenues. The deal resulted in the conversion of
2223-418: A result of the 1973 oil crisis and the austerity measures, and following the establishment of the first National Energy Plan (PEN), the aim of the company became that of reducing Enel's dependence on hydrocarbons , which was to be achieved with the use of other energy sources, including hydro, geothermal, coal, reducing waste, and, in particular, the use of nuclear power . Several new plants were built in
2340-860: A result, Engie abandoned two coal-fired power plants projects in Ada Yumurtalik ( Turkey ) and in Thabametsi ( South Africa ). In February 2016, Engie announced the selling of its stakes in the Paiton power plant located in Indonesia and in the Meenakshi power plant located in India . Engie also announced the closing of the Rugeley power station in England . In May 2016 Engie CEO Isabelle Kocher told
2457-532: A slowed speed is possible – but in principle too many factors of low legibility are involved." Other critics are of the opinion that all caps letters in text are often "too tightly packed against each other". Besides the aforementioned speed of reading, all caps is can be prone to character -based ambiguities. Namely, the upper-case letters are globally simpler than their lower-case counterpart. For example, they lack ascenders and descenders . Since they are built from fewer positional and building elements (e.g.
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#17327914334752574-416: A smaller grid pertaining to minimalist digital fonts), they are more fragile to small changes. These variations, generally involuntary but sometimes induced on purpose, are caused by a misinterpretation (the information is transferred) or by a deterioration (the data is lost, in the analysis wording). They can occur horizontally and/or vertically, while misreading (without this extra effort or time), or during
2691-622: A stock market index that evaluates the financial performance of companies based on economic, environmental, and social performance. In 2008, Enel formed Enel Green Power , a company dedicated to developing and managing the production of power from renewable energy . In 2009, Enel launched the Archilede project, a new urban lighting system chosen by 1600 municipalities. This new intelligent lighting technology resulted in approximately 26 GWh per year of energy saving, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 18,000 tons per year. That same year,
2808-663: A term is conspicuous, we look at more than formatting. A term that appears in capitals can still be inconspicuous if it is hidden on the back of a contract in small type. Terms that are in capitals but also appear in hard-to-read type may flunk the conspicuousness test. A sentence in capitals, buried deep within a long paragraph in capitals will probably not be deemed conspicuous...it is entirely possible for text to be conspicuous without being in capitals. Certain musicians—such as Marina , Finneas , who are both known mononymously, and MF DOOM —as well as some bands such as Haim and Kiss —have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it
2925-587: A thermoelectric power plant opened in Torre del Sale, near Piombino (Tuscany). At the end of the 1970s, the construction of the thermal power plant of Porto Tolle ( Veneto ) began, and its first completed section became active in 1980. Between 1971 and 1977, the pilot 1000 kV transmission facilities in Suvereto ( Tuscany ) were tested. In 1974, the construction of the Adriatic high voltage electric backbone
3042-833: A transaction worth €7.1bn. In August 2023, it was announced Engie had acquired the Houston -based battery storage company, Broad Reach Power. Since 2014, Engie has operated a strategic shift, by reducing future exploration in fossil fuels and investing massively in renewable energies (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydroelectric, and nuclear) and energy efficiency services. In 2015, Engie announced its decision to stop new investments in coal plants and to dispose of €15 billion in assets in order to reinvest into projects that promote low-carbon, distributed-energy. Engie also announced it will invest €22bn in renewable energies, energy services such as heating and cooling networks, and decentralized energy technology. In 2016, Isabelle Kocher defined
3159-604: Is Kuwait's most efficient source of electricity. In January 2017, Engie was awarded the contract and achieved financial closing for the greenfield Fadhili independent power project (IPP) in Saudi Arabia, the most efficient cogeneration plant in the country. In October 2015, Engie announced that it will no longer build coal-fired power plants. Gérard Mestrallet said projects for which Engie had already entered into firm commitments would be honored, but projects, where contracts had not yet been signed, will de facto be suspended. As
3276-403: Is an "apparent consensus" that lower-case text is more legible, but that some editors continue to use all caps in text regardless. In his studies of all caps in headlines , he states that, "Editors who favor capitals claim that they give greater emphasis. Those who prefer lower case claim their preferences gives greater legibility." Wheildon, who informs us that "When a person reads a line of type,
3393-615: Is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " disemvoweling ") to use all caps, with prominent examples including STRFKR , MSTRKRFT , PWR BTTM , SBTRKT , JPNSGRLS (now known as Hotel Mira), BLK JKS , MNDR , and DWNTWN . Miles Tinker , renowned for his landmark work, Legibility of Print , performed scientific studies on the legibility and readability of all-capital print. His findings were as follows: All-capital print greatly retards speed of reading in comparison with lower-case type. Also, most readers judge all capitals to be less legible. Faster reading of
3510-800: Is currently developing a $ 15.8 billion nuclear power plant in Sinop, Turkey in partnership with Itochu and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . Since 2012, Engie is also an Australian energy retailer, initially operating as Simply Energy and later Engie Australia . In November 2016, Engie signed an agreement with Moroccan energy company Nareva. The two companies are planning to develop energy assets in North and Western Africa that will produce 5,000 and 6,000 megawatts. The plans will take place between 2020 and 2025. In December 2016, Engie announced that Azzour North One Independent Water & Power Project (IWPP) has started full commercial operations. The power and water plant
3627-435: Is less legible and readable than lower-case text. In addition, switching to all caps may make text appear hectoring and obnoxious for cultural reasons, since all-capitals is often used in transcribed speech to indicate that the speaker is shouting. All-caps text is common in comic books, as well as on older teleprinter and radio transmission systems, which often do not indicate letter case at all. In professional documents,
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3744-401: Is one aim of Leet (intentional pseudo duplicates) and can provide simple means of concealing messages (often numbers). Enel Enel S.p.A. is an Italian multinational manufacturer and distributor of electricity and gas. Enel was first established as a public body at the end of 1962, and then transformed into a limited company in 1992. In 1999, following the liberalisation of
3861-627: Is quoted on the FTSE MIB index on the Borsa Italiana . In 1898, the production of electricity in Italy was 100 GWh , and had a value of over $ 56 billion by 1960. The majority of the electricity was produced by regional private companies, or by companies linked to other industrial bodies, both local and regional, by exploiting the specific characteristics of the territory: its hydrogeological resources. The state subsidised
3978-568: Is the second-largest generator of electricity in France behind EDF . The company indicated in December 2011 that 3 ⁄ 4 of the group's production comes from sources that emit no CO 2 principally hydroelectricity (through CNR and SHEM) and wind power , the latter of which both Gaz de France and Suez moved aggressively into in 2007 and 2008. Recently acquired subsidiaries include Compagnie du vent [ fr ] (majority stake),
4095-612: The Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez founded in 1858 to build the Suez Canal. Suez S.A. was the result of a 1997 merger between the Compagnie de Suez and Lyonnaise des Eaux [ fr ] . Gaz de France was created in 1946 along with its sister company Électricité de France (EDF) by the French Government . After the liberalisation of Europe's energy markets, Gaz de France also entered into
4212-566: The ASCII table , so can display both alphabets, but all caps only. Mikrosha is switchable to KOI-7N1, in this mode, it can display both caps and lower-case, but in Cyrillic only. Other Soviet computers, such as BK0010 , MK 85 , Corvette and Agat-9 , use 8-bit encoding called KOI-8R, they can display both Cyrillic and Latin in caps and lower-case. Many, but not all NES games use all caps because of tile graphics, where charset and tiles share
4329-612: The European Commission fined GDF Suez and E.ON €553 million both over arrangements on the MEGAL pipeline . It was the second biggest fines imposed by the European Commission and the first one on the energy sector. In October 2009, GDF Suez placed 6th in an A.T. Kearney / BusinessWeek ranking of the "World's Best Companies", the highest-placed European firm. On August 10, 2010, the company announced
4446-559: The electricity sector, having developed combined natural gas-electricity offerings. The company's capital was partially floated on the Paris Stock Exchange in July 2005, raising €2.5 billion for the French Government . On 25 February 2006, French Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced the merger of water supply and treatment , waste management and energy company Suez and power firm Gaz de France , with
4563-574: The electricity market in Italy, Enel was privatised . The Italian state, through the Ministry of Economy and Finance , is the main shareholder, with 23.6% of the share capital as of 1 April 2016. Enel is the 59th largest company in the world by revenue, with $ 147.79 billion in 2023. As of 2018, Enel is also the second largest electric utility company in the world by revenue after the State Grid Corporation of China . The company
4680-859: The merger of Gaz de France and Suez , traces its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal . As of 2022, Engie employed 96,454 people worldwide with revenues of €93.86 billion. Engie is listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris and Brussels and is a constituent of the CAC 40 index. The company was headed from 2016 to 2020 by Isabelle Kocher , who significantly transformed it, notably by deciding to exit coal activities and by investing in renewable energy and energy transition services. Despite
4797-572: The wind farm business of Nass & Wind and Erelia . The company also operates a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant (DK6) in Dunkirk . With the stated aim of reaching a total production capacity of 10 GW by 2013, three gas-fired thermal power plants at Fos-sur-Mer , Montoir-de-Bretagne and Saint-Brieuc are currently in various stages of development, as is a solar panel project in Curbans . Engie also generates electricity in
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4914-736: The 'Medgrid' company – a consortium of twenty plus utilities, grid operators, equipment makers, financing institutions and investors; which will implement the Medgrid project , a French renewable energy initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM). The project, planned in North Africa , aims to promote and develop a Euro-Mediterranean electricity network of 20 GW installed generating capacity, with 5 GW being devoted for exports to Europe. The Medgrid together with
5031-573: The 1990s, more than three-quarters of newspapers in the western world used lower-case letters in headline text. Discussion regarding the use of all caps for headlines centers on the greater emphasis offered by all caps versus the greater legibility offered by lower-case letters. Colin Wheildon conducted a scientific study with 224 readers who analyzed various headline styles and concluded that "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." All caps typography
5148-514: The 2018-2020 strategic plan, which was characterised by a focus on digitization and new offers to customers. In December 2017, Enel and Audi signed an agreement to develop electric mobility services. In the same month, the Group launched the Enel X brand. In January 2018, Enel launched a new green bond in Europe. The issue amounted to a total of €1250 million. In January 2018, Enel was confirmed for
5265-452: The 5 and 10-minute time limits, and 13.9 percent for the whole 20-minute period". Tinker concluded that, "Obviously, all-capital printing slows reading to a marked degree in comparison with Roman lower case." Tinker provides the following explanations for why all capital printing is more difficult to read: Text in all capitals covers about 35 percent more printing surface than the same material set in lower case. This would tend to increase
5382-539: The Bersani Decree provisions on the liberalization of electricity production. In 2001, Enel acquired Infostrada —previously a subsidiary of Vodafone , at a cost of 7.25 billion euros. Infostrada was later merged with Wind , with 17 million customers. In 2005, Enel assigned 62.75% ownership of Wind to Weather Investments S.a.r.l., a company belonging to the Egyptian businessman Naguib Sawiris , at
5499-556: The Enel Open Meter, the 2.0 smart meter designed to replace first-generation electronic meters. Open Meter was designed by Italian designer and architect Michele De Lucchi. In July 2016, Enel launched an Innovation Hub in Tel Aviv to scout 20 start-ups and foster collaboration, while offering a personalized support programme. In December 2016, Open Fiber completed the acquisition of Metroweb Italia for €714 million. In 2016,
5616-531: The French state's 80% stake in GDF into just over 35% of shares of the new company. The water and waste assets which formerly formed part of Suez were spun off into a new publicly traded company, Suez Environment , in which GDF Suez retains a stake. In 1975, Ruhrgas and Gaz de France concluded a deal according to which they agreed not to sell gas in each other's home market. The deal was abandoned in 2005. In July 2009,
5733-586: The German initiated Desertec project would serve as the backbone of the European Supergrid . On April 16, 2012, the purchase of the remaining 30% of International Power was announced by GDF Suez, and the transaction completed in July 2012. GDF Suez was advised by Rothschild and Ondra Partners , while Barclays , Morgan Stanley and Nomura advised International Power. On August 9, 2013, GDF Suez, through its Energy Services business line, announced
5850-613: The Greek city of Aetos . The project, completed in 2002, had a total cost of € 339 million. During the 2000s, the company worked to reduce the environmental impact of the production of energy and on a progressive internationalization of Enel through a number of mergers and acquisitions. In 2000, Enel signed an agreement with the Italian Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Economic Development in which
5967-663: The Northern District of Oklahoma filed suit against Enel's subsidiary Osage Wind LLC, an 84-turbine industrial wind project in Osage County, Okla. In the suit, the United States alleges that Enel and Osage Wind are illegally converting minerals owned by the Osage Nation , a Native American tribe that has owned all mineral rights in the county since 1871. The suit says that Osage Wind should have obtained
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#17327914334756084-485: The U.S. Enel expects to invest over $ 1 billion in the facility, creating 1,000 permanent jobs with the possibility of creating another 900 in a second phase. Oklahoma officials have called this the biggest economic development project in the state. Osage Wind dug foundations for wind turbines , crushed the rock and returned the dust to the earth. On 11 November 2014, the United States Attorney for
6201-474: The Vajont reservoir, which partially flooded the villages of Erto e Casso and swept over the dam, completely wiping out the towns in the valley below it: Longarone , Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova, and Faè. Approximately two thousand people died in the disaster. Enel and Montedison were charged in the ensuing trial as the companies responsible for the disaster, a responsibility considered all more serious because of
6318-476: The aim of creating the world's largest liquefied natural gas company. Since the French state owned over 80% of Gaz de France, it was necessary to pass a new law in order to make the merger possible. Whilst Nicolas Sarkozy was for several months opposed to the Villepin government's plans for a merger of the two companies, preferring a three-way deal with Italy's Enel which would maintain a controlling stake for
6435-604: The basis of an exchange of 21 Gaz de France shares for 22 Suez shares via the absorption of Suez by Gaz de France. Various holdings of Gaz de France and Suez had to be divested in order to satisfy the concerns of the European Commissioner for Competition : GDF agreed to sell its approximate 25% stake in Belgian electricity producer SPE for €515 million. The stake was purchased by fellow SPE shareholder Centrica which exercised its right of first refusal , blocking
6552-541: The company built the Serre photovoltaic plant. At the time, this was largest of its kind in Europe with an installed capacity of 3.3 megawatts. In 1997, Enel, Orange S.A. , and Deutsche Telekom funded Wind Telecomunicazioni as a joint venture , a mobile and fixed telecom operator. In 2000, Enel launched a project to connect Italy's and Greece 's power grids by laying a 160 km underwater power line, capable of carrying 600 megawatts, to connect Otranto ( Apulia ) with
6669-538: The company committed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 13.5% before 2002, and by 20% before 2006. That year, Enel acquired CHI Energy, a renewable energy producer operating in the US and Canadian markets, for $ 170 million. In the following years, Enel continued investing in renewable energy and clean technologies. In 2004, the company was included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index ,
6786-637: The company launched the largest “ready-to-build” solar PV project in Australia. In May 2017, Enel launched E-solutions, a new global business line to explore new technologies, as well as to develop products. In July 2017, Enel joined Formula E for the first zero-emission event in the championship’s history in New York. In September 2017, Enel ranked 20th in Fortune’s 2017 “Change the World” list and became one of
6903-622: The company opened a new photovoltaic power station in the Park of Villa di Pratolino , in Florence . The project - called "Diamante" – was to build a plant capable of storing, as hydrogen, enough of the solar energy accumulated during the day to meet night-time requirements. In 2010, the Archimede combined cycle power plant became operational at Priolo Gargallo , near Syracuse in Sicily . This
7020-459: The company's commitment to diversification, the majority of its primary activities still revolve around fossil fuels . Prior to the GDF Suez merger plans in 2006, the company existed as two separate French multinational corporations – Suez S.A. and Gaz de France . Suez was (and still remains, through GDF Suez) one of the oldest continuously existing multinational corporations in the world as
7137-448: The company's international footprint. CEO and Chairman Gérard Mestrallet said the new name was a symbol to meet the challenges of the energy transition and accelerate the group's development. The subsidiary International Power became Engie Energy International . In July 2015, Engie acquired 95% of Solairedirect, raising its photovoltaic production from 125 to 486 MW. On March 2, 2017, Engie acquired Keepmoat Regeneration for £330m to form
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#17327914334757254-562: The construction of power stations and other necessary construction work in the territory in order to increase the production of electricity . In 1961, the state-regulated distribution, with unified national tariffs set on the basis of equal consumption classes (through the Equalisation Fund for the Electricity Sector ), and by requiring power companies to provide access to electricity for everyone. In 1962,
7371-492: The country's gas infrastructure), for €7.7 billion. It is the largest acquisition since International Power in 2010. The operation allows Engie to develop on its strategic axis of energy infrastructure as well as in Brazil, one of the priority countries. In February 2020, the board of directors announces that it will not propose the reappointment of Isabelle Kocher at the next shareholders' meeting, which will bring to an end of her chief executive officer position. In 2021, Engie
7488-436: The course of the decade. In the early 1970s, the construction of the nuclear power station Caorso (Emilia-Romagna), the first major nuclear power plant in Italy (to generate 840-860 MW ), began. The station became operational in 1978. Between 1972 and 1978, the hydroelectric plant of Taloro was built in the province of Nuoro ( Sardinia ). In 1973, the hydroelectric plant of San Fiorano became operational. In 1977,
7605-411: The development of lower-case letters in the 8th century, texts in the Latin alphabet were written in a single case, which is now considered to be capital letters. Text in all caps is not widely used in body copy . The main exception to this is the so-called fine print in legal documents. Capital letters have been widely used in printed headlines from the early days of newspapers until the 1950s. In
7722-415: The end of March 2019, Enel became the most valuable company on the Italian Stock Exchange, with a capitalisation of over €67 billion. On 23 September, the company was included in the STOXX Europe 50 index. That same year, Enel's CEO Francesco Starace was awarded the "Manager Utility Energia 2019" prize by the Management delle Utilities e delle Infrastrutture (MUI) Italian magazine. In April 2022, Enel X Way
7839-433: The entire exhibition site. During 2016–2018, Enel carried out a series of operations aimed at digitising and innovating the Group, with particular attention to sustainability. In January 2016, Enel launched the “Open Power” brand, which presented the company with a new visual identity and a new logo. The concept of “openness” became the driver of the Group’s operative and communicative strategy. In June 2016, Enel presented
7956-534: The evidence that all-capital printing retards speed of reading to a striking degree in comparison with lower case and is not liked by readers, it would seem wise to eliminate such printing whenever rapid reading and consumer (reader) views are of importance. Examples of this would include any continuous reading material, posters, bus cards, billboards, magazine advertising copy, headings in books, business forms and records, titles of articles, books and book chapters, and newspaper headlines. Colin Wheildon stated that there
8073-401: The exception of self-producers—companies that produced more than 70% of their electricity for other production processes—(the same exception was later applied to municipal authorities), and of small businesses that did not produce more than 10 million kilowatt hours per year. Procedures to assess the value of the acquired companies were defined, and it was established that compensation
8190-412: The excess amount to Enel. In July 1992, the Amato I Cabinet turned Enel into a joint-stock company with the Treasury as the sole shareholder. In 1999, the D'Alema I Cabinet issued Legislative Decree no. 79 of 16 March 1999 (known as the Bersani Decree) to liberalise the electricity sector. This opened up the possibility for other actors to operate in the energy market. Enel—which had so far been
8307-506: The exploitation of national resources, the diversification of sources of supply from abroad, and the overall competitiveness of the production system. Between 1990 and 2000, the Italian electricity market was progressively liberalized. In 1991, Law No. 9/1991 sanctioned a first partial liberalisation of the production of electricity generated from conventional sources and renewable energy sources; companies were allowed to produce electricity for their own use with an obligation to hand over
8424-538: The eye recognizes letters by the shapes of their upper halves", asserts that recognizing words in all caps "becomes a task instead of a natural process". His conclusions, based on scientific testing in 1982–1990, are: "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." John Ryder , in the Case for Legibility , stated that "Printing with capital letters can be done sufficiently well to arouse interest and, with short lines, reading at
8541-436: The five-year period between 1966 and 1970, further investments for rural electrification were made, where 80% of the costs were covered by the state and 20% by Enel, part of those costs being incurred by reducing some rates as an incentive for agricultural development. In 1968, the construction of the 380 kV high-voltage connection between Florence and Rome began, with the aim of joining the high voltage electrical system of
8658-569: The given identifier represents a constant . A practice exists (most commonly in Francophone countries) of distinguishing the surname from the rest of a personal name by stylizing the surname only in all caps. This practice is also common among Japanese, when names are spelled using Roman letters. In April 2013, the U.S. Navy moved away from an all caps-based messaging system, which was begun with 1850s-era teleprinters that had only uppercase letters. The switch to mixed-case communications
8775-532: The government institutionalised the Entity for electricity with the aim of making electricity a means for the development of the country and in order to define a national policy for electricity based on the experiences of other countries such as France and the United Kingdom . At the beginning of 1962, the Fanfani IV Cabinet committed the government to put together a proposal for the unification of
8892-632: The help of the European Economic Community , Enel built the first large-scale compact linear Fresnel reflector concentrated solar power plant , the 1 MWe Eurelios power station in Adrano ( Sicily ). The plant was shut down in 1987. In 1984, the photovoltaic power station of Vulcano ( Sicily ) became active. In the same year, the first wind farm in the country became operational in Alta Nurra ( Sardinia ). During 1985,
9009-567: The lower-case print is due to the characteristic word forms furnished by this type. This permits reading by word units, while all capitals tend to be read letter by letter. Furthermore, since all-capital printing takes at least one-third more space than lower case, more fixation pauses are required for reading the same amount of material. The use of all capitals should be dispensed with in every printing situation. According to Tinker, "As early as 1914, Starch reported that material set in Roman lower case
9126-420: The modernization and development of the electricity grid with the construction of a high voltage power lines backbone, international connections, connections to the islands, rural electrification , and the creation of a national centre for dispatching. These projects were to be co-financed by the state through the issuing, in 1965, of bonds valued at over 200 billion Italian liras . In 1967, Enel, which
9243-502: The national center for the dispatch and control of the electricity network was gradually transferred from the center of Rome to Settebagni, and made a part of a bigger European network for the synchronisation of electricity production. In 1986, Enel had its first positive balance, with a profit of 14.1 billion Italian liras . In 1987, in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster , the first referendum on nuclear power took place and
9360-584: The national electricity system within three months of the parliament passing a confidence motion. During the Chamber of Deputies assembly of 26 June 1962, the government presented a bill that sanctioned the principles and procedures for the establishment of the Ente Nazionale per l'energia Elettrica (E.N.EL). According to the bill, Enel was going to acquire all assets of companies producing, processing, transmitting, and distributing electricity, with
9477-474: The new law. That same year, 31.7% of the company, in its new structure, was privatised. Following privatization, Enel was put on the stock market; its shares were listed on the Italian Stock Exchange with a value of €4.3 per share; the total number was 4,183 million shares for a total value of € 18 billion. In this period, Enel was involved in several new projects. In 1993,
9594-402: The north with that of the centre and the south. Around the same time, international high voltage connections with France (380 kV Venaus-Villarodin, 1969) and Switzerland were also put in place. In the same year, undersea electrical cables were put in place to connect the peninsula and the islands of Elba (1966), Ischia (1967), and Sardinia through Corsica (1967). In 1963, Enel
9711-466: The only actor in the production, distribution, and sale of electricity in Italy—had now to change its corporate structure by distinguishing the three phases and constituting itself as three different companies: Enel Produzione, Enel Distribuzione, and Terna , respectively, for energy production, distribution, and transmission. Moreover, Enel could produce only 50 % of the national production according to
9828-523: The opportunity to add marginal notes emphasising key points. Legal writing expert Bryan A. Garner has described the practice as "ghastly". A 2020 study found that all-caps in legal texts is ineffective and is, in fact, harmful to older readers. In 2002, a US court spoke out against the practice, ruling that simply making text all-capitals has no bearing on whether it is clear and easily readable: Lawyers who think their caps lock keys are instant "make conspicuous" buttons are deluded. In determining whether
9945-564: The places and communities division, headed up by Keepmoat LTD's former CEO Dave Sheridan. The new division is focused on three key activities; energy, services and regeneration. GDF Suez has been ranked as among the 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic. In April 2019, Engie announced the acquisition of 90% of Transportadora Associada de Gás (TAG), Brazil's largest natural gas transmission system owner (2,800 miles of pipeline, 47% of
10062-424: The predictability of the event. The two companies were forced to pay damages to the communities involved in the catastrophe. The decade of the 1970s was distinguished by a major energy crisis that led the company to implement drastic austerity measures, and the establishment of a national energy plan that defined the objectives of both building new power plants and searching for new energy sources . In 1975, as
10179-523: The production plants, the transmission network , the distribution , as well as the interconnection of the Italian electricity system with that of foreign countries by adjusting in real time the production and transmission of energy on the basis of actual demand. In terms of rural electrification, the settlements that were not connected to the electricity grid declined from 1.27% in 1960 to 0.46% in 1964, with over 320,000 new residents being connected. In
10296-533: The project was € 8 million, which included the production and distribution of high-efficiency cooking stoves, the installation of photovoltaic systems in the all WFP logistical premises, and giving support to humanitarian interventions. In the same year, the company was added to the FTSE4Good Index of the London Stock Exchange which measures businesses' behaviour in terms of environmental sustainability, relationships with stakeholders, human rights,
10413-661: The promotion of technological innovation in renewable energy , and was joined by over 250 start-ups from 30 countries in 2015. In 2014 and 2015, Enel was included in the STOXX Global ESG Governance Leaders index, an index that measures a company's environmental, social, and governance practices. Enel took part in Expo 2015 in Milan as an Official Global Partner . With a € 29 million investment, as well as building its own pavilion, Enel built
10530-462: The proposed legislation. Under normal procedure, parliament would have been required to vote on the amendments, which would have taken 10 years. The French Constitution does give the government options to bypass such a filibuster , but in the end these were not used. Law No. 2006-1537 of December 7, 2006, on the energy sector authorised the privatisation of Gaz de France. On September 3, 2007, Gaz de France and Suez announced agreed terms of merger, on
10647-491: The purchase of Balfour Beatty 's UK Facilities Management business – Balfour Beatty WorkPlace. The legacy Cofely business incorporated the legacy Balfour Beatty Workplace Business which went on to acquire Lend Lease FM in 2014 from Lendlease giving the new business a substantial platform in the operation of PFI assets in the UK. On April 24, 2015 GDF Suez announced it was changing its name to "Engie", in an effort to further expand
10764-467: The quality of working conditions, and fighting against corruption. In 2012, Enel sold the remaining 5.1% of Terna in its possession, thus exiting completely from the high-voltage market. In 2013, Enel signed an agreement, in Sochi , for the sale of 40% of Arctic Russia, a joint venture with Eni , which in turn controlled 49% of SeverEnergia, for $ 1.8 billion. In May 2014, Maria Patrizia Grieco
10881-489: The reading time. When this is combined with the difficulty in reading words in all-capital letters as units, the hindrance to rapid reading becomes marked. In the eye-movement study by Tinker and Patterson, the principal difference in oculomotor patterns between lower case and all capitals was the very large increase in number of fixation pauses for reading the all-capital print. All caps text should be eliminated from most forms of composition, according to Tinker: Considering
10998-477: The result of nearly two centuries of reorganisation and corporate mergers. Its corporate history dates back to the 1822 founded Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter begunstiging van de volksvlijt (literally: General Dutch Company for the favouring of industry) by King William I of the Netherlands (see Société Générale de Belgique ). The origin of its name 'Suez' traces back to its other founding entity –
11115-572: The same ROM. Game designers often choose to have less characters in favor of more tiles. With the advent of the bulletin board system , or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with "shouting" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed typography usage of all capitals to mean shouting. For this reason, etiquette generally discourages
11232-429: The state, he subsequently accepted the government proposal. The plan for a merger between Gaz de France and Suez came under fire from the whole of the political left, which feared the loss of one of the last ways of preventing the price rises experienced over the previous three years, and by the social Gaullists and trade unions . In August 2006, the left-wing opposition submitted a record-breaking 137,449 amendments to
11349-531: The strategy of Engie as follows: to promote decarbonized energy (oil and coal replaced by renewables and natural gas that emit less greenhouse gases), decentralized energy (energy produced and stored as close as possible to its place of consumption), and digitized energy (big data and digital tools for energy efficiency and network management). The group created Engie Digital and planned to invest €1.5 billion on digital and new technologies related to energy. Engie also started promoting an open innovation approach with
11466-468: The technological hub of Skolkovo. In the same month, Enel was included in the Top 20 of Forbes World’s Best Employers List 2017 and was confirmed by the non-profit global platform CDP as a global leader in the fight against climate change. In November 2017, Enel presented E-Mobility Revolution, a plan which seeks to install 7000 recharging stations for electric vehicles by 2020. In November 2017, Enel presented
11583-645: The tenth time in the ECPI Sustainability Index series. In February 2018, it received the 2018 Ethical Boardroom Corporate Governance award for sustainability and corporate governance standards. In February 2018, Enel became title sponsor of the FIM MotoE World Cup, as well as Sustainable Power Partner of the MotoGP. In March 2018, it invested $ 170 million in the construction of Peru’s largest solar PV plant. In May 2018, Enel became
11700-504: The time CEO of Global Telecom Holding (the remaining 37.25% was divested in 2006). In 2008 and 2009, Enel Stoccaggi and Enel Rete Gas were sold to investors, mainly Primo Fondo Italiano per le Infrastrutture . In 2011, Enel opened the first pilot carbon dioxide –capture facility in Italy, in the area of Brindisi , in the existing power plant ENEL Federico II. That year, Enel Distribuzione built its first Smart grid in Isernia ,
11817-425: The titles on book covers. Short strings of words in capital letters appear bolder and "louder" than mixed case, and this is sometimes referred to as "screaming" or "shouting". All caps can also be used to indicate that a given word is an acronym . Studies have been conducted on the readability and legibility of all caps text. Scientific testing from the 20th century onward has generally indicated that all caps text
11934-523: The top 50 companies in the world – and the only Italian company – to have a positive social impact through business activities. In the same month, Enel and ENAP inaugurated Cerro Pabellón, the first geothermal power plant in South America and the first in the world to be built at 4,500 meters above sea level. In October 2017, the company inaugurated an Innovation Hub in Russia in collaboration with
12051-581: The use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text "bolding" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered "shouting" or irritating. Some aspects of Microsoft's Metro design language involve the use of all caps headings and titles. This has received particular attention when menu and ribbon titles appeared in all caps in Visual Studio 2012 and Office 2013 , respectively. Critics have compared this to
12168-534: The world leader in the zero-carbon transition. The strategic shift includes accelerating its investments in renewable energies. Isabelle Kocher announces the definitive exit of coal activities. Engie plans to invest another €12 billion in renewable activities, partly financed by the sale of €6 billion assets (including the last coal plants). The 12 billion break down as follows: 3 to 3.3 billion into gas infrastructure; 4 to 5 billion into client services and solutions; and 2.3 to 2.8 billion into renewable energies, adding
12285-580: Was common on teletype machines, such as those used by police departments, news, and the United States' then-called Weather Bureau , as well as early computers, such as certain early Apple II models and the ZX81 , which had a limited support for lower-case text. This changed as full support of ASCII became standard, allowing lower-case characters. Some Soviet computers , such as Radio-86RK , Vector-06C , Agat-7 , use 7-bit encoding called KOI-7N2, where capital Cyrillic letters replace lower-case Latin letters in
12402-504: Was completed. Between 1973 and 1977, wells for geothermal energy production were drilled in Torre Alfina, in the province of Viterbo ( Lazio ). The dam of Alto Gesso ( Piedmont ) was completed in 1982 as part of the hydroelectric power station Luigi Einaudi "Entracque" . The 1980s were characterised by the construction of new plants and the testing of alternative forms of energy, the Italian nuclear power phase-out, as well as
12519-543: Was deactivated in 1987 and shut down in 1990. The construction work on the Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station , started in 1982, was interrupted in 1988. The station was converted the following year into a multi-fuel plant. The Latina Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in 1988. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant had been shut down since 1978. In 1988, the new National Energy Plan (PEN) established its key objectives: increased energy efficiency, environmental protection,
12636-521: Was elected president of the board of directors ; and Francesco Starace was appointed CEO . The company's main objectives were set to be the reorganisation of activities in Iberia and Latin America and debt reduction. In 2014, Enel—together with Endesa , Accelerace, and FundingBox—initiated the INCENSe program (Internet Cleantech Enablers Spark), which was co-funded by the European Commission , for
12753-496: Was estimated to save the Navy $ 20 million a year and is compliant with current Internet protocol. An antiquated practice that still remains in use, especially by older American lawyers who grew up before the arrival of computers, is to use all caps text for text that is legally required to be emphasised and clearly readable. The practice dates to the period of typewriters, which generally did not offer bold text, small capitals, or
12870-653: Was involved in the Vajont Dam disaster. On 9 October 1963, a huge landslide of 260 million cubic metres fell into the reservoir formed by the dam. The dam and power plant had been built by the Società Adriatica di Elettricità (the Adriatic Electricity Company, or SADE) and then sold to Edison , and it had just been transferred as part of the nationalisation process to the newly established Enel. The landslide created huge waves in
12987-500: Was launched. It is the new business line of the Group and aims to accelerate the development of electric mobility and combine decarbonization, digitalization and electrification. The initiative was presented by CEO Elisabetta Ripa at Rome's Formula E Grand Prix. On May 22, 2023, Enel subsidiary Enel North America announced the Tulsa Port of Inola as the future site of one of the largest solar cell and panel manufacturing plants in
13104-604: Was originally supervised by the Committee of Ministers, began to be overseen by the inter-ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE), under the Ministry of Industry. During this period, production from thermal power stations surpassed, for the very first time, that of hydroelectric power . In 1963, the National Dispatch Centre of Rome was created to manage the energy network by coordinating
13221-841: Was ranked fiftieth in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) that covers 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle. In July 2021, the company re-organised its structure to create four businesses: Renewables, Energy Solutions, Networks and Thermal & Supply, together with a new entity, Equans , which would bring together its technical services (including electrical, heating, ventilation & air conditioning, cooling, mechanical & electrical, digital & IT and facilities management) under one entity. In November 2021, Engie sold its technical services business, Equans , to Bouygues in
13338-427: Was read somewhat faster than similar material printed in all capitals." Another study in 1928 showed that "all-capital text was read 11.8 percent slower than lower case, or approximately 38 words per minute slower", and that "nine-tenths of adult readers consider lower case more legible than all capitals". A 1955 study by Miles Tinker showed that "all-capital text retarded speed of reading from 9.5 to 19.0 percent for
13455-562: Was the first thermal solar field to use molten salt –technology integrated with a combined cycle gas facility. Enel had several acquisitions and divestments in this period. In 2001, the company won the tender offer for the purchase of Viesgo—a subsidiary of Endesa —a company active on the Spanish market in the production and distribution of electricity, with a net installed capacity of 2400 megawatts . In 2002, Enel divested Eurogen SpA, Elettrogen SpA, and Interpower SpA in compliance with
13572-544: Was to be paid to creditors in 10 years at an interest rate of 5.5%. Within this framework, 1962 was to be considered a transition year, in which all income and expenses of the acquired companies would be transferred to Enel. 1963 was thus the first operational year of the newly formed company. The first companies to be acquired were: SIP ( Piedmont ), Edison Volta ( Lombardy ), SADE ( Veneto ), SELT-Valdarno ( Tuscany ), SRE ( Lazio ), SME ( Campania ), SGES ( Sicily ), and Carbosarda ( Sardinia ). Enel's early goals were
13689-612: Was won by those opposed to nuclear power. This result marked the end of nuclear power in Italy , the closing and suspension of all construction of nuclear power stations, and the establishment of a new national energy plan. The Caorso Nuclear Power Plant in Emilia-Romagna , which had been inactive since 1986 due to refuelling, was never reactivated and was finally closed in 1990. The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant in Piedmont
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