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26-466: The Alexander Dennis Enviro350H was a hybrid-electric powered single-decker bus manufactured by Alexander Dennis between 2010 and 2013. It was the first Alexander Dennis bus model which was only sold as a hybrid-electric vehicle, the Enviro200H , 400H and 500H models having diesel-powered equivalents. The Enviro350H has its powertrain located at the nearside of the rear overhang, similar with

52-551: A feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO 2 emissions of 31% and fuel savings in

78-572: A fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption. Current manufacturers of Diesel–electric hybrid buses include Alexander Dennis , Azure Dynamics Corporation , Ebus , Eletra (Brazil), New Flyer Industries , Tata (India), Gillig , Motor Coach Industries , Novabus , Orion Bus Industries , Daimler AG 's Mitsubishi Fuso , MAN , Designline , BAE Systems , Volvo Buses , VDL Bus & Coach , Wrightbus , Castrosua , Tata Hispano and many more. Toyota claims to have started with

104-560: A part of sustainable transport schemes. A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH ) or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC ). Since 2003, Allison Transmission has produced dual-mode hybrid drive units which take the place of a conventional transmission, mostly for transit buses in North America; as the name implies, it

130-489: A three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with

156-404: A unit with built-in extractor hoods . The stove's one or more "burners" (heating elements) may be controlled by a rotary switch with a finite number of positions; or may have an " infinite switch " called a simmerstat that allows constant variability between minimum and maximum heat settings. Some stove burners and controls incorporate thermostats . On September 20, 1859, George B. Simpson

182-620: Is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses. Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us . [REDACTED] Media related to Hybrid-powered buses at Wikimedia Commons Electric range An electric stove , electric cooker or electric range is a stove with an integrated electrical heating device to cook and bake . Electric stoves became popular as replacements for solid-fuel (wood or coal) stoves which required more labor to operate and maintain. Some modern stoves come in

208-502: Is able to switch between series and parallel modes. A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC, when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical and business feasibility and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005 from NASEO to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy

234-1126: Is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands. In Japan, Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino , a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005. For the North American transit bus market, New Flyer Industries , Gillig , and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using components from either BAE Systems (series hybrid, initially branded HybriDrive and now branded Series-E), or Allison Transmission (parallel/series hybrid, branded Hybrid EP or H 40/50 EP). In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on

260-568: Is therefore the world's first cookbook for electric stoves. Three companies, in the United States, began selling electric stoves in 1908. However, sales and public acceptance were slow to develop. Early electric stoves were unsatisfactory due to the cost of electricity (compared with wood, coal, or city gas ), limited power available from the electrical supply company, poor temperature regulation, and short life of heating elements. The invention of nichrome alloy for resistance wires improved

286-773: The Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand , with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland , Hong Kong , Newcastle upon Tyne , and Tokyo . The Whispering Wheel bus

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312-537: The Municipal Electrical Engineer of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia , applied for a patent (Aust Patent No 4699/05) for a device that adopted (following the design of gas stoves) what later became the configuration for most electric stoves: an oven surmounted by a hotplate with a grill tray between them. Curle Smith's stove did not have a thermostat; heat was controlled by the number of the appliance's nine elements that were switched on. After

338-413: The cookware directly. In the 1970s, glass-ceramic cooktops started to appear. Glass-ceramic has very low thermal conductivity and a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion , but lets infrared radiation pass very well. Electrical heating coils or halogen lamps are used as heating elements . Because of its physical characteristics, the cooktop heats more quickly, less afterheat remains, and only

364-513: The cost and durability of heating elements. As late as the 1920s, an electric stove was still considered a novelty. By the 1930s, the maturing of the technology, the decreased cost of electric power and modernized styling of electric stoves had greatly increased their acceptance. The electrical stove slowly began to replace the gas stove , especially in household kitchens. Electric stoves and other household appliances were marketed by electrical utilities to build demand for electric power. During

390-407: The expansion of rural electrification , demonstrations of cooking on an electric stove were popular. Early electric stoves had resistive heating coils which heated iron hotplates, on top of which the pots were placed. Eventually, composite heating elements were introduced, with the resistive wires encased in hollow metal tubes packed with magnesite . These tubes, arranged in a spiral, support

416-673: The express purpose of bringing "cooking by electricity ... within the reach of anyone". There are no extant examples of this stove, many of which were salvaged for their copper content during World War I. To promote the stove, David Curle Smith's wife, H. Nora Curle Smith (née Helen Nora Murdoch, and a member of the Murdoch family prominent in Australian public life), wrote a cookbook containing operating instructions and 161 recipes. Thermo-Electrical Cooking Made Easy , published in March 1907,

442-579: The full-low-floor buses in Europe. It can be equipped with BAE Systems ' HybriDrive series-hybrid system with a Cummins ISBe engine as generator. In 2014, Alexander Dennis announced the virtual electric version known as the Enviro350VE, which can be powered by wireless charging in addition to the hybrid power system. However, there were no confirmed orders of this type and it was subsequently replaced by variants of ADL's newer Enviro200 MMC . The bus

468-445: The goal of developing a vehicle with a 40-mile (64 km) electric range . Travel beyond the 40-mile (64 km) range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations . A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and

494-530: The market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus , which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series. In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London " Double-Decker ", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are

520-551: The patent was granted in 1906, manufacturing of Curle Smith's design commenced in October that year. The entire production run was acquired by the electricity supply department of Kalgoorlie Municipality , which hired out the stoves to residents. About 50 appliances were produced before cost overruns became a factor in Council politics and the project was suspended. This was the first time household electric stoves were produced with

546-442: The plate heats up while the adjacent surface remains cool. These cooktops have a smooth surface and are thus easier to clean, but are markedly more expensive. A third technology is the induction stove , which also has a smooth glass-ceramic surface. Only ferromagnetic cookware works with induction stoves, which heat by dint of electromagnetic induction . Typical electricity consumption of one heating element depending on size

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572-469: The range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles ( aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses. Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses: Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act . etc. The Green Bus Fund

598-470: Was awarded US patent #25532 for an 'electro-heater' surface heated by a platinum-wire coil powered by batteries. In his words, useful to "warm rooms, boil water, cook victuals...". Canadian inventor Thomas Ahearn filed patent #39916 in 1892 for an "Electric Oven," a device he probably employed in preparing a meal for an Ottawa hotel that year. Ahearn and Warren Y. Soper were owners of Ottawa's Chaudiere Electric Light and Power Company. The electric stove

624-469: Was showcased at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, where an electrified model kitchen was shown. Unlike the gas stove, the electrical stove was slow to catch on, partly due to the unfamiliar technology, and the need for cities and towns to be electrified. In 1897, William Hadaway was granted US patent # 574537 for an "Automatically Controlled Electric Oven". In November 1905, David Curle Smith,

650-1294: Was targeted for sale in Continental Europe and Australia. The first bus with Tata Hispano Habit bodywork was unveiled at the FIAA 2010 trade show in November 2010, this bus and another similar vehicle were sold for use in the Canary Islands . Another was bodied in Australia by Custom Coaches and evaluated by the State Transit Authority for 14 months from March 2011. It was later purchased by Torrens Transit . Stagecoach East Scotland purchased 22 for use at its Bluebird (13) and Perth (9) subsidiaries. All 22 now operate out of Aberdeen's Tullos depot with Stagecoach Bluebird. First Essex purchased four and Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona , Spain 12. [REDACTED] Media related to Alexander Dennis Enviro350H at Wikimedia Commons Hybrid electric bus The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms

676-513: Was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $ 140k premium over existing buses. The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage although only in specific conditions. The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $ 10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for

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