Misplaced Pages

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75-565: Prior to the opening of the canal, the scows or flat-bottomed boats which plied the Connecticut River could only ascend the falls by engaging local fallsmen to propel the craft forward utilizing set poles. One fallsman was required for each ton of cargo. Not only did the added labor costs make this method of overtaking the falls expensive, but the amount of cargo that could be transported was limited to approximately ten tons. Any additional freight had to be offloaded at Warehouse Point on

150-429: A cargo of kauri logs, sacks of kauri gum , shingle, firewood, flax or sand. With their flat bottoms they could be sailed or poled much further up the many tributaries and rivers where the bushmen and bullock teams had the freshly sawn kauri logs amassed, thereby saving a great deal of time and energy on the part of the bushmen. Flat-bottomed scows were also capable of grounding on a beach for loading and unloading. Over

225-428: A caveat along the lines of "not suitable for boat In India,marine ply is popularly called "Kitply" after the brand which popularised the concept of water proof marine plywood in the 1980"s. Other types of plywoods include fire-retardant, moisture-resistant, wire mesh, sign-grade, and pressure-treated. However, the plywood may be treated with various chemicals to improve the plywood's fireproofing. Each of these products

300-505: A deteriorating condition at Opua . Her rig may see use in another scow when restored. The main differences from American scows were sharper bows and favouring the ketch rig instead of the schooner rig, although a great many schooner- and topsail schooner-rigged vessels were built. Some 130 scows were built in the north of New Zealand between 1873 and 1925; they ranged from 45 to 130 ft (14–40 m). New Zealand trading scows travelled all around New Zealand as well as to Australia and to

375-437: A fleet of sailing scows that became associated with the gum trade and the flax and kauri industries of northern New Zealand. Scows came in all manner of shape and sizes and all manner of sailing rigs, but the "true" sailing scow displayed no fine lines or fancy rigging. They were designed for hard work and heavy haulage and they did their job remarkably well. They took cattle north from the stockyards of Auckland and returned with

450-642: A fuselage made of birch plywood sandwiching a balsa core, and using plywood extensively for the wings. Plywood was also used for the hulls in the hard-chine Motor Torpedo Boats (MTB) and Motor Gun Boats (MGB) built by the British Power Boat Company and Vosper 's, American PT boats , and the Higgins landing craft critical to the D-Day landings. The American designers Charles and Ray Eames are known for their plywood-based furniture, as

525-401: A good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a sawmill . The log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it, causing a thin layer of wood to peel off (much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll). An adjustable nosebar, which may be solid or a roller,

600-587: A large cargo. The smallest sailing scows were sloop -rigged (making them technically a scow sloop ), but were otherwise similar in design. The scow sloop eventually evolved into the inland lake scow , a type of fast racing boat. Sailing scows were popular in the American South for economic reasons, because the pine planks found there were difficult to bend, and because inlets along the Gulf Coast and Florida were often shallow. The American scow design

675-402: A large number of other hardwoods. Flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts, a practice which dates back to the 1850s in furniture making. At 3 ⁄ 8 inch (9.5 mm) thick, mahogany three-ply "wiggle board" or "bendy board" come in 4 by 8 feet (1.2 m × 2.4 m) sheets with a very thin cross-grain central ply and two thicker exterior plies, either long grain on

750-431: A press at a temperature of at least 140 °C (284 °F), and at a pressure of up to 1.9 MPa (280 psi) (but more commonly 1.4 MPa [200 psi]) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled, re-sized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended. Plywood for indoor use generally uses

825-498: A result, many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde-emitting glue systems, denoted by an "E" rating. Plywood produced to "E0" has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions. In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. Programme for

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900-402: A versatile building material. In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood. Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at

975-409: Is Finnish Architect Alvar Aalto and his firm Artek , while Phil Bolger has designed a wide range of boats built primarily of plywood. Jack Köper of Cape Town designed the plywood Dabchick sailing dinghy , which as of 2015 is still sailed by large numbers of teenagers. Plywood is often used to create curved surfaces because it can easily bend with the grain. Skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as

1050-399: Is also a common European size for Baltic birch ply, and aircraft ply. Sizes on specialised plywood for concrete-forming can range from 15 ⁄ 64 to 13 ⁄ 16  in (6 to 21 mm), and a multitude of formats exist, though 15 × 750 × 1,500 mm (.59in × 30 × 59 in) (19/32in × 2 ft-6in × 4 ft-11in)

1125-582: Is also the basis for the shantyboat or, on the Chesapeake, the ark , a cabin houseboat once common on American rivers. The ark was used as portable housing by Chesapeake watermen, who followed, for example, shad runs seasonally. The Thames sailing barge and the Norfolk wherry are two British equivalents to the scow schooner . The Thames sailing barges, while used for similar tasks, used significantly different hull shapes and rigging . The term scow

1200-465: Is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards, which include plywood, medium-density fibreboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), and particle board (or chipboard). All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets ( cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to form a composite material . The sheets of wood are stacked such that each layer has its grain set typically (see below) perpendicular to its adjacent layers. This alternation of

1275-481: Is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd number of composite parts, it has high stiffness perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply. Smaller, thinner, and lower-quality plywoods may only have their plies (layers) arranged at right angles to each other. Some better-quality plywood products by design have five plies in steps of 45 degrees (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees), giving strength in multiple axes. The word ply derives from

1350-533: Is designed to fill a need in industry. Baltic Birch plywood is a product of an area around the Baltic Sea. Originally manufactured for European cabinet makers but now popular in the United States as well. It is very stable composed of an inner void-free core of cross-banded birch plys with an exterior grade adhesive. The face veneers are thicker than traditional cabinet grade Plywood production requires

1425-702: Is extremely strong and light. Howard Hughes' H-4 Hercules was constructed of plywood. The plane was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company employing a plywood-and-resin Duramold process. The specialized wood veneer was made by Roddis Manufacturing in Marshfield, Wisconsin . Usually faced with hardwood , including ash , oak , red oak , birch , maple , mahogany , shorea (often called lauan, meranti, or Philippine mahogany, though having no relation to true mahogany), rosewood , teak and

1500-509: Is from 1 ⁄ 8  to 3 inches (3.2–76.2 mm). The sizes of the most commonly used plywood sheets are 4 by 8 feet (1,220 mm × 2,440 mm) which was first used by the Portland Manufacturing Company, who developed modern veneer core plywood for the 1905 Portland World Fair. A common metric size for a sheet of plywood is 1200 × 2400 mm. 5 × 5 feet (1,500 × 1,500 mm)

1575-573: Is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibres. Within Europe basic plywood can be divided into three main categories: birch plywood (density approx. 680 kg/m ), mixed plywood (density approx. 620 kg/m ) and conifer plywoods (density 460– 520 kg/m ). Different varieties of plywood exist for different applications: Softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar , Douglas fir or spruce , pine , and fir (collectively known as spruce-pine-fir or SPF) or redwood and

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1650-506: Is made of mixed hardwood species of tropical timber . Originally from the Asian region, it is now also manufactured in African and South American countries. Tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality. It is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards. Tropical plywood is widely used in

1725-508: Is made out of wood from dicot trees (oak, beech and mahogany) and used for demanding end uses. Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness, durability and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel-carrying capacity. Hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness, and damage- and wear-resistance. Tropical plywood

1800-564: Is manufactured to a number of specifications including those outlined since 1931 in the Germanischer Lloyd Rules for Surveying and Testing of Plywood for Aircraft and MIL-P-607, the latter of which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for three hours to verify the adhesive qualities between the plies meets specifications. Aircraft grade plywood is made from three or more plies of birch, as thin as 0.40 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 64  in) thick in total, and

1875-539: Is pressed against the log during rotation, to create a "gap" for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar. The nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled; it controls vibration of the peeling knife; and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness. In this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer, which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions, to allow it to shrink (depending on wood species) when dried. The sheets are then patched, graded, glued together and then baked in

1950-530: Is typically used for construction and industrial purposes. The most common dimension is 1.2 by 2.4 metres (3 ft 11 in × 7 ft 10 in) or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm. The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. Roofing can use the thinner 16-millimetre ( 5 ⁄ 8  in) plywood. Subfloors are at least 19 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4  in) thick,

2025-437: Is used in and around the west Solent for a traditional class of sailing dinghy. Various towns and villages claim their own variants ( Lymington , Keyhaven , Yarmouth , West Wight , Bembridge, Chichester ), they are all around 11 feet (3.35 m) in length and share a lug sail , pivoting centre board, small foredeck and a square transom with a transom-hung rudder . An American design that reached its zenith of size on

2100-438: Is very commonly used. Aircraft plywood is available in thicknesses of 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3 mm) (3-ply construction) and upwards; typically aircraft plywood uses veneers of 0.5 mm (approx 1/64 in) thickness although much thinner veneers such as 0.1 mm are also used in construction of some of the thinner panels. Grading rules differ according to the country of origin. The most popular standards are

2175-621: The Hauraki Gulf , Auckland. He commissioned a local shipbuilder, Septimus Meiklejohn, to construct a small flat-bottomed sailing barge named the Lake Erie , which was built at Ōmaha , not far from Mahurangi. An account of the launching of this vessel appeared in 1873 in the Auckland newspaper, The Daily Southern Cross , which gave its readers a good idea of the distinctive construction and advantages over other vessels. The Lake Erie

2250-588: The Midwest , Western New York, the New Jersey Shore and parts of the South . These boats are traditionally identified by their class letters: Contrary to the connotations of the old definition of "scow" (large and slow), the inland lake scows are extremely fast—the wide, flat bottom hull allows them to plane easily. As a consequence of this, the A scow is the highest rated centerboard boat according to

2325-512: The rotary lathe . There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary Robert describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry Déroulage . One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacturing was an established process in France in

Enfield Falls Canal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-653: The 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865 and industrial production there started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.22 m by 2.44 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material. Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made artist boards for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply) were produced and sold in New York as early as 1880. There were experiments with gluing plywood with phenolic resins, mostly in

2475-843: The 1890s to the end of the First World War , when schooners were superseded by steamers and scows were gradually replaced with tugs. The Subritzky family of Northland operated the scows Jane Gifford and Owhiti as the last fleet of working scows, operating between the Port of Auckland and the Island communities of the Hauraki Gulf. The Jane Gifford was gifted to the Waiuku Historical Society by Captain Bert Subritzky and his wife Moana in 1985, where it

2550-657: The 1970s. The towpath is open for hiking and cycling as the Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail . The trail is generally open from April 1 through November 15. The southernmost portion of the trail runs parallel to the J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex . Scow A scow is a smaller type of barge . Some scows are rigged as sailing scows . In the 19th and early 20th centuries, scows carried cargo in coastal waters and inland waterways, having an advantage for navigating shallow water or small harbours. Scows were in common use in

2625-530: The American Great Lakes and other parts of the U.S., Canada, southern England, and New Zealand. In modern times their main purpose is for recreation and racing; there are also garbage scows for aquatic transport of refuse. The name "scow" derives from the Dutch schouw . Old Saxon has a similar word scaldan which means to push from the shore, clearly related to punting. The basic scow

2700-565: The American Great Lakes , and was also used widely in New Zealand, the schooner -rigged scow was used for coastal and inland transport, from colonial days to the early 1900s. Scow schooners had a broad, shallow hull, and used centreboards , bilgeboards or leeboards rather than a deep keel . The broad hull gave them stability, and the retractable foils allowed them to move even heavy loads of cargo in waters far too shallow for keelboats to enter. The squared-off bow and stern accommodated

2775-539: The British Standard (BS) and the American Standard (ASTM). Joyce (1970), however, list some general indication of grading rules: Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping. Exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects

2850-564: The Connecticut River gradually reduced. The profits realized from the sale of water rights proved to be the more lucrative of the canal's two purposes. Today the canal is listed in the National Register of Historic Places , but closed to navigation and privately owned by the Ahlstrom Corporation , which has a manufacturing facility adjacent to the canal. The locks themselves still exist, but have not been usable since

2925-538: The Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), and Greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user. The most commonly used thickness range

3000-490: The French verb plier , "to fold", from the Latin verb plico , from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω . The ancient Egyptians and Greeks cut wood thinly and glued it together in layers with the grain in perpendicular directions as fine wood was in short supply. This is believed to have been done purely for cosmetic and economical purposes but it turned out to be a great alternative to pure wood as it reduced flex, making it

3075-549: The Pacific, see USS Echo (IX-95) . Her story was the basis for the 1960 film with Jack Lemmon , The Wackiest Ship in the Army and the 1965 TV series . She was nearly broken up in 1990, but is now preserved at Picton, New Zealand Howard I. Chapelle documented a number of scows in his book American Small Sailing Craft . Scows were widely used to carry freight and passengers along or across inland waterways, sometimes preceding

Enfield Falls Canal - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-608: The UK, Japan, United States, Taiwan, Korea, Dubai, and other countries worldwide. It is used for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost. However, many countries' forests have been over-harvested, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, largely due to the demand for plywood production and export. High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity. It

3225-463: The US Portsmouth yardstick numbers. A 'semi-flying' scow that uses a host of design tricks, including wings/foils and a telescopic canting keel , a retractable bowsprit and an asymmetrical spinnaker , has been designed in France. Plywood Plywood is a composite material manufactured from thin layers, or "plies", of wood veneer that have been stacked and glued together. It

3300-492: The arrival of railway transportation. Many scows were pulled/pushed by a tug or shore cable, whereas others were powered only by the current. Historic 19th-century US canals used work scows for canal construction and maintenance, as well as ice breaker scows, filled with iron or heavy objects, to clear ice from canals. The Niagara Scow is a former dredging scow stuck on the rocks in the Niagara River upstream from

3375-810: The brink of Niagara Falls Horseshoe Falls since 1918. After being stuck in place for more than 100 years, in November 2019, the scow broke loose during a wind storm and moved 50 metres (164 ft) closer to the edge of the Horseshoe Falls. In the early 20th century, smaller sloop and cat rigged scows became popular sailboats on inland lakes throughout the midwestern United States . First popularized by Johnson Boat Works in Minnesota , these boats were distinguished by their larger sail plans, retractable bilgeboards , and (in some classes) twin rudders . There are many active racing classes throughout

3450-447: The chance of trapping water in the plywood and hence providing a solid and stable glue bond. It uses an exterior Weather and Boil Proof (WBP) glue similar to most exterior plywoods. Marine plywood can be graded as being compliant with BS 1088 , which is a British Standard for marine plywood and IS:710 is Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for marine grade plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine plywood and most of

3525-517: The contents in the hold to a safe level. Logs when hauled were always carried above deck, secured by heavy chain, the space between decks being left empty to give added buoyancy. The logs were taken to Auckland and unloaded into floating "booms" to await breaking down in the sawmills of the Kauri Timber Company and other such mills that operated right on the edge of Auckland Harbour. The golden age of scows and schooners lasted from

3600-419: The east bank and warehoused for later transport or carried around the falls by ox teams. Construction of the canal commenced in 1827 and it was opened on November 11, 1829. The canal was 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 miles (8.4 km) long and had a vertical drop of 32 ft (9.8 m). The locks admitted craft up to 90 ft (27 m) long and 20 ft (6.1 m) wide. The canal was unique among canals of

3675-420: The era in that it was designed with structural reinforcement to facilitate steam tug boat traffic. The design of the canal included a massive head gate with apertures that could be opened and closed to precisely control water levels not only within the lock chambers but within the canal itself. The design feature supported the incorporator's dual intent to profit not only from tolls charged on canal traffic but from

3750-470: The foresight to document much of the history of these coastal work horses in his book Phantom Fleet - The Scows and Scowmen of Auckland , which was published by A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington, in 1976. The Jane Gifford is a ketch-rigged deck scow built in 1908 by Davey Darroch, Big Omaha, New Zealand. The vessel was re-launched at Waiuku on the 28 November 1992, with Captain Basil Subritzky,

3825-412: The form of an alcoholic solution or powder, which, however, did not provide sufficient accuracy of application. Around 1930 a dry process of gluing veneers to plywood with phenolic resin in form of a film has begun to spread in the production of waterproof plywood. A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase

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3900-493: The grain is called cross-graining and has several important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed at the edges; it reduces thickness swelling and shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across all directions. There is usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced, that is, the surface layers have their grains set parallel to one another. This balance reduces warping. Because plywood

3975-469: The less expensive urea-formaldehyde glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-resistant resorcinol-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength in high humidity . The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations. As

4050-461: The original material was not strictly plywood, but a single sheet of veneer. Marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers, with few defects so it performs longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack. Its construction is such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods. Each wood veneer will be from tropical hardwoods and have negligible core gap, limiting

4125-533: The sale of mill sites and the leasing of water rights to mill operators along the last mile of the canal bank. Once the canal was opened, boats were able to carry much larger loads, and the anticipated steamboat services were introduced using newly designed vessels capable of passing through the lock chambers. Charles Dickens traveled along the canal on February 7, 1842. However, by 1844 the Hartford and Springfield Railroad had started operation, and navigation on

4200-445: The separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to bending . As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in tension , the other in compression . Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the central layer. Shear stress , by contrast,

4275-548: The sheet, or cross grain. Wiggle board is often glued together in two layers once it is formed into the desired curve, so that the final shape will be stiff and resist movement. Often, decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer. In the United Kingdom single-ply sheets of veneer were used to make stove pipe hats in Victorian times, so flexible modern plywood is sometimes known there as "hatters ply", although

4350-425: The side went duckboards, wheelbarrows, and banjo shovels. The crew then filled the vessel with sand, racing against the turn of the tide. When the tide did turn, they loaded the equipment back on board and put off to sea. Occasionally an inexperienced skipper overloaded the scow. Then, as the water rose against the outside of the hull (diminishing the amount of safe "free board"), the crew had to shovel rapidly to reduce

4425-656: The son of the late Captain Bert Subritzky and his family as guests of honour. The Jane Gifford then commenced sailings and tours on the Manukau Harbour between Waiuku and the Onehunga Wharf . In 1999 she was pulled out of the water for a rebuild, which commenced at Okahu Bay on the Waitemata Harbour. She then sat rotting until 2005, when she was moved to Warkworth for rebuilding. A full rebuild, using modern materials has been done at Warkworth, and

4500-421: The standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a Lloyd's of London stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are Okoumé or Meranti . In the UK, one can find builders' merchants advertising a grade of ply as "marine ply" that does not conform to BS 1088 - generally online adverts for these products will include

4575-501: The strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved where the moisture content remains relatively low. Subzero conditions do not affect the dimensional or strength properties of plywood, making some special applications possible. Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British de Havilland Mosquito bomber, with

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4650-404: The thickness depending on the distance between floor joists . Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove (T&G); This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the 13-to-25-millimetre ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 in) range. Hardwood plywood

4725-436: The time of Bentham were flat sawn , rift sawn or quarter sawn ; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length. About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel , father of Alfred Nobel , realized that several thinner layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than a single thick layer of wood. Understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood, he invented

4800-604: The time the sailing scow was popular. Keelboats, while stable and capable in open water, were incapable of sailing into shallow bays and rivers, which meant that to ship cargo on a keelboat required a suitable harbour and docking facilities, or else the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded with smaller boats. Flat-bottomed scows, on the other hand, could navigate shallow waters, and could even be beached for loading and unloading. This made them useful for moving cargo from inland regions unreachable by keelboat to deeper waters where keelboats could reach. The cost of this shallow water advantage

4875-443: The top smooth surface over bent curves to create transition that can simulate the shapes of ocean waves. Typical end uses of spruce plywood are: There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce plywood. For these coated plywoods there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but the lightness of spruce is a benefit, e.g.: Phenolic resin film coated (Film Faced) hardwood plywood

4950-471: The vessel was relaunched on 16 May 2009. She returned to sail later, and has been occasionally under sail in the Hauraki Gulf. She is the only original New Zealand scow still afloat to carry sail. The Echo was built in 1905 of Kauri in New Zealand . She is 104 feet (32 m) long, with two masts and topsail rigged. Twin diesel engines were installed in 1920. In 1942–44 she was used by US forces in

5025-424: The west coast of America although the majority were based in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand. The scow schooner Alma of San Francisco , built in 1891, restored in the 1960s, and designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1988, was one of the last scow schooners in operation. She is a small example, 59 feet in length, 22.6 feet in beam, with a draft of 4 feet and a loaded displacement of 41 tons. Elsie

5100-419: Was 60 feet 6 inches in length, seventeen feet 3 inches in breadth and had a draught of three feet 4 inches. It was fitted with lee boards (a type of keel slotted onto the sides of the vessel), but these were highly impracticable in rough weather on the New Zealand coast. Later scows were constructed with the much safer slab-sided centre board, which crews raised and lowered as required. This one small craft spawned

5175-478: Was copied and modified in New Zealand by early immigrant settlers to Auckland in the 1870s. In 1873, a sea captain named George Spencer, who had once lived and worked on the American Great Lakes and had gained a first-hand knowledge of the practical working capabilities of the sailing barges that plied their trade on the lakes, recognised the potential use of similar craft in the protected waters of

5250-571: Was developed as a flat-bottomed barge ( i.e. a large punt ) capable of navigating shallow rivers and sitting comfortably on the bottom when the tide was out. By 1848 scows were being rigged for sailing using leeboards or sliding keels. They were also used as dumb barges towed by steamers. Dumb scows were used for a variety of purposes: garbage (see The Adventures of Tugboat Annie ), dredging (see Niagara Scow ) as well as general estuarine cargos. Sailing scows have significant advantages over traditional deep- keel sailing vessels that were common at

5325-490: Was formed in two separate mirror-image halves, using curved moulds. Structural aircraft-grade plywood is most commonly manufactured from African mahogany, spruce or birch veneers that are bonded together in a hot press over hardwood cores of basswood or poplar or from European Birch veneers throughout. Basswood is another type of aviation-grade plywood that is lighter and more flexible than mahogany and birch plywood but has slightly less structural strength. Aviation-grade plywood

5400-574: Was re-masted and re-rigged to its original splendour. The Owhiti was sold to Captain Dave Skyme and fully restored to its 1924 sea worthiness, and it subsequently starred in the 1983 movie Savage Islands (starring Tommy Lee Jones and amongst others Kiwi icon and singer Prince Tui Teka as King Ponapa). Unfortunately the Owhiti was not maintained for a period of time, during which teredo shipworms destroyed much of her structure. She remains in

5475-620: Was the last scow sloop operated on the Chesapeake Bay. Although sailing scows were once numerous around the Bay, they are poorly documented. The Ted Ashby is a ketch-rigged scow built in 1993 and based at the New Zealand National Maritime Museum in Auckland, it regularly sails the Auckland harbour as a tourist attraction. It was named after an old-time New Zealand seafarer and scowman, Ted Ashby, who had

5550-662: Was the loss of the seaworthiness of flat-bottomed scow boats in open water and bad weather. The squared-off shape and simple lines of a scow make it a popular choice for simple home-built boats made from plywood . Phil Bolger and Jim Michalak , for example, have designed a number of small sailing scows, and the PD Racer and the John Spencer designed Firebug are growing classes of home-built sailing scow. Generally these designs are created to minimize waste when using standard 4-foot by 8-foot sheets of plywood. The scow hull

5625-439: Was used in the construction of air assault gliders during World War II and also several fighter aircraft , most notably the multi-role British Mosquito . Nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder", plywood was used for the wing surfaces, and also flat sections such as bulkheads and the webs of the wing spars. The fuselage had exceptional rigidity from the bonded ply-balsa-ply 'sandwich' of its monocoque shell; elliptical in cross-section, it

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