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37-494: Enga is one of the provinces in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Enga is geographically situated in the northern region of Papua New Guinea and was separated from the adjacent Western Highlands at the time of national independence in 1975. The majority ethnic group are Engans . Approximately 500,000 people live within the province, which has one spoken language in all five of its districts. A small minority of Engans' land on

74-660: A Member of the National Parliament . There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate. Provinces of Papua New Guinea For administrative purposes, Papua New Guinea is divided into administrative divisions called provinces. There are 22 provincial-level divisions, which include 20 provinces , the Autonomous Region of Bougainville , and the National Capital District of Port Moresby . In 2009,

111-411: A broader scale, PNG is divided into four regions. The regions are significant in daily life and are often the basis for the organisation of government services, corporate operations, sporting competitions, and even the machinations of politics. For instance, there has been much discussion over the years of how many Prime Ministers have come from each region, and whether a particular region is due to provide

148-589: A common language was needed and the Police Motu pidgin arose. The language was widely used not just by police but also by colonial administrators. It was renamed Hiri Motu in the 1970s, due to the connotations of the word "police" and became one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea . The RPNGC is part of the Law and Justice Sector of the government of Papua New Guinea. It is headquartered in Konedobu,

185-740: A fifth of the 5000 Australian-made Self Loading Rifles and half of the 2000 M16's delivered to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) from the 1970s to the 1990s were found in government armouries during an audit in 2004 and 2005. The theft and smuggling of ammunition has also led to large numbers of casualties, leading to peace treaties being more difficult to obtain. The PNGDF and the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary have found it difficult to keep order, as they are often short on weaponry and ammunition themselves. Fighting emerged after

222-512: A healer of broken limbs, or a catcher of lost ghosts," writes Feachem. Tribal violence in Enga has been a way of life, although traditional weaponry, rules of engagement, and peace treaties kept casualties low. This norm has begun to change in the region in the 21st century, with greater use of firearms, mercenaries, and ignoring rules of engagement leading to greater loss of life. Firearms are believed to have been stolen from government armouries. Only

259-598: A ministerial position, in which case the governorship passes to an open member of the province. Immediately before independence on 16 September 1975, Papua New Guinea was divided into nineteen provinces and the National Capital District. These provinces corresponded to the "Districts" of the pre-Independence administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea . It had been considered that an independent state with limited resources could ill afford

296-749: A party of men travelled from what later became Mount Hagen to the site of the future Wabag and then south through the Ambum Valley to what later became East Sepik . On 24 May 2024, a landslide occurred affecting six villages in Maip Muritaka Rural LLG . It is estimated that over 670 people died in this disaster Engans are divided into three subgroups, the Mae, the Raiapu, and the Kyaka. Like many other highland Papua New Guineans living west of

333-529: A suburb of Port Moresby , the capital city, in the National Capital District. As of 2019, the Police Commissioner is David Manning , with several Deputy Commissioners having responsibility for organizational functions and regions. The RPNGC has been aided in the past by various Australian initiatives, including supplying police forces and providing hundreds of millions of Australian dollars in assistance with budget, equipment and staffing. This aid

370-408: Is governed under the 1989 Treaty on Development Cooperation and has been carried out in several 5 year phases. For example, in phase II of the aid project, Australia budgeted A$ 80 million to deploy 53 full-time officers and materiel support. Phase III of the same program saw a proposal for an Enhanced Cooperation Programme with over 200 officers dispatched to aid in operations in 2004. However, after

407-462: The 2022 Papua New Guinean general election , with thousands being displaced from their homes. This fighting then continued with different tribes ambushing others in a myriad of disputes, leading to villages being abandoned. Many inhabitants have been displaced to the capital of Wabag in order to escape the fighting. In February 2024, 69 people were killed in a massacre in Akom, 30 minutes from the capital,

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444-692: The Australian colonial administration as part of setting up Papua in the late 19th century, and the New Guinea Police Force which covered the former German New Guinea and British New Guinea also set up by Australia, initially during World War I and formalized as part of the League of Nations mandate of 1920. The constabulary played a significant role in resisting the Japanese occupation of New Guinea during World War II. For example,

481-466: The Lae War Cemetery holds the names of 13 police officers (panel 8) who died during the war. The two colonial territories were gradually amalgamated during and after World War II leading to the merger of the two forces. The structure was retained after Papua New Guinea gained independence in 1975, although the name shifted from Royal Papua and New Guinea Constabulary to the present name with

518-579: The National Parliament of Papua New Guinea created two additional provinces, that officially came into being on 17 May 2012. They were Hela Province , which was split from Southern Highlands Province , and Jiwaka Province , which was split from Western Highlands Province . Each province forms a provincial electorate, called a constituency, for the PNG national parliament . The 22 provincial members are chosen from single-member electorates. Each provincial member becomes governor of their province unless they take

555-627: The Constabulary has a code of ethics, the Human Rights Watch has noted difficulties such as reports of beatings and rape by officers, citizens alleging they feel less safe when police are around, female victims being asked for sex when reporting crimes, and general corruption. Amnesty International in a February 1, 2006 letter to then Minister for Internal Security, Bire Kimisopa and then Commissioner of Police, Sam Inguba, claimed to have documented "extensive evidence of members of

592-470: The Constitution, using the prescribed amending formula. In May 2012, two new provinces were established: Hela Province was split from Southern Highlands Province and Jiwaka Province from Western Highlands Province . For administrative purposes, Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions and also into 22 provinces, as follows (they are numbered according to the map on the top right): On

629-535: The Daulo Pass (between Chimbu Province and Eastern Highlands Province ), the traditional Engan settlement style is that of scattered homesteads dispersed throughout the landscape. Historically sweet potato was the staple food, sometimes supplemented by pork. The modern diet places an increasing emphasis on store bought rice and tinned fish and meat. Pigs remain a culturally valued item with elaborate systems of pig exchange also known as "tee" that mark social life in

666-532: The PNG Supreme Court ruled the officers were not immune from prosecution, they were withdrawn amid diplomatic wrangling. The RPNGC makes use of Community Auxiliary Police, volunteer forces that aid in policing rural communities. Papua New Guinea does not have a tradition of strong local police authorities. The RPNGC has around 4800 constables charged with enforcing the law in a country of seven million people. The RPNGC faces obstacles in trying to gain

703-530: The RPNGC across key areas including: While on duty, the Australian police officers wear their AFP uniforms which include the mission logo wok wantaim (working together). Their vehicles also prominently display the mission logo. Credible national crime statistics are not published by the RPNGC. For the first time, UNDP published a national homicide rate of 13.0/100,000 in the 2013 Human Development Report , but

740-420: The RPNGC subjecting women and girls in custody to rape and other forms of cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment", as well as requests for sexual favors from female victims before investigating crimes, and suggested additional recruitment of female police officers as a way to address the issue. However, despite the internal issues, the RPNGC has been involved in giving aid to other countries and organizations in

777-478: The United States, whose federal governments are creatures of the provinces or states, but as with the provinces and states of Pakistan and India, the provinces are creatures of the central government and can be suspended by it or have their boundaries changed. Indeed, there have been suspensions of several provincial governments to address corruption or incompetence by elected provincial governments. Changes in

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814-622: The boundaries of those provinces which are adjacent to the former boundary between the Territories of Papua and New Guinea can cause special complications in the administration of statutes that apply in Papua or New Guinea but not both. Ultimately in June 1995, in an effort to re-assert a measure of control by the central government over the often wayward provinces in an environment of limited numbers of personnel qualified for public office in many of

851-416: The central government very quickly responded by offering provincial status to Bougainville. For the sake of consistency, as there were or had been regional separatist movements in Papua and East New Britain , provincial status was offered to the other 18 Districts as well. Bougainville continues to be a special case. A renewed secession movement emerged in 1988 and resulted in a violent military campaign on

888-447: The clouds mirror the agricultural and clan structure of the Raiapu below but lack the sadness of ordinary life. They are considered remote and unapproachable by humans. Feachem states that "the remaining spirit beings (ghosts and demons) are an aggressive and bellicose group who are mercilessly engaged in an endless cycle of revenge and mischief." The yuumi nenge , or "destructive ground force," are ghosts which cause deaths from exposure in

925-592: The conflict in Bougainville. The Bougainville secessionists came to terms with the central government in 1997. A constitution was drafted for a more autonomous regional polity within Papua New Guinea with its own president and provisions for a referendum on total autonomy in due course. Until 1995, the provinces had elected provincial assemblies and cabinets led by premiers; however, the country remained unitary, not federal. Unlike Canada, Australia, and

962-402: The cooperation of PNG communities, which frequently prefer to deal with criminals by themselves using their knowledge based on their customs. The Constabulary also faces resource constraints (including shortages of such basic supplies as gasoline and stationery) and difficulties with internal discipline. Consequently, police are spread fairly thin, with correspondingly slow response times. While

999-472: The eastern side of the region remained in the Western Highlands, their territory being accessible by road from Mount Hagen but not directly from elsewhere in Enga territory. Europeans—typically Australian gold prospectors—originally entered what is now Enga province from the east in the late 1920s, although the best-known exploration of Enga took place during the early 1930s when Mick Leahy and

1036-765: The forest. A timongo is a spirit which leaves a human body upon death and wanders the forests as "a source of continual fear and alarm for the living," particularly the still-living members of their own immediate families, against whom they bear "bitter grievances." Also living in the wild forests, as well as caves and pools, are evil, carnivorous demons known as pututuli , which can change their shape but are often seen as being extremely tall with two-fingered claws. The Raiapu believe that human babies are occasionally switched by female demons with pututuli babies. Topoli are human sorcerers who possess secret knowledge of spells or other esoteric knowledge, and can defend against and communicate with hostile spirits. They "may be described as

1073-546: The infrastructure of a two-level quasi-federal governmental structure. However, a secessionist movement in Bougainville, whose copper mine provided the largest single source of foreign exchange and whose contribution to the general revenue was crucial to the independent state's economic viability, forced the issue. The Bougainville secession movement declared the Republic of the North Solomons on 1 September 1975 and

1110-481: The island, the closing of the Bougainville Copper Mine with serious financial consequences for the central government, the destruction or running-down of most infrastructure on the island and, ultimately, the total quarantining of the province for a decade. The Sandline affair of 1997 was a political scandal that became one of the defining moments in Papua New Guinea's history, particularly that of

1147-457: The next one. Ministers and departmental heads are often appointed to maintain an overall balance between the regions. People generally identify quite strongly with their region, and inter-region rivalries can be intense. The four regions are: Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary The RPNGC was formed from two predecessor bodies that existed prior to the independence of Papua New Guinea. The Royal Papuan Constabulary, initially established by

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1184-529: The province. The Raiapu practice extensive agriculture in their highland region. Sweet potatoes are the major crop, forming two-thirds of the Raiapu diet. They also raise pigs. The Raiapu Enga believe in a variety of supernatural beings, although anthropologist Richard Feachem states that the Raiapu "derive no joy or comfort from their religious beliefs" due to the pervasively indifferent or malevolent nature of those spirits. The yalyakali , or "sky people," are fair-skinned and beautiful deities whose idyllic lives in

1221-614: The provinces, the office of the provincial premier was abolished and the regional (at-large) members of Parliament became provincial governors, while also retaining their seats in Parliament. Several provincial governments have adopted a local name for their province. For example, Bougainville became North Solomons, Western became Fly River, Chimbu became Simbu, Northern became Oro, and West Sepik became Sandaun. Though these names are accorded popular acceptance, they remain unofficial, as formal changes in province names require amendments to

1258-679: The region. For example, aid has been given to the Solomon Islands as part of the RAMSI since July 2003. The Australian government made a commitment to the PNG Government to deploy 50 Australian Federal Police to Port Moresby and Lae by the end of 2013 as part of Phase 4 of the Expanded Police Partnership. The aim of the expanded policing partnership is to improves the law enforcement capabilities of

1295-561: The removal of the "and" in 1972. The RPNGC is known for the historic use of Police Motu , a lingua franca pidgin variant of the Motu language . During the colonial period, personnel needed to effectively administer the colony were scarce, so the colonial government recruited constables from the various Papua New Guinean peoples and nearby islands such as Fiji and the Solomon Islands . These recruits may have spoken any of about 700–800 different indigenous languages . To aid in communication,

1332-571: The worst loss of life since the Bougainville conflict of the 1980s and 1990s. Prime Minister James Marape called it an act of domestic terrorism and stated that they would seek help from Australia to support policing and security in the region. The province has six districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units. The province

1369-404: Was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea . The province and each district is represented by

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