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40-693: Ennerdale may refer to: Ennerdale, Cumbria , a valley in the Lake District in England Ennerdale and Kinniside , a civil parish in Cumbria Ennerdale Water , a lake in Ennerdale, Cumbria Ennerdale Bridge , a nearby settlement Ennerdale, Gauteng , a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa Ennerdale Link Bridges, see River Hull#Bridges RFA Ennerdale ,

80-639: A carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens . The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape. A southern treeline exists in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Australian Macquarie Island , with places where mean annual temperatures above 5 °C (41 °F) support trees and woody plants, and those below 5 °C (41 °F) do not. Another treeline exists in

120-405: A diluted role for parish councils. Tree line The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes . Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). The tree line

160-579: A few mosses, lichens, and species of grass do so. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula. Southern Rata forests exist on Enderby Island and Auckland Islands (both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of 370 metres (1,200 ft) in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by 180 m (600 ft) they are waist-high. These islands have only between 600 and 800 hours of sun annually. Campbell Island (52°S) further south

200-487: A major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to windthrow and erosion. Trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland Scandinavia there

240-545: A supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in the Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia causes the tree line to be 400 metres (1,300 ft) lower than on exposed intervening shoulders. In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the condensation line, or on equator-facing and leeward slopes, can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out

280-492: A too-cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The Falkland Islands (51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless, although some planted trees exist. Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather—it is located 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego —yet no trees survive there; only

320-557: Is arguably not a natural tree line as such. (A natural tree line occurs in only a few places in the British uplands such as Creag Fhiaclach in the Cairngorms : in the Lake District the climatic tree line is estimated to lie at about 535 m). In 2013 George Monbiot published Feral , a book on rewilding , in which he argued that Ennerdale is not very wild in comparison with projects in other countries. He draws attention to

360-553: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ennerdale, Cumbria Due to the remote location, the lack of a public road up the valley, and its management by Forestry England , the National Trust and United Utilities , Ennerdale is relatively unspoiled. Ennerdale Water has not been as affected as other lakes in the National Park by construction, activity on

400-524: Is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. In addition, the lack of suitable soil, such as along talus slopes or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun. The arctic tree line is the northernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere where trees can grow; farther north, it

440-445: Is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline , which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy . At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood"). The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach

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480-537: Is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines: Trees exist on Tierra del Fuego (55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on subantarctic islands and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line. Kerguelen Island (49°S), South Georgia (54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind-exposed and with

520-556: Is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth. Because of climate change , which leads to earlier snow melt and favorable conditions for tree establishment, the tree line in North Cascades National Park has risen more than 400 feet (120 m) in 50 years. Several types of tree lines are defined in ecology and geography : An alpine tree line

560-595: Is the Member of parliament . Prior to Brexit in 2020, its residents voted to elect MEPs for the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . The valley is not much visited by tourists, but it is of interest to walkers and is sited on the " Coast to Coast Walk " devised by Alfred Wainwright . Ennerdale has two youth hostels , Ennerdale and Black Sail. Black Sail (high up

600-433: Is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate , and the habitat can be described as the alpine zone . Treelines on north-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are lower than on south-facing slopes, because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means

640-547: Is too cold all year round to sustain trees. Extremely low temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze the internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition, permafrost in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support. Unlike alpine tree lines, the northern tree line occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging 145 kilometres (90 mi) and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with

680-424: The snowpack takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees. In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season. The alpine tree line boundary is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine zone above. This zone of transition occurs "near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on

720-609: The Ennerdale granite to the south of Ennerdale Water) had been identified as a potential site for a Geological Disposal Facility for the UK's high and intermediate level nuclear waste. Two other sites had also been identified – Eskdale and the Solway Plain . Ennerdale was not named by the Managing Radioactive Waste Safely (MRWS) Partnership; rather it referred to the 'granitic rocks forming part of

760-569: The Geological Disposal Facility. In January 2013, Copeland and Allerdale Borough Councils voted to proceed to the next stage (4) of the Managing Radioactive Waste Safely (MRWS) process, but this was vetoed by Cumbria County Council. In September 2013, The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) announced its proposed changes to the MRWS siting process. These included removal of the right of veto from county councils, and

800-602: The Government's advisor on the environment, the project has a vision "to allow the evolution of Ennerdale as a wild valley for the benefit of people, relying more on natural processes to shape its landscape and ecology". The project managers have a commitment to maintaining the economic culture of the valley with small-scale forestry work and farming (low-density cattle grazing is replacing sheep). Wild Ennerdale celebrated its 10th anniversary in June 2013. In October of that year

840-638: The Lake District Batholith'. These are the Ennerdale and Eskdale granites, formed around 450 million years ago in the Ordovician Period . This was stated in (publicly available) document 285 of the West Cumbria MRWS, a letter written by Dr Dearlove, the consultant geologist recruited by MRWS. Three smaller surface exposures of the batholith occur at Shap, Threlkeld and Skiddaw, but these are too small to be considered for

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880-752: The Trust was proposing Kielder Forest as the preferred site for such a trial. So far as is known, there are no resident pine martens in Ennerdale, but there is evidence that the species is present in Cumbria. There are discussions about its reintroduction to the valley and breeding boxes have been installed. Ennerdale is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency and the North West England European Parliamentary constituency . Trudy Harrison

920-456: The desiccation of foliage , especially of shoots that project above the snow cover. The actual tree line is set by the mean temperature, while the realized tree line may be affected by disturbances, such as logging . Most human activities cannot change the actual tree line, unless they affect the climate. The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C or 43 °F. The seasonal mean temperature

960-514: The dry mountains of the western United States, to 1.4 °F (0.78 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) in the moister mountains of the eastern United States. Skin effects and topography can create microclimates that alter the general cooling trend. Compared with arctic tree lines, alpine tree lines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (above 10 °C (50 °F)) based on air temperature, but because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic tree lines

1000-440: The giant volcanoes in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska". Environmentally dwarfed shrubs ( krummholz ) commonly form the upper limit. The decrease in air temperature with increasing elevation creates the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) of elevation gain in

1040-512: The hostel's ecological impact. Low Gillerthwaite Field Centre, which is situated a few hundred metres from Ennerdale Youth Hostel, is adapted from traditional lakeland 17th century farm buildings and offers self-catering accommodation for up to 40 people. It is suitable for use by both groups of young people and adults. The centre is managed by a registered charity. Bowness Knott is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). In June 2012, it became clear that Ennerdale (specifically

1080-573: The lack of predators in the valley to control the numbers of grazing animals such as deer. In this interpretation, rewilding implies the presence of carnivores to reduce herbivore pressure and enhance trophic diversity. In March 2015, the Lynx UK Trust announced that Ennerdale was one of three locations in England and Scotland where it wanted to trial the reintroduction of wild Eurasian lynx (a species which preys on deer). However, by 2017

1120-579: The lake or the trappings of tourism. In 2022 the partners managing Ennerdale, together with Natural England , put together a successful proposal to declare much of the Ennerdale Valley as a National Nature Reserve (NNR). There are two biological Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the valley: In 2003 the valley's three major landowners formed the Wild Ennerdale Partnership. Working with Natural England ,

1160-623: The name given to a number of vessels of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ennerdale . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ennerdale&oldid=1174951331 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1200-437: The number of degree days calculated from leaf temperatures may be very similar. At the alpine tree line, tree growth is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold during the winter, curtailing water loss, and prolonging

1240-464: The predominance of conifers ): The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole . In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a subalpine environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone. Averaging over many locations and local microclimates ,

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1280-713: The project was represented at the World Wilderness Congress in Salamanca , Spain. Results of the project included: An increase in numbers of this species. The fish spawn in the River Liza, and have benefited from the rewilding of the river. The habitats protected by Pillar and Ennerdale Fells SSSI include natural woodland such as Side Wood, an example of old sessile oak woods. The trees of Ennerdale are important as an example of altitudinal succession (from "native upland birch-oak woodland at 120 m on

1320-529: The shores of Ennerdale (Water) the vegetation changes through sub-montane heaths and grasslands to montane heaths along the summit ridge at an altitude of 890 m"). The condition of the SSSI's habitats has been assessed as "Unfavourable - Recovering". As a result of the Wild Ennerdale project, there has been a blurring of the divisions between the wooded and non-wooded areas in the valley, although there

1360-467: The soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of the mountains of the Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity. Hawaii's treeline of about 8,000 ft (2,400 m) is also above the condensation zone and results due to a lack of moisture. On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree line

1400-459: The southwesternmost parts of the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra). For example, the northern halves of Hoste and Navarino Islands have Nothofagus antarctica forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra. Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note

1440-454: The telescoped alpine timberlines. North of the arctic tree line lies the low-growing tundra , and southwards lies the boreal forest . Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic tree line: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by

1480-444: The tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all. Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it. Due to their vertical structure, trees are more susceptible to cold than more ground-hugging forms of plants. Summer warmth generally sets the limit to which tree growth can occur: while tree line conifers are very frost-hardy during most of

1520-517: The treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft). Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe: Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter. In addition, permafrost has

1560-556: The valley near Black Sail Pass ), has been described as England's loneliest youth hostel. In 2008 the Youth Hostels Association announced that it would withdraw the warden from Black Sail as Forestry England would no longer maintain the access track as a result of the Ennerdale rewilding project. However, after protests from members the YHA decided to retain the warden service, while at the same time seeking to reduce

1600-469: The year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer. A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of "significant numbers" of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near Fairbanks, Alaska . Survival depends on a sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. Wind can mechanically damage tree tissues directly , including blasting with windborne particles, and may also contribute to

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