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52-535: To develop territorial power, in order to accomplish institutional objectives, which guarantee the integrity and sovereignty of the national territory and contribute to the security and development of the nation, as well as to accomplish all objectives indicated by military strategic planning. To be an institution of the highest level and credibility, systematically integrated, with professional military personnel, orientated on ethics and moral. Capable of adapting itself to new requirements which guarantee peace, security and

104-523: A Special Forces and engineer , or at least a communications and Logistic Support Company . As of 2008, along with the Air Force and Navy, the Army (also referred to as Land Forces) is undergoing a reform in order to maximize is joint capability. This process involves the creation of U.S. like Operational Commands. There are 4 Operational Joint Commands to be geographically distributed. The General of

156-650: A decisive victory over the Spanish royalist army at the Battle of Pichincha . Although assisted by Peruvian troops, it would fight these only a few years later in 1828, as a member of the Confederation of Gran Colombia . The troops of Gran Colombia (Less than half of its troops were Ecuadorians), is defeated in the Battle of Punta Malpelo and the combat of crosses, where the Peruvian navy blocks Guayaquil. Then

208-523: A Chinese joint venture - as well as Corriente Resources of Canada, Kinross of Canada, and Lowell). Mining companies have developed several projects in the area, most notably the Mirador gold and copper mine , which began production in 2019 with its first shipment of copper to China. The environmental effect of mining here is questionable. Some of the concessions cover protected forests and nature reserves. Besides destroying primary rainforest, and with it

260-434: A cross-border raid by Colombian forces on FARC guerrillas . The Armed Forces had logistical shortcomings and were caught off-guard. Their radar did not work, aviation was virtually non-existent, and communications were not fully operational. A diplomatic crisis followed in 2008 which some attribute partially to the need for better equipment as well as a new national defence doctrine . The new administration at

312-525: A major conflict, the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941. A much larger and better equipped Peruvian force quickly overwhelmed the Ecuadorian forces, driving them back and invading the Ecuadorian territory. Ecuador had no choice but to accept Peru's territorial claims and signed Peace treaty in 1942. However, the treaty of 1942 failed to settle the border dispute and occasional clashes occurred in

364-514: A personnel strength of 9,400. To increase its operational capabilities it recently acquired: It is a body responsible for the planning and execution of actions related to cyberdefense in networks and information and telecommunications systems or others that it may have entrusted to, as well as contributing to the appropriate response in cyberspace to threats or aggressions that may affect National Defense, guaranteeing and providing security to strategic entities that are managed by computer systems. He

416-615: A second trip sponsored by Conservation International. Numerous collections of orchids from the region were made by Alexander Hirtz and Carlyle Luer . Following the armed conflict in January 1995 , exploration of the biological region became impossible. José Eduardo Manzanares and Cave were perhaps the first botanists to visit the area after the signing the Peace Treaty of 1998, with a short visit in May 1998 to collect Bromeliaceae . With

468-496: A substantial customer for Israeli arms in the 1970s, purchasing Arava aircraft , Gabriel missiles for naval patrol craft, and Uzi submachine guns. Under technical assistance contracts, Israel serviced Israeli planes in the Ecuadorian Air Force inventory as well as Boeing civilian aircraft flown by TAME and Ecuatoriana Airlines . Ecuador also reportedly employed Israeli security specialists as consultants in

520-590: A then still non-demarcated border area between the nations. These clashes flared into another outbreak of serious fighting in January 1981 called the Paquisha War where Ecuadorian troops infiltrated into Peruvian territory are expelled by the Peruvian army; similar incidents occurred in 1983 and again in 1984. The last military conflict with Peru occurred in 1995, during the Cenepa War , in which both sides claimed to be fighting inside their own territory until

572-498: A wide variety of foreign suppliers for virtually all of its equipment needs. Only in the 1980s did it begin to develop a modest domestic arms industry as the Directorate of Army Industries manufactured rifle ammunition, uniforms, boots, and other consumable items. The Army's present day equipment is mostly of western origins. Military of Ecuador The Ecuadorian Armed Forces ( Spanish : Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador )

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624-559: A wide variety of foreign suppliers for virtually all of its equipment needs. Only in the 1980s did it begin to develop a modest domestic arms industry as the Directorate of Army Industries manufactured rifle ammunition, uniforms, boots, and other items. In the 1960s and 1970s, France became a leading supplier and delivered AMX-13 tanks and various aircraft. Ecuador also purchased Type 209 submarines and Lürssen -Seawolf TNC 45 patrol boats from West Germany . Various types of infantry weapons were acquired from Belgium . Ecuador became

676-431: Is a mountain range in the eastern Andes that is shared by and part of the international border between Ecuador and Peru . The range extends approximately 150 km north to south and its maximum elevation reaches approximately 2,900m. The Río Santiago and Cenepa River flow along its eastern slopes on the Peruvian side. For over 160 years, the area of the border was in dispute, and sparked armed conflicts between

728-592: Is considered by Conservation International to be one of the most important biodiversity areas on the planet. The cordillera has one of the highest concentrations of vascular plant species yet unknown to science. The area is part of the ecoregion of the Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests . The area is also culturally sensitive and includes territory belonging to the Indigenous Shuar people. The ecological and cultural diversity of

780-701: Is prepared to counter cyberattacks, cyberwarfare and espionage to "critical entities" that could be attacked "from anywhere in the world." The training of army, navy and air force officers is the function of the Eloy Alfaro Military Higher School , the Rafael Morán Valverde Naval Higher School and the Cosme Rennella Barbatto Military Higher School, respectively. Historically, Ecuador depended on

832-560: Is the Heckler & Koch HK33 . Recently acquired material include: The present day Ecuadorian Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Ecuatoriana ) saw combat action several times in 1981 and 1995 when it gained valuable experiences against the Peruvian Air Force . The FAE has a personnel strength of 6,200 and focuses mainly on border control but also focuses on the war on drugs, guerrilla insurgencies, and humanitarian missions. Since 2009

884-544: Is the national military force of Ecuador . The commander-in-chief is the President of Ecuador . The military is generally under civilian control , specifically the Ministry of National Defence . The Ecuadorian military of Ecuador has been involved in border disputes with Peru ( Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860) , Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , Paquisha War , Cenepa War ), and has provided military observers and troops to

936-743: The Pacific Ocean . Since the end of 2009, the Navy's structure became simplified. The Ecuadorian Naval Zone became one and measures, 2,237 km (1,390 mi) of the Pacific Coast and 6,720 km (2,590 sq mi) of the Pacific Ocean , (including the Galápagos Islands ). Most sea-going assets are based at Guayaquil . The Navy focuses mainly on border control and illegal immigration. The Navy operates around 20 major vessels (including two submarines) and 25 aircraft. It has

988-586: The Paquisha War in 1981, the unit was renamed Brigada de Aviación del Ejército No.15 "Paquisha" (BAE) on July 1, 1987. Finally, in 1996 the BAE gained the status of a full arm within the army recognising its vital role in the Cenepa War of 1995. At present the BAE No.15 consists of: As of November 2004, the Ecuadorian Land Forces Order of Battle was: Historically, the Army depended on

1040-526: The Spanish colonial rule would reach its peak at the Battle of Pichincha . Following a victory, Ecuadorian troops would become part of the Gran Colombian coalition. These were years in which warfare dominated. First, the country was on the front line of Gran Colombia's efforts to free Peru from Spanish rule between 1822 and 1825; then, in 1828 and 1829, the Ecuadorian troops would be in the middle of an armed struggle between Peru and Gran Colombia for

1092-577: The Third World . The action caused an uproar in Israel where the sale was regarded as an important breakthrough in Israel's efforts to develop international markets for the Kfir. In 1981, after the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan , Washington removed its objection to the sale. Although the contract called for the purchase of 12 Kfirs and an option to purchase an additional 12, Ecuador acquired only

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1144-557: The United Nations since 1948. The armed forces are part of the public forces and have the stated mission of the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory. It also involves participation in the social and economic development of the country and the provision of assistance in the maintenance of internal order. Tasks include fighting organised crime , anti-narcotic operations and illegal immigration . One social development programme applies

1196-728: The Army is the highest rank of the Ecuadorian Army. Usually the Chief of Staff of the Army is also the General of the Army, and it is common for this general to hold the Chief of the Joint Staff position as well. Since 2009 a restructuring within the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has been launched under the name of PATRIA I. It was to be completed by 2011 and improve military structure, equipment, and operations within

1248-514: The Cordillera is threatened by gold and copper mining. In 1993, Alwyn Howard Gentry and his colleagues, in a trip organized by Conservation International and helicopter support provided by the Ecuadorian Army, were able to collect bromeliads from the prairies for the first time. Robin Foster and Hamilton Beltrán conducted botanical inventories in 1995 on the Peruvian side of the border, on

1300-576: The Defence Ministry launched a deep restructuring program under the name of PATRIA I. It involves the modernisation of military equipment, improvement of planning, and operations within the Ecuadorian territory. PATRIA I was planned to be completed by 2011. In 2009, the spending budget was increased by 25% and totaled $ 920 million. Ecuador 's military history dates far back to its first attempt to secure freedom from Spain in 1811. In 1822 Ecuadorian troops, alongside other rebel forces, scored

1352-513: The Ecuadorian territory. The Ecuadorian territory has been also newly divided into five Joint Task Force Zones or Fuerzas de Tarea Conjunta , four on mainland Ecuador , with the fifth being the maritime territory (including the Galapagos Islands ). Changes concerning structure and troop deployment as of 2010 are not available due to the fact that the Ecuadorian Armed Forces keep such information restricted. Speciality badges mirror

1404-459: The FAE has been undergoing major changes and modernisation plans are ongoing whilst new projects are considered to bolster the country's defence capacities. Recent and ongoing orders include: The present-day Ecuadorian Navy or ( Armada del Ecuador ) is a compact, efficient, and well-balanced force. However, limited funds hinder any major acquisitions and the chances of maintaining a strong force within

1456-627: The Mapasingue Treaty which declared the allocation of Peruvian lands null and forced the suspension of the Ecuadorian-English business. Accusing Guillermo Franco of treason for signing a treaty with the Peruvians, Gabriel García Moreno , allied with former enemy General Juan José Flores , attacked Franco's forces. After several battles, García Moreno's forces were able to force Franco's troops to retreat back to Guayaquil ,

1508-684: The U.S. embassy in Ecuador announced that it had delivered $ 1.2 million of donated military equipment to the Ecuadorian military. The donations were intended to support operations countering drug smuggling and guerilla activity along the Colombian border. Although the U.S. has refused to renew their lease on the Manta military airbase , deliveries included trucks, patrol boats, GPS, night vision, and M4 carbine rifles. Cordillera del C%C3%B3ndor The Cordillera del Cóndor (Condor mountain range )

1560-465: The US practice. The aviation element of the Army was formed in 1954 and originally named Servicio Aéreo del Ejército (SAE) . It was renamed Aviación del Ejército Ecuatoriano (AEE) in 1978. From 1981 onward the flying elements were concentrated into an aviation brigade, effectively transforming the army aviation into an operational brigade within the army structure. Honouring the army aviation's role in

1612-609: The border on the line that had divided the Quito Audiencia and the Viceroyalty of Peru before independence. By 1859 the nation was on the brink of anarchy. This led to a civil war and the first war between Ecuador and Peru, the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860 . Backed by Guillermo Franco (an Ecuadorian General) the Peruvian army led by General Ramón Castilla arrived in Guayaquil and forced Ecuador to sign

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1664-568: The collaboration of the Shuar Federation, yielded a number of plants new to science, not seen in previous trips to other locations in the Cordillera del Condor. In 2000, copper rich ore was found in the Cordillera by David Lowell. Despite protest by local Shuar and Saraguro Kichwa communities, as well as environmental agencies (such as MiningWatch and OCMAL), the Ecuadorian government handed out concessions to multiple international mining companies (among which Aurelian and Ecuacorriente -

1716-541: The disputed territory (Tiwinza). Already back in 1989 the Army was with around 40.000 troops nearly four times the combined strength of the Navy and air force . In 2003, it was structured into four independent Army Divisions operating around 25 Infantry Battalions . These battalions were implemented in Brigades which were not numbered consecutively but carried odd numbers in the series 1 to 27. All Brigades had also

1768-488: The effective and efficient decisive force. The Ecuadorian Army ( Ejército Ecuatoriano ) is the land component of the Armed Forces . Its 25,650 soldiers are deployed in relation to its military doctrine . The contemporary Ecuadorian Army has a large component of jungle and special forces infantry units implemented within its structure. It operates around 236 tanks, 780 IFVs and 68 aircraft; their standard rifle

1820-737: The fifth being the Naval Zone (including the Galápagos Islands ). Overseas territories include also the Pedro Vicente Maldonado Naval Biological Research Station in the Antarctic . Ecuador shares a 1,420 km (882 mi) border with Peru . Although marked by many conflicts, relations have improved since the signing of a renewed Peace Treaty in 1998. However, along the 590 km (367 mi)-long border with its neighbour Colombia , relations have been strained mainly due to

1872-570: The fight against terrorism. In 1976 Ecuador became the first foreign country to order the Kfir , an advanced jet fighter equipped with the General Electric J-79 engine produced in Israel under license. The transaction, which required United States government approval because of the engine technology, was rejected by the administration of President Jimmy Carter in order to discourage the proliferation of sophisticated military equipment in

1924-581: The great Colombians in the land field defeat a division of Peruvian outpost, in the battle of Tarqui. This battle does not define war after the signing of the Giron agreement where it is indicated that it remains in a status quo before bellum. Eventually, Civil War would plunge the country and the army into disorder. In 1941 the Ecuadorian Military found itself weak and disorganized; the by now long-lasting territorial dispute with Peru escalated into

1976-579: The habitat of many unique species, the storage of toxic mine waste in up-river impoundments may contaminate a huge ecosystem downstream. Human rights violations have also been reported at Mirador. The mine is part of an ecologically and culturally sensitive area that includes territory of the Indigenous Shuar people. Locals report contamination of their rivers and several families being forcibly evicted from their homes. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace reports that mining companies employed divide and conquer tactics to crush local resistance to

2028-476: The invaded El Oro province. However, occasional clashes kept occurring and flared into another outbreak of serious fighting in January 1981 called the Paquisha War , for the control of three watch posts set up by Ecuadorian troops inside a disputed border area. The conflict ceased with the Peruvian army controlling the disputed area, evicting the Ecuadorian troops. In 1995, Ecuadorian troops would become part of

2080-586: The location of their common border. After the naval victory and the blockade of Guayaquil by the Peruvian army the land campaign became favorable to the great Colombians, the forces of Gran Colombia, under the leadership of Marechal Sucre and the Venezuelan general Juan José Flores, were victorious in the battle of the Portete de Tarqui but this result did not define the final result of the war. Months later, Gran Colombia dissolved for good. The Treaty of 1829 fixed

2132-703: The longest-running source of armed international conflict in the Western Hemisphere when both sides encountered again in the Cordillera del Cóndor . The focus of all fighting would become a small outpost called Tiwintza by the Ecuadorians (and Tiwinza or Tihuintsa by the Peruvians) until the signing of a ceasefire. In 1998 the Brasilia Act was signed, where Perú was granted

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2184-545: The nations development. The Ecuadorian Armed Forces ' history could be traced as early as 1531, when civil war ravaged through the Inca Empire . In a key battle near Riobamba , where Huascar 's troops were met and defeated by Atahualpa 's troops. This did not save Atahualpa and his army from total defeat, only a year later at the Battle of Cajamarca against the Spanish conquerors . It would take almost 300 years, when Ecuador 's struggle for emancipation from

2236-413: The original group, at a price estimated at US$ 196 million. Ecuador became a relatively heavy importer of arms in the late 1970s and early 1980s, averaging US$ 150 million annually and reaching a peak of US$ 280 million in 1982. These imports declined sharply to an average of US$ 50 million annually between 1985 and 1987, presumably as a result of a dramatic reduction in oil revenues and the precipitous drop in

2288-498: The past, but have gained importance in recent years. Since then, Chinese radars, anti-aircraft systems, and infantry weapons have been purchased. In 2009 two additional Mil Mi-17 helicopters have been ordered from Russia with further deals planned. India has delivered HAL Dhruv helicopters and South Africa is about to deliver 12 Atlas Cheetah supersonic aircraft. Ecuador's political ally, Venezuela , has donated military equipment including six Mirage 50 aircraft. In 2010,

2340-442: The peace, security, and well-being of the nation. Through military strategic guidelines and guidelines, in the innovation, updating, development and implementation of the generation of military technology, through strategic study in the development of military capabilities, verification of the optimal installed military capacity, implementation of military technological development, in order to promote military operational growth to be

2392-494: The provision of teachers for rural schools through an accord with the Ministry of Education. Environmental protection is also a priority, several programmes were implemented: National Forestation and Ornamentation, Lonely Tree, Green Surveillance, Fire Plan, Ecuador Forest, and Arenillas Military Reserve. The Ecuadorian territory is divided into five Joint Task Force Zones or Fuerzas de Tarea Conjunta , four on mainland Ecuador ,

2444-445: The signing of a ceasefire and the eventual separation of forces. The longest-running source of armed international conflict in the Western Hemisphere had ended. The Ecuadorian Armed Forces has provided military observers and troops to the United Nations since 1948. In November 2003, an Ecuadorian United Nations Training Centre was established under the name of: ( La Unidad Escuela de Misiones de Paz " Ecuador " ). In 2009, Ecuador

2496-496: The site of the final battle. Ecuadorian troops would face their greatest challenge and defeat, when in 1941, under controversial circumstances, another Ecuadorian–Peruvian War erupted. A much larger and better-equipped Peruvian force, quickly overwhelmed the Ecuadorian forces, driving them back from Zarumilla and invading the Ecuadorian province of El Oro . The government of Ecuador saw itself forced to accept Peru 's territorial claims. Subsequently, Peruvian troops withdrew from

2548-827: The support of the National Geographic Society , the Missouri Botanical Garden and the National Herbarium of Ecuador , in December 2000 a series of expeditions were launched to make inventories of the flora in the Ecuadorian slopes of the cordillera, visiting places that no biologist had set foot in before, such as the Ijiach Naint hill in the Coangos River Basin. These recent field trips, carried out with

2600-465: The two countries in 1941, 1981 and 1995. After the border conflict of 1995 , the two countries began diplomatic negotiations, resulting in the 1998 peace treaty that established the exact location of the international border. The Cordillera del Condor is an area of great interest to biology , possibly having the richest flora in any area of the same size on the South American continent , and

2652-925: The value of the sucre , which made imported arms extremely expensive. Between 1983 and 1987, Ecuador imported an estimated US$ 460 million of arms, primarily from Italy , France, the United States, and Britain . In 1995, during the Cenepa War against Peru , Argentina gave to Ecuador 6,500 tons of rifles , cannons, anti-tank rockets , and ammunition in a controversial move. Recent times saw changes in Ecuador's foreign policy, as it decided to look for alternative weapon suppliers. These included its long-term allies Chile , which since 2008 has provided Leopard 1 tanks and Leander -class frigates . Israel delivered its unmanned aerial vehicles in 2009, and Brazil supplied additional military vehicles and Super Tucano combat aircraft. Countries like Russia and China have delivered small quantities of military equipment in

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2704-679: Was deploying over 90 peacekeepers around the globe. The armed forces of Ecuador are under the authority of the President of the Republic through the Ministry of Defence , coordinated by the Joint Command of the Armed Forces. The command is in charge of the administration and coordination of the three military branches . The objectives of the command are to integrate the military branches with joint capabilities and interoperability, to address changes and new scenarios, which guarantee

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