79-667: The Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross is a compact crossover SUV produced by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since October 2017. It was previewed by the XR-PHEV and XR-PHEV II concepts, revealed in 2013 and 2015. The production version was first introduced at the 87th Geneva Motor Show in March 2017. It slots between the RVR/ASX/Outlander Sport and Outlander in Mitsubishi's crossover lineup. The diesel variant
158-736: A 1956 TR3 with disc brakes to the public, but the first production cars with Girling front-disc brakes were made in September 1956. Jaguar began to offer disc brakes in February 1957 on the XK150 model, soon to follow with the Mark 1 sports saloon and in 1959 with the Mark IX large saloon. Disc brakes were most popular on sports cars when they were first introduced since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Discs have now become
237-577: A Chrysler non-caliper type. In the 1950s, there was a demonstration of superiority at the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans race, which required braking from high speeds several times per lap. The Jaguar racing team won, using disc brake-equipped cars, with much of the credit being given to the brakes' superior performance over rivals equipped with drum brakes . Mass production began with the 1949–1950 inclusion in all Crosley production, with sustained mass production starting in 1955 Citroën DS . Disc brakes offer better stopping performance than drum brakes because
316-481: A Crosley HotShot with stock four-wheel disc brakes won the Index of Performance in the first race at Sebring (six hours rather than 12) on New Year's Eve in 1950. The Citroën DS was the first sustained mass production use of modern automotive disc brakes, in 1955. The car featured caliper-type front disc brakes among its many innovations. These discs were mounted inboard near the transmission and were powered by
395-434: A D-segment car platform or above. While being significantly more expensive, vehicles from this segment offer similar driving and convenience advantages as mainstream compact crossover SUVs, with larger exterior dimensions, more refined interiors, more advanced technologies, higher engine power and added prestige. Disc brakes A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against
474-595: A Overall GOOD Crashworthiness rating when following the original IIHS Moderate Overlap and Side Impact models. For the 2022-2023 models IIHS introduced updated tests for Moderate Overlap and Side Impact which resulted in these two tests receiving a POOR rating. (Sources: Facts & Figures 2018 , Facts & Figures 2019 , Mitsubishi Motors website) A rally-raid car based on the Eclipse Cross entered 2019 Dakar Rally , driven by Cristina Gutiérrez Herrero . Compact crossover SUV Compact crossover SUV
553-402: A bike gets into a violent tank-slapper (high-speed oscillation of the front wheel) the brake pads in the calipers are forced away from the discs, so when the rider applies the brake lever, the caliper pistons push the pads towards the discs without actually making contact. The rider then brakes harder, forcing the pads onto the disc much more aggressively than standard braking. An example of this
632-416: A disc or a rotor to create friction . There are two basic types of brake pad friction mechanisms: abrasive friction and adherent friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle , either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into heat , which must be dissipated to the environment. Hydraulically actuated disc brakes are
711-431: A fixed caliper. A floating disc also avoids disc warping and reduces heat transfer to the wheel hub. Calipers have evolved from simple single-piston units to two-, four- and even six-piston items. Compared to cars, motorcycles have a higher center of mass : wheelbase ratio, so they experience more weight transfer when braking. Front brakes absorb most of the braking forces, while the rear brake serves mainly to balance
790-767: A fork brace, USD forks may be best stiffened by an oversized front axle). Bike disc brakes may range from simple, mechanical (cable) systems, to expensive and powerful, multi-piston hydraulic disc systems, commonly used on downhill racing bikes . Improved technology has seen the creation of vented discs for use on mountain bikes , similar to those on cars, introduced to help avoid heat fade on fast alpine descents. Discs are also used on road bicycles for all-weather cycling with predictable braking. By 2024, almost all road bikes are equipped with disc brakes, just like Mountain bikes. Drums are sometimes preferred as harder to damage in crowded parking, where discs are sometimes bent. Most bicycle brake discs are made of steel. Stainless steel
869-433: A lasting finish. The outer disc ring is usually manufactured from grey iron . They can also be from steel or carbon ceramic for particular applications. These materials originated from motorsport use and are available in high-performance vehicles and aftermarket upgrades. Two-piece discs can be supplied as a fixed assembly with regular nuts, bolts, and washers or a more complicated floating system where drive bobbins allow
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#1732786964543948-469: A modern disc-brake system even though the disc was thin and a cable activated the brake pad. Other designs were not practical or widely available in cars for another 60 years. Successful application began in airplanes before World War II. The German Tiger tank was fitted with discs in 1942. After the war, technological progress began in 1949, with caliper-type four-wheel disc brakes on the Crosley line and
1027-435: A positive effect in wet conditions because the holes or slots prevent a film of water from building up between the disc and the pads. Two-piece discs are when the center mounting part of the disc is manufactured separately from the outer friction ring. The central section used for fitment is often called the bell or hat because of its shape. It is commonly manufactured from an alloy such as a 7075 alloy and hard anodised for
1106-604: A single stop. For these reasons, a heavy truck with disc brakes can stop in about 120% of the distance of a passenger car, but with drums, stopping takes about 150% of the distance. In Europe, stopping distance regulations essentially require disc brakes for heavy vehicles. In the U.S., drums are allowed and are typically preferred for their lower purchase price, despite higher total lifetime cost and more frequent service intervals. Still-larger discs are used for railroad cars , trams , and some airplanes . Passenger rail cars and light rail vehicles often use disc brakes outboard of
1185-475: A specification for the manufacture of grey iron for various applications. For normal car and light-truck applications, SAE specification J431 G3000 (superseded to G10) dictates the correct range of hardness, chemical composition, tensile strength, and other properties necessary for the intended use. Some racing cars and airplanes use brakes with carbon fiber discs and carbon fiber pads to reduce weight. Wear rates tend to be high, and braking may be poor or grabby until
1264-590: Is an automobile classification used mainly in North America to describe a segment of crossover SUV , a type of sport utility vehicle , between subcompact crossover SUV and mid-size crossover SUV . By the late 2010s, the segment had emerged as the most popular automobile segment in several regions. For example, nearly one in every four cars sold in the United States in 2019 was a compact crossover, at about 24.2 percent. The best-selling vehicle in
1343-407: Is commonly used on the more heavily loaded front discs. Discs for motorcycles, bicycles, and many cars often have holes or slots cut through the disc. This is done for better heat dissipation , to aid surface-water dispersal, to reduce noise, to reduce mass, or purely for non-functional aesthetics. Slotted discs have shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing dust and gas. Slotting
1422-410: Is connected to the wheel and the axle . To slow down the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads , mounted on the brake caliper , is forced mechanically, hydraulically , pneumatically , or electromagnetically against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop. The brake disc is the rotating part of a wheel's disc brake assembly, against which
1501-425: Is currently offered as a petrol, diesel, and PHEV plug-in hybrid depending on the region. The petrol engines are a turbocharged 1.5-liter inline four connected to a CVT transmission with 8 simulated gear ratios and a 2.0-liter inline-four connected to a CVT with 6 simulated gear ratios. A six-speed manual is also available for front-wheel-drive models in some regions. Power output for the 4B40 1.5-liter turbo depend on
1580-482: Is done mainly where the cost of a new disc may be lower than the cost of labor to resurface the old disc. Mechanically this is unnecessary unless the discs have reached the manufacturer's minimum recommended thickness, which would make it unsafe to use them, or vane rusting is severe (ventilated discs only). Most leading vehicle manufacturers recommend brake disc skimming (US: turning) as a solution for lateral run-out, vibration issues, and brake noises. The machining process
1659-439: Is performed in a brake lathe , which removes a very thin layer off the disc surface to clean off minor damage and restore uniform thickness. Machining the disc as necessary will maximize the mileage out of the current discs on the vehicle. Run-out is measured using a dial indicator on a fixed rigid base, with the tip perpendicular to the brake disc's face. It is typically measured about 1 ⁄ 2 in (12.7 mm) from
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#17327869645431738-414: Is preferred due to its anti-rust properties. Discs are thin, often about 2 mm. Some use a two-piece floating disc style, others use a one-piece solid metal disc. Bicycle disc brakes use either a two-piston caliper that clamps the disc from both sides or a single-piston caliper with one moving pad that contacts the disc first, and then pushes the disc against the non-moving pad. Because energy efficiency
1817-415: Is preferred in most racing environments to remove gas and water and deglaze brake pads. Some discs are both drilled and slotted. Slotted discs are generally not used on standard vehicles because they quickly wear down brake pads; however, removing of material is beneficial to race vehicles since it keeps the pads soft and avoids vitrification of their surfaces. On the road, drilled or slotted discs still have
1896-401: Is so important in bicycles, an uncommon feature of bicycle brakes is that the pads retract to eliminate residual drag when the brake is released. In contrast, most other brakes drag the pads lightly when released to minimize initial operational travel. Disc brakes are increasingly used on very large and heavy road vehicles, where previously large drum brakes were nearly universal. One reason
1975-430: Is that the disc's lack of self-assist makes brake force much more predictable, so peak brake force can be raised without more risk of braking-induced steering or jackknifing on articulated vehicles. Another is disc brakes fade less when hot, and in a heavy vehicle air and rolling drag and engine braking are small parts of total braking force, so brakes are used harder than on lighter vehicles, and drum brake fade can occur in
2054-619: The 27th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on July 18, 2019. It is only available in Ultimate trim level, in three exterior colour options: Red Diamond, Silky White and Amethyst Black. The Eclipse Cross was discontinued in Indonesia in March 2022. For the 2020 model year in the United States, the Eclipse Cross received several changes. The base ES model received redesigned sixteen-inch alloy wheels and all trim levels were now available in front-wheel drive configuration, whereas only
2133-592: The Arado Ar 96 . The German Tiger I heavy tank, was introduced in 1942 with a 55 cm Argus-Werke disc on each drive shaft. The American Crosley Hot Shot had four-wheel disc brakes in 1949 and 1950. However, these quickly proved troublesome and were removed. Crosley returned to drum brakes, and drum brake conversions for Hot Shots were popular. Lack of sufficient research caused reliability problems, such as sticking and corrosion, especially in regions using salt on winter roads. Crosley four-wheel disc brakes made
2212-579: The Daimler Company used disc brakes on its Daimler Armoured Car of 1939. The disc brakes, made by the Girling company, were necessary because in that four-wheel drive (4×4) vehicle the epicyclic final drive was in the wheel hubs and therefore left no room for conventional hub-mounted drum brakes . At Germany's Argus Motoren , Hermann Klaue (1912-2001) had patented disc brakes in 1940. Argus supplied wheels fitted with disc brakes e.g. for
2291-549: The Lincoln Continental . A four-wheel disc brake system was also introduced in 1965 on the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray. Most U.S. cars switched from front drum brakes to front disk brakes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Lambretta introduced the first high-volume production use of a single, floating, front disc brake, enclosed in a ventilated cast alloy hub and actuated by cable, on
2370-541: The Studebaker Avanti was factory-equipped with front disc brakes as standard equipment. This Bendix system licensed from Dunlop was also optional on some of the other Studebaker models. Front disc brakes became standard equipment on the 1965 Rambler Marlin . The Bendix units were optional on all American Motors ' Rambler Classic and Ambassador models as well as on the Ford Thunderbird , and
2449-456: The driveshaft , near the differential , while most brakes today are located inside the wheels. An inboard location reduces the unsprung weight and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires. Historically, brake discs were manufactured worldwide with a concentration in Europe and America. Between 1989 and 2005, the manufacturing of brake discs migrated predominantly to China. In 1963,
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2528-415: The 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars . However, the limited choice of metals in this period meant he used copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly, making
2607-551: The 1962 TV175. This was followed by the GT200 in 1964. MV Agusta was the second manufacturer to offer a front disc brake motorcycle to the public on a small scale in 1965, on their expensive 600 touring motorcycle featuring cable-operated mechanical actuation. In 1969, Honda introduced the more affordable CB750 , which had a single hydraulically actuated front disc brake (and a rear drum brake), and which sold in huge numbers. Unlike cars, disc brakes that are located within
2686-537: The 1994 Toyota RAV4 , 1995 Honda CR-V , 1997 Subaru Forester , 2000 Nissan X-Trail , 2000 Mazda Tribute , and the 2001 Ford Escape . Between 2005 and 2010, the market share of compact crossovers in the US increased from 6 percent to 11.2 percent. In 2014, for the first time ever, sales of compact crossovers outpaced mid-size sedans in the United States. In the European market, several analysts and agencies divided
2765-539: The French Venturi sports car manufacturer in the mid-1990s for example, but need to reach a very high operating temperature before becoming truly effective and so are not well suited to road use. The extreme heat generated in these systems is visible during night racing, especially on shorter tracks. It is not uncommon to see the brake discs glowing red during use. Ceramic discs are used in some high-performance cars and heavy vehicles. The first development of
2844-563: The PHEV version of the Eclipse Cross. The 4N14 2.2-liter inline-four diesel engine comes standard with a traditional eight-speed automatic transmission. In the Eclipse Cross it produces 175 hp and 280 ft-lb (380 Nm) of torque. The facelifted Eclipse Cross was revealed in October 2020. It went on sale in February 2021 for the 2022 model year in North America. The LE trim was added, positioned between ES and SE trims. Mitsubishi sponsored
2923-608: The SUV is assembled in Japan, China, and Brazil. The Eclipse Cross was available in Japan, Australia, and North America from the beginning of 2018. It was released in Japan on March 1, 2018. It was also released in Mexico in the beginning of February 2019. In Mexico, it is offered in GLX, GLS and Limited trim levels. In Indonesia, the Eclipse Cross was revealed on July 9, 2019, and was launched at
3002-543: The base trim ES was available with front-wheel drive for the previous model year. SE and SEL models also received various standard safety features like forward collision mitigation. Every Eclipse Cross in the Canadian market is sold standard with Mitsubishi's S-AWC 4WD system. Canadian trim levels are the ES, SE, SEL, and top-trim GT, and all have an available 907 kg (2,000 lb) towing capacity. The Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross
3081-480: The brake gets hot when stopping. This is acceptable as there is sufficient time for cooling, where the maximum braking energy is very predictable. Should the braking energy exceed the maximum, for example during an emergency occurring during take-off, aircraft wheels can be fitted with a fusible plug to prevent the tire bursting. This is a milestone test in aircraft development. For automotive use, disc brake discs are commonly made of grey iron . The SAE maintains
3160-634: The brake is hot. In racing and high-performance road cars, other disc materials have been employed. Reinforced carbon discs and pads inspired by aircraft braking systems such as those used on Concorde were introduced in Formula One by Brabham in conjunction with Dunlop in 1976. Carbon–carbon braking is now used in most top-level motorsport worldwide, reducing unsprung weight , giving better frictional performance and improved structural properties at high temperatures, compared to cast iron. Carbon brakes have occasionally been applied to road cars, by
3239-417: The brake pads are applied. The material is typically gray iron , a form of cast iron . The design of the discs varies. Some are solid, but others are hollowed out with fins or vanes joining the disc's two contact surfaces (usually included in the casting process). The weight and power of the vehicle determine the need for ventilated discs. The "ventilated" disc design helps to dissipate the generated heat and
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3318-402: The caliper behind the slider (to reduce the angular momentum of the fork assembly). Rear disc calipers may be mounted above (e.g. BMW R1100S ) or below (e.g. Yamaha TRX850 ) the swinging arm: a low mount provides for a marginally lower center of gravity, while an upper siting keeps the caliper cleaner and better-protected from road obstacles. One problem with motorcycle disc brakes is that when
3397-507: The cars, and Crosley-based specials, popular in SCCA H-Production and H-modified racing in the 1950s. The Crosley disc was a Goodyear -Hawley design, a modern caliper "spot" type with a modern disc, derived from a design from aircraft applications. Chrysler developed a unique braking system, offered from 1949 until 1953. Instead of the disc with caliper squeezing on it, this system used twin expanding discs that rubbed against
3476-508: The compact crossover category have two-row seating, while some offer three-row seating. Vehicles in this segment typically have an exterior length ranging between 4,400 mm (173.2 in) and 4,700 mm (185.0 in). Due to its popularity and to cater to customer needs, many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover, usually offering them in slightly different sizes at different price points. American magazine Car and Driver stated "so many of these vehicles are crowding
3555-402: The cost is not prohibitive. They are also found in industrial applications where the ceramic disc's lightweight and low-maintenance properties justify the cost. Composite brakes can withstand temperatures that would damage steel discs. Porsche 's Composite Ceramic Brakes (PCCB) are siliconized carbon fiber, with high-temperature capability, a 50% weight reduction over iron discs (hence reducing
3634-415: The disc is more readily cooled. Consequently, discs are less prone to the brake fade caused when brake components overheat. Disc brakes also recover more quickly from immersion (wet brakes are less effective than dry ones). Most drum brake designs have at least one leading shoe, which gives a servo-effect . By contrast, a disc brake has no self-servo effect, and its braking force is always proportional to
3713-487: The first European cars sold to the public to have disc brakes, fitted to all four wheels. The Jaguar C-Type racing car won the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans , the only vehicle in the race to use disc brakes, developed in the UK by Dunlop , and the first car at Le Mans ever to average over 100 mph. "Rivals' large drum brakes could match discs' ultimate stopping, but not their formidable staying power." Before this, in 1950,
3792-599: The friction surface, the balls would be forced up the holes forcing the discs further apart and augmenting the braking energy. This made for lighter braking pressure than with calipers, avoided brake fade, promoted cooler running, and provided one-third more friction surface than standard Chrysler twelve-inch drums. Today's owners consider the Ausco-Lambert very reliable and powerful, but admit its grabbiness and sensitivity. In 1953, 50 aluminum-bodied Austin-Healey 100S (Sebring) models, built primarily for racing, were
3871-605: The inner surface of a cast-iron brake drum, which doubled as the brake housing. The discs spread apart to create friction against the inner drum surface through the action of standard wheel cylinders . Because of the expense, the brakes were only standard on the Chrysler Crown and the Town and Country Newport in 1950. They were optional, however, on other Chryslers, priced around $ 400, at a time when an entire Crosley Hot Shot retailed for $ 935. This four-wheel disc brake system
3950-420: The lower 148 hp (110 kW) spec engines. The recommended fuel is regular octane, though the manual states premium fuel may be used for increased performance and mileage depending on conditions. The 4B11 2.0-liter inline-four and 4B12 2.4-liter inline-four have been in production since 2007, with the 2.0-liter being used as the base engine in some regions, while the 2.4-liter is used as the gasoline counterpart in
4029-633: The machine on which Tom Sheard rode to victory in the 1923 Senior TT . Successful application began on railroad streamliner passenger trains, airplanes, and tanks before and during World War II. In the US, the Budd Company introduced disc brakes on the General Pershing Zephyr for the Burlington Railroad in 1938. By the early 1950s, disc brakes were regularly applied to new passenger rolling stock. In Britain,
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#17327869645434108-456: The market. In several regions outside North America, the category may be known as "mid-size/medium crossover" or "mid-size/medium SUV", which differs with the more common mid-size crossover SUV definition used in US, which is a class above. Compact crossovers are usually based on the platform of a compact car ( C-segment ), while some models may be based on a mid-size car ( D-segment ) or an enlarged B-segment platform. The majority of models in
4187-469: The marketplace, simply sorting through them can be a daunting task". The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact-sized Concord line. Its four-wheel drive system was an almost unheard-of feature on regular passenger cars at the time and it came with full-time all-wheel drive, automatic transmission, power steering, power front disk brakes standard as well as numerous convenience and comfort options. Later models included
4266-515: The modern ceramic brake was made by British engineers for TGV applications in 1988. The objective was to reduce weight, and the number of brakes per axle, as well as provide stable friction from high speeds and all temperatures. The result was a carbon-fiber-reinforced ceramic process which is now used in various forms for automotive, railway, and aircraft brake applications. Due to the high heat tolerance and mechanical strength of ceramic composite discs, they are often used on exotic vehicles where
4345-399: The more common form in most passenger vehicles. However, many (lightweight vehicles) use drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a parking brake . This can be a reasonable compromise because the front brakes perform most of the braking effort. Many early implementations for automobiles located the brakes on the inboard side of
4424-587: The most commonly used mechanical device for slowing motor vehicles. The principles of a disc brake apply to almost any rotating shaft. The components include the disc, master cylinder , and caliper, which contain at least one cylinder and two brake pads on both sides of the rotating disc. The development of disc-type brakes began in England in the 1890s. In 1902, the Lanchester Motor Company designed brakes that looked and operated similarly to
4503-497: The motorcycle during braking. Modern sport bikes typically have twin large front discs, with a much smaller single rear disc. Bikes that are particularly fast or heavy may have vented discs. Early disc brakes (such as on the early Honda Fours and the Norton Commando ) sited the calipers on top of the disc, ahead of the fork slider. Although this gave the brake pads better cooling, it is now almost universal practice to site
4582-417: The outside diameter of the disc. The disc is spun. The difference between the minimum and maximum value on the dial is called lateral run-out. Typical hub/disc assembly run-out specifications for passenger vehicles are around 0.002 in (0.0508 mm ). Runout can be caused either by deformation of the disc itself or by runout in the underlying wheel hub face or by contamination between the disc surface and
4661-436: The piston seal has a square cross-section, also known as a square-cut seal. As the piston moves in and out, the seal drags and stretches on the piston, causing the seal to twist. The seal distorts approximately 1/10 of a millimeter. The piston is allowed to move out freely, but the slight amount of drag caused by the seal stops the piston from fully retracting to its previous position when the brakes are released, and so takes up
4740-470: The pressure placed on the brake pad by the braking system via any brake servo, brake pedal, or lever. This tends to give the driver a better "feel" and helps to avoid impending lockup. Drums are also prone to "bell mouthing" and trap worn lining material within the assembly, causing various braking problems. The disc is usually made of cast iron . In some cases, it may be made of composites such as reinforced carbon–carbon or ceramic matrix composites . This
4819-429: The region of sale. Lowest output available is 148 hp, followed by 152 hp and 161 hp. Torque remains at 184 ft-lbs (250 Nm) and is produced from 1800 RPM to 3500 RPM. It is Mitsubishi's newest in-house engine design and is equipped with dual-port injection and Mitsubishi's MIVEC intake system. North American models are equipped with the mid-spec engine as standard while Australian models are powered by
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#17327869645434898-425: The respective brands. It is known by many terms such as compact luxury crossover SUV, luxury compact SUV, premium small SUV, premium compact crossover, luxury small SUV, among others. Compact luxury crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid-size car ( D-segment ), while some models may be based on a full-size car ( E-segment ) or a C-segment platform. Vehicles in this segment are commonly built on
4977-537: The segment in 2020 was the Toyota RAV4 , with 995,762 units sold globally. It was also the second best-selling automobile in the world after the Toyota Corolla in 2021. The term "compact crossover SUV" is most commonly used in the North America, where the " compact car " and "crossover" terms originated from. It is also known as C-segment SUV or C-SUV. The naming of the segment also differ depending on
5056-443: The segment into two, the smaller ones ("compact" or "C-SUV"), and the larger vehicles ("mid-size" or "D-SUV"), with the latter usually longer than 4,500 mm (177.2 in) with some models offering three-row seating. In 2021, the combined segments in Europe recorded 3,055,770 sales according to data from JATO Dynamics, representing 26 percent of the market. The Nissan Qashqai played a significant role of growing and popularising
5135-727: The segment since its introduction until 2019, when the Volkswagen Tiguan took its place. In 2016, two out of three vehicles sold in the segment were produced by Renault–Nissan , Volkswagen Group and Hyundai Motor Group . The segment is commonly known as "medium SUV" in the region. In 2021, it is the second-largest automobile segment in the market after pickup trucks at 180,000 units from 19 different models, which contributed 17.2 percent of total automobile sales in Australia. Numerous luxury car brands marketed compact crossover SUVs, usually as an entry-level SUV offering of
5214-515: The segment. Introduced in 2006, at the time it was Nissan's only vehicle in the C-segment space in Europe since the company discontinued the Almera hatchback and saloon. The vehicle was credited to start the trend for compact crossovers in Europe, with their advantage being high-riding and rugged-looking family cars, while not having the high running costs usually associated with off-roaders. It led
5293-419: The slack caused by the wear of the brake pads, eliminating the need for return springs. In some rear disc calipers, the parking brake activates a mechanism inside the caliper that performs some of the same functions. Discs are usually damaged in one of four ways: scarring, cracking, warping, or excessive rusting. Service shops will sometimes respond to any disc problem by changing out the discs entirely, This
5372-749: The special on ABC about the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 , including photographing the Eclipse Cross along with the eclipse. On that same day, the Eclipse Cross was also shown for the first time on television on Good Morning America . It has ventilated front disc brakes and solid ones in the rear. The Japan-made Eclipse Cross in its most basic Latin American market configuration with 3 airbags received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2019. The Eclipse Cross in its standard European market configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2017. 2018-2023 models all receive
5451-531: The system impractical. In 1921, the Douglas motorcycle company introduced a form of disc brake on the front wheel of their overhead-valve sports models. Patented by the British Motorcycle & Cycle-Car Research Association, Douglas described the device as a "novel wedge brake" working on a "beveled hub flange". A Bowden cable operated the brake. Front and rear brakes of this type were fitted to
5530-399: The thickness variation. Machining on-car with the proper equipment can also eliminate lateral run-out due to hub-face non-perpendicularity. Incorrect fitting can distort (warp) discs. The disc's retaining bolts (or the wheel/lug nuts, if the disc is sandwiched in place by the wheel) must be tightened progressively and evenly. The use of air tools to fasten lug nuts can be bad practice unless
5609-556: The two parts of the brake disc to expand and contract at different rates, therefore, reducing the chance a disc will warp from overheating. Key advantages of a two-piece disc are a saving in critical un-sprung weight and the dissipation of heat from the disc surface through the alloy bell (hat). Both fixed and floating options have their drawbacks and advantages. Floating discs are prone to rattle and collection of debris and are best suited to motorsport, whereas fixed are best for road use. The development of disc brakes began in England in
5688-479: The underlying hub mounting surface. Determining the root cause of the indicator displacement (lateral runout) requires the disassembly of the disc from the hub. Disc face runout due to hub face runout or contamination will typically have a period of 1 minimum and 1 maximum per revolution of the brake disc. Discs can be machined to eliminate thickness variation and lateral run-out. Machining can be done in situ (on-car) or off-car (bench lathe). Both methods will eliminate
5767-451: The vehicle's central hydraulic system. This model went on to sell 1.5 million units over 20 years with the same brake setup. Despite early experiments in 1902, from British Lanchester Motor Company , and in 1949 from Americans Chrysler and Crosley , the costly, trouble-prone technology was not ready for mass production. Attempts were soon withdrawn. The Jensen 541 , with four-wheel disc brakes, followed in 1956. Triumph exhibited
5846-488: The vehicle's unsprung weight), a significant reduction in dust generation, substantially extended maintenance intervals, and enhanced durability in corrosive environments. Found on some of their more expensive models, it is also an optional brake for all street Porsches at added expense. They can be recognized by the bright yellow paintwork on the aluminum six-piston calipers. The discs are internally vented much like cast-iron ones, and cross-drilled. In automotive applications,
5925-474: The wheel, bike disc brakes are in the airstream and have optimum cooling. Although cast iron discs have a porous surface that provides superior braking performance, such discs rust in the rain and become unsightly. Accordingly, motorcycle discs are usually stainless steel, drilled, slotted, or wavy to disperse rainwater. Modern motorcycle discs tend to have a floating design whereby the disc "floats" on bobbins and can move slightly, allowing better disc centering with
6004-465: The wheels, which helps ensure a free flow of cooling air. Some modern passenger rail cars, such as the Amfleet II cars , use inboard disc brakes. This reduces wear from debris and provides protection from rain and snow, which would make the discs slippery and unreliable. However, there is still plenty of cooling for reliable operation. Some airplanes have the brake mounted with very little cooling, and
6083-417: Was built by Auto Specialties Manufacturing Company (Ausco) of St. Joseph, Michigan , under patents of inventor H.L. Lambert, and was first tested on a 1939 Plymouth . Chrysler discs were "self-energizing," in that some of the braking energy itself contributed to the braking effort. This was accomplished by small balls set into oval holes leading to the braking surface. When the disc made initial contact with
6162-670: Was launched in June 2019, followed by the PHEV variant in December 2020. The diesel is not available in North America. The name of this vehicle originates from the unrelated compact sports car, the Eclipse . Unlike the original Eclipse, however, the Eclipse Cross is not assembled in the United States as Mitsubishi closed its Diamond-Star Motors plant in Normal, Illinois in February 2016. Instead,
6241-473: Was the Michele Pirro incident at Mugello, Italy 1 June 2018. At least one manufacturer has developed a system to counter the pads being forced away. A modern development, particularly on inverted ("upside down", or "USD") forks is the radially mounted caliper. Although these are fashionable, there is no evidence that they improve braking performance or add to the fork's stiffness. (Lacking the option of
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