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71-1052: In December 2017, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced the hosting of an international defense exhibition for 2018 under the patronage of Abdel Fattah El Sisi, the President of Egypt and Supreme Commander of the Egyptian Armed Forces. This event was named Egypt Defence Expo (EDEX). EDEX takes place at the Egypt International Exhibition Center, established in New Cairo in October 2017. The inaugural Egypt Defence Expo took place from 3 to 5 December 2018. It featured participation from over 350 international defense and security manufacturers representing more than 40 countries. The exhibition attracted over 30,000 visitors during

142-711: A "stunning defeat" on an Israeli force which had tried to hastily seize Suez City in the Battle of Suez . Peace was only imposed after the United States and Soviet Union stepped in. When Sadat and the Israelis made peace in the Camp David Accords of September 1978, part of the quid pro quo for the Egyptians accepting peace was that the U.S. would provide substantial military assistance to Egypt. Today

213-723: A French twin-engine fighter aircraft as of 2019. The Egyptian Air Defense Forces or ADF (Quwwat El Diffaa El Gawwi in Arabic) is Egypt's military service responsible for air defense. Egypt patterned its force after the Soviet Air Defence Force , which integrated all its air defence capabilities – antiaircraft guns, rocket and missile units, interceptor planes, and radar and warning installations. It appears to comprise five subordinate divisions, 110 surface-to-air missile battalions, and 12 anti-aircraft artillery brigades. Personnel quality may be 'several notches below' that of

284-464: A four-year campaign to extricate Egyptian forces from Yemen, using an unsuccessful face-saving mechanism, only to find himself committing more troops. A little less than 5,000 troops were sent in October 1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. Late 1965 represented

355-661: A presidential decree reconstituting the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) to be headed by the defense minister, instead of the president, who is constitutionally the Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces. The council's vice president is the chief of staff. The council's new members included 23 top military generals from the army, navy, air force, air defence as well as the head of military intelligence. The Constitution of Egypt includes

426-605: A retreat by the Egyptian Army to the Suez Canal. This developed into a rout as the Israelis harried the retreating troops from the ground and from the air. In July 1972, President Anwar Sadat expelled Soviet Armed Forces advisors from Egypt. The Soviet advisors had significant access and influence previously. When the Yom Kippur War began in October 1973, the Egyptians were initially successful in crossing

497-577: A retreat from the Sinai which allowed the Israelis to wreak havoc and drive on the Canal; on 5 November, British and French parachute landings began in the Canal Zone but by 7 November, U.S. pressure had forced an end to the fighting. Within three months of sending troops to Yemen in 1962, Nasser realized that the engagement would require a larger commitment than anticipated. By early 1963, he would begin

568-590: A significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1A1 Abrams tank . Egypt is one of the few countries in the Middle East , and the only Arab state, with a reconnaissance satellite and has launched another one, EgyptSat 1 in 2007. The Arab Organization for Industrialization supervises nine military factories which produce civilian goods as well as military products. Initially,

639-475: A spokesman for the Council to salute the martyrs, an action which received wide praise from the people. The Council also thanked President Hosni Mubarak "for his work in the process of national war and in peace and on the national position in preference to the higher interest of the homeland" in the same statement. In the following day, 12 February, the Council released its fourth statement, which pledged to oversee

710-461: A transitional article which gives the president the right to appoint the defence minister but also gives the SCAF the right to approve of its leader for eight years. Thus, this gives the SCAF a constitutional status, as it had operated as a statutory body since its inception. The defence minister decides which of his aides could also become council members. The president has the right to include members in

781-577: A university degree serve one year as enlisted personnel or three years as a reserve officer. Officers for the army are trained at the Egyptian Military Academy . The IISS estimated in 2020 that the Army numbered 90–120,000, with 190–220,000 conscripts, a total of 310,000. The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. Currently, the backbone of the EAF is

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852-578: Is an undergraduate military school for each branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces, and they include: Supreme Council of the Armed Forces [REDACTED] Member State of the African Union [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces ( SCAF ; Arabic : المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة , al-Maǧlis al-ʾAʿlā lil-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥa , also Higher Council of

923-548: Is available suggests to authors such as Pollack that Amer was trying to improve the competence of the force, replacing political appointees with veterans of the Yemen war. After the war began on 5 June 1967, Israel attacked Egypt, destroyed its air force on the ground, and occupied the Sinai Peninsula . The forward deployed Egyptian forces were shattered in three places by the attacking Israelis. Field Marshal Amer, overwhelmed by events, and ignoring previous plans, ordered

994-461: Is currently held by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi . The Chief of Staff is Lieutenant General Ahmed Fathy Khalifa (since July 2024). The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces consists of 23 members, headed by the Commander-in-Chief and Minister of Defense, and represented by the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, with membership of: Commanders of the main branches of air, navy, and air defense, commanders of

1065-499: Is not made publicly available, including budget information, the names of the general officers and the military's size (which is considered a state secret). According to journalist Joshua Hammer, "as much as 40% of the Egyptian economy" is controlled by the Egyptian armed forces, and other authoritative works such as Springborg reinforce this trend. On 31 January 2011, during the 2011 Egyptian revolution , Israeli media reported that

1136-658: Is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling. The IISS Military Balance 2017 listed the Coast Guard with 2,000 personnel, 14 fast patrol boats (PBF) and 65 patrol boats (including 15 Swiftships, 21 Timsah , three Type-89 and nine Peterson -class. The Armed Forces Medical Service Department provides many military health services. The Armed Forces College of Medicine in Heliopolis , Cairo, provides medical training. As of February 2020,

1207-571: Is scheduled to be held from 4 to 7 December 2023 at the Egypt International Exhibition Centre (EIEC) in New Cairo. This Egypt -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Egyptian Armed Forces This is an accepted version of this page The Egyptian Armed Forces ( Arabic : القوات المسلحة المصرية , romanized :  Al-Qūwāt Al-Musallahah Al-Maṣrīya ) are

1278-720: The Army , while spectrum sale for mobile telephony are issued by the Egyptian Air Defence Forces . For building hotels and resorts along beaches and coastal areas, investors need permission from the Navy . The idea of such a body of military officers guiding matters of State security probably came to nationalist officers through the Prussian and German Supreme War Council during the First World War . However

1349-700: The COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt , and at least 550 officers and soldiers had been infected with the virus. In March 2021, Human Rights Watch accused the EAF of violating international human rights law and committing war crimes by demolishing more than 12,300 residential and commercial buildings and 6,000 hectares of farmland since 2013 in North Sinai. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief is the President of Egypt , currently Abdel Fattah el-Sisi . All branches, forces, armies, regions, bodies, organs and departments of

1420-549: The Constitution of Egypt , and an announcement of free, open presidential and parliamentary elections before the year's end and within six months. However, they have not yet lifted the emergency law and has failed to live up to is promises of civilian transfer of power and implementing the demands of the revolution. The Council has also declared that Egypt "is committed to all regional and international obligations and treaties". This has been widely interpreted as relating to

1491-548: The Egypt–Israel peace treaty , and has been welcomed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu . On 7 August 2011, Field Marshal Tantawi swore in 15 new governors, 11 of whom were new to the post. Some critics complained that the new governors were appointed rather than elected, that many of them were military figures and/or members of the old regime and none of them were young, women, or Copts . Since taking power,

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1562-584: The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon . The Mirage 2000 is the other modern interceptor used by the EAF. The Egyptian Air Force has 216 F-16s (plus 20 on order). It has about 579 combat aircraft and 149 armed helicopters as it continues to fly extensively upgraded MiG-21s , F-7 Skybolts , F-4 Phantoms , Dassault Mirage Vs , and the C-130 Hercules among other planes. Egypt currently operates 24 Dassault Rafale,

1633-723: The Greek War of Independence where in 1827 it had over 100 warships and hundreds of transport ships. After the Second World War , some fleet units were stationed in the Red Sea , but the bulk of the force remained in the Mediterranean. Navy headquarters and the main operational and training base are located at Ras el Tin near Alexandria. The Navy also controls the Egyptian Coast Guard . The Coast Guard

1704-554: The October War of 1973 . The modern Egyptian armed forces have been involved in numerous military crises and wars since independence, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , Suez Crisis , North Yemen Civil War , Six-Day War , Nigerian Civil War , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Egyptian bread riots , 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot , Egyptian-Libyan War , Gulf War , War on Terror , Egyptian Crisis , Second Libyan Civil War , War on ISIL and

1775-550: The Revolutionary Command Council , which ruled Egypt as a junta until 1954, when a new Constitution was introduced, and a cabinet-style government was formed. The Revolutionary Council was dissolved by the dictator-turned President Gamal Abdel Nasser , who formed the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces in December 1954, as a statutory government body, comprising 25 senior-most military officers from

1846-481: The Sinai insurgency . In the early 1950s, politics rather than military competence was the main criterion for promotion. The Egyptian commander, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer , was a purely political appointee who owed his position to his close friendship with President Gamal Abdel Nasser . He would prove himself grossly incompetent as a general during the Suez Crisis . Rigid lines between officers and men in

1917-731: The Suez Canal and establishing a bridgehead on the eastern bank. In the costly and brutal Battle of the Chinese Farm , the Israeli Defence Force shouldered aside portions of the Second Army on the eastern bank, then crossed the canal and rapidly advanced, destroying surface-to-air missile sites and then cutting off the Third Army . The Egyptians did stop the Israelis seizing Ismailia , however, and inflicted

1988-540: The border guard forces , commanders of the armies ( Second and Third ), and commanders of the military regions ( Central , Northern , Western and Southern ) and the heads of the Operations , Armament , Logistics and Supply , Engineering , Training , Financial Affairs , Military Justice , Management and Administration , the directors of the Officers Affairs and Military Intelligence departments,

2059-489: The 9th, 2nd, and 7th Divisions of the Army had been ordered into Cairo to help restore order. On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces launched a coup d'état against the elected government of Mohamed Morsi following mass protests demanding his resignation. On 8 July 2013, clashes between the Republican Guard and pro-Morsi supporters left 61 protestors killed. On 14 August 2013, the Egyptian Army along with

2130-827: The AFCM commandant was Maj. Gen. Dr. Amr Hegab. Egypt also maintains 397,000 paramilitary troops. The Central Security Forces comes under the control of the Ministry of Interior . As of 2017, the Egyptian Border Guard Corps falls under the control of the Ministry of Interior as well. Circa 2020, according to the IISS Military Balance 2020, they comprised an estimated 12,000, in 18 border regiments, with light weapons only (IISS 2020, p. 375). However, that listing of numbers has remained

2201-613: The Air Force personnel. The IISS estimated in 2020 that personnel numbered 80,000 active and 70,000 reserve. Its commander is Lieutenant General Aly Fahmy Mohammed Aly Fahmi . The Egyptian Navy existed thousands of years ago, specifically during the Early Dynastic period in 2800 BC. During the early modern era, in 1805, Muhammad Ali of Egypt became the Wali of the country forming his own autonomous rule over Egypt. To build

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2272-421: The Armed Forces ) is a statutory body of between 20 and 25 senior officers of the Egyptian Armed Forces , and is headed by Field Marshal Abdel Fattah еl-Sisi and Lieutenant General Abdel Mageed Saqr . The council is convened only in cases of war or great internal emergencies. It’s the body that de facto rules Egypt since 1952, except the 2011-2013 era. As a consequence of the 2011 Egyptian revolution ,

2343-846: The Armed Forces are under the command of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, who is at the same time the Ministry of Defence and Military Production . The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) is composed of 23 members, chaired by the Commander-in-Chief and Minister of Defence , and is represented by the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces. Commanders of military areas ( central , northern , western , southern ), heads of bodies ( operations , armament , logistics , engineering , training , finance , military justice , Armed Forces Management and Administration ), directors of many departments (officers and Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance ), and assistant secretary of defence for constitutional and legal affairs. The Secretary of

2414-418: The Armed Forces in its third statement issued on the evening of Friday, 11 February 2011, shortly after the announcement of Mubarak's resignation, stated that the Council is not a substitute for the legitimacy that satisfies the people. The Council addressed "with all the greetings and cherished for the lives of the martyrs who sacrificed their lives to sacrifice for freedom and security of their country, "and led

2485-494: The Armed Forces in the twenty-first century. Egypt is a participant in NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Armed Forces enjoy considerable power and independence within the Egyptian state. They are also influential in business, engaging in road and housing construction, consumer goods, resort management, and own vast tracts of real estate. A significant amount of military information

2556-569: The Armed Forces, confirmed the composition of the revised command of the Armed Forces with the blessing of newly elected President Mohamed Morsi. The commanders of Egypt's field armies: The commanders of the main military zones: The remaining members of the council consisted of: Two of Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi's former assistants remained in their positions and continued to sit on the SCAF: In 2014, Interim president Adly Mansour issued

2627-430: The Army, Navy, Air Force and Air Defence Forces, with himself as the chairman of the body. The statute ruled that the council could not convene without the presence and approval of the president as the permanent chairman. The initiative for a meeting could only be started either by the president or the defence minister. Nasser intended to form this body mainly as a concession to the Army which had controlled Egypt through

2698-674: The Assistant Minister of Defense for Constitutional and Legal Affairs, and the Secretary of the Council is the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Defense. Senior members of the military can convene the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , such as during the course of the 2011 Egyptian revolution , when President Mubarak resigned and transferred power to this body on February 11, 2011. The armament of

2769-701: The Board is the Secretary General of the Ministry of Defence. A separate command for the Egyptian Land Forces was created on March 25, 1964. It was officially abolished after the Six-Day War of 1967 , and the command of land forces was returned directly to the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces . The ground formations are divided into the forces east of the canal , under whose command

2840-549: The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, who simultaneously holds the Ministry of Defence. This position is currently held by General Abdel Mageed Saqr (since July 2024), Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production . The only person above him in the leadership ladder is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, who is the President of the Republic , and this position

2911-495: The Egyptian Army led to a mutual "mistrust and contempt" between officers and the men who served under them. Tsouras writes that the Israelis "seized and held the ..initiative throughout the campaign and quickly destroyed the Egyptian defences." In a few instances, such as at the Mitla Pass and Abu Agelia , Egyptian defences were well-organised and stubbornly held, but this did not make enough difference overall. Nasser ordered

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2982-571: The Egyptian armed forces varies between eastern and western sources through weapons deliveries by several countries, led by the United States , Russia , France , China , Italy , Ukraine and Britain . Much of the equipment is manufactured locally at Egyptian factories. The Egyptian armed forces celebrate their anniversary on October 6 each year to commemorate the Crossing of the Suez during

3053-963: The June 1967 War, the army divided its personnel into four regional commands (Suez, Sinai, Nile Delta, and Nile Valley up to the Sudan ). The remainder of Egypt's territory, over 75%, was the sole responsibility of the Frontier Corps. In May 1967, President Nasser closed the Straits of Tiran to passage of Israeli ships. Israel considered the closure of the straits grounds for war and prepared their armed forces to attack. On June 3, three battalions of Egyptian commandos were flown to Amman to take part in operations from Jordan . But U.S. historian Trevor N. Dupuy , writing in 1978, argues from King Hussein of Jordan 's memoirs, My "War" with Israel , that Nasser did not intend to start an immediate war, but instead

3124-419: The Revolutionary Command Council since 1952. The SCAF was mandated to decide policy on all matters it deemed falling under the purview of "National Security". Thus, in Egypt the SCAF or more correctly the Air Force still handles the issuance of aviation licenses to private individuals and companies who want to operate any airborne vehicle in the country. Similarly, all private Radio station licenses are issued by

3195-429: The SCAF assumed power to govern Egypt from departing President Hosni Mubarak on 11 February 2011, and relinquished power on 30 June 2012 on the inauguration of Mohamed Morsi as president. The SCAF has its origins in the Free Officers Movement , a clandestine body of anti-British Egyptian military officers in the late 1940s that seized power in a coup-cum-revolution in 1952 . The officers organised themselves into

3266-412: The SCAF for what it called a "shameful" response to the violence directed against the Coptic protestors. Despite the turbulence of the transitional period in Egypt, polls have shown that the SCAF has enjoyed wide legitimacy from the Egyptian people and general confidence in their ability to provide free elections. A poll in October 2011 showed that 91.7% of Egyptians have confidence in the SCAF to provide

3337-473: The SCAF went into semi-permanent dormancy, until it was revived in 1981 after the assassination of President Anwar Sadat . During the course of the 2011 revolution, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces met first on 9 February 2011 under the chairmanship of Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak . The Council met for the first time without the chairmanship of the president on the following day, 10 February, and issued their first press statement which signaled that

3408-469: The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces passed legislation which gave them control over the process of drafting a new constitution and immunity from any civilian oversight. The council was dissolved on the inauguration of President Mohamed Morsi on 30 June 2012. The role of SCAF was transferred to the General Command of the Armed Forces. On 3 September 2012, Colonel General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , newly appointed Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of

3479-720: The U.S. provides annual military assistance often quoted at some nominal $ 1.3 billion to the Egyptian armed forces ($ 1.85 billion in 2024). This level is second only to Israel . Scholars such as Kenneth Pollack , DeAtkine, and Robert Springborg have identified a number of reasons why Arab (and Egyptian) armies performed so poorly against Israel from 1948 to the 1970s and afterwards; In battle against Israel from 1948, junior officers consistently demonstrated an unwillingness to manoeuvre, innovate, improvise, take initiative, or act independently. Ground forces units suffered from constant manipulation of information and an inattention to intelligence gathering and objective analysis. Units from

3550-468: The army and called on Egyptians to join the army. Armed men joined the army in attacking what had been a peaceful protest. The SCAF initially denied the army was responsible for any violence and further claimed that three soldiers had been killed by protestors, claiming that the soldiers were not carrying any live ammunition. Later, video evidence was broadcast showing army vehicles hitting groups of protestors. An editorial in The Washington Post blasted

3621-484: The conditions for free elections. The SCAF at that time had a general approval rating of 40.6%. On 24 January 2012, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi gave a televised speech in which he announced that the state of emergency would be partially lifted the following day. Power would be handed over to the government of the elected president in June 2012. On 16 June 2012, just after the election of Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Islamist candidate Mohamed Morsi as President of Egypt,

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3692-433: The council "in affirmation and support for the legitimate demands of the people" is in "continuous session to consider what procedures and measures that may be taken to protect the nation". It was noted that then-president Hosni Mubarak was not present in the meeting as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, however the meeting was headed by Defense Minister Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi . The Supreme Council of

3763-409: The council as well as invite the council to meet whenever necessary. The president will head meetings that he calls. The defence minister invites the council for a regular meeting every three months and whenever urgently needed. In cases of a national threat or war, the council is considered in a continuous meeting. Over twenty officers sat on the council as of early 2015. Based on Law No. 20, however,

3834-455: The council oversaw the trial of 16,000 people in closed military trials, including bloggers, journalists and protesters. In May 2011, one of the members of the council, General Mamdouh Shahin , stated that under the new constitution Egypt's military should be given "some kind of insurance ... so that it is not under the whim of a president." The SCAF was heavily criticized following violent confrontations in October 2011 between armed soldiers at

3905-653: The council was about to assume power, doing so on 11 February after Mubarak's resignation. The military junta was headed by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi who served as the Minister of Defense under Mubarak, and included the service heads and other senior commanders of the Egyptian Armed Forces , namely Lt. Gen. Sami Hafez Anan , Armed Forces Chief of Staff; Air Marshal Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed , Air Force commander; Lt. Gen. Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen , Commander of Air Defense; and Vice Admiral Mohab Mamish , Navy Commander in Chief. The Supreme Council released its first statement on Thursday, 10 February 2011, stating that

3976-432: The defense minister may invite other experts to consult with the council or attend its meetings as he sees fit. So while the official SCAF membership may consist of these individuals, the law's flexibility leaves room for other officers—active or retired—to partake in the SCAF's deliberations, signaling the potential emergence of Egypt's newest men on horseback. On 21 July 2020, the Council declared an exclusion zone between

4047-475: The empire he always wished, he needed a strong military and so he managed to prepare that military starting with the army then the Navy. During his reign, the Navy already existed but it was only used for troop transportation. Its first engagement was during the Wahhabi War where it was used to transport troops from Egypt to Yanbu in Hejaz. Later in 1815, Muhammad Ali built Alexandria Shipyard to build warships not just transport ships. The Navy then participated in

4118-411: The general staff and the Eastern Military District commander, Lieutenant General Salah ad-Din Muhsin . This new Sinai Front Command was placed under General Abdel Mohsin Murtagi , who had returned from Yemen in May 1967. Six of the seven divisions in the Sinai (with the exception of the 20th Infantry 'Palestinian' Division ) had their commanders and chiefs of staff replaced. What fragmentary information

4189-418: The headquarters of the state television and radio services (known as the Maspero building ). A group of protestors, mostly Coptic Christians , marched to the Maspiro building in downtown Cairo to protest against the burning of a church in Upper Egypt. A confrontation between the protestors and the army turned violent, resulting in the killing of over 20 protestors. State TV broadcast messages of Copts attacking

4260-406: The high-water mark of Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of one artillery division, one tank division from the Egyptian Armoured Corps and several Special Forces as well as airborne regiments. All the Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of topographical maps causing a real problem in the first months of the war. Before

4331-412: The military forces of the Arab Republic of Egypt . The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces directs (a) army field forces (armies and districts), without any separate Egyptian Army headquarters; (b) the Egyptian Navy , (c) Egyptian Air Force and (d) Egyptian Air Defense Forces . All branches, forces, armies, regions, bodies, agencies and departments of the Armed Forces are subject to the leadership of

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4402-435: The owners of AOI were the governments of Egypt , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates , before the latter governments gave their shares back to Egypt in 1993, valued at $ 1.8 billion. AOI is now entirely owned by the government of Egypt and has about 19,000 employees out of which 1250 are engineers. AOI fully owns ten factories and shares in two joint ventures, plus the Arab Institute for Advanced Technology. There

4473-453: The police carried out the Rabaa massacre , killing 2,600 people. The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day in Egypt since the Egyptian revolution of 2011 which had toppled former President Hosni Mubarak . Several world leaders denounced the violence during the sit-in dispersals. In 2018 there were no evident internal cracks within the Armed Forces. The Egyptian Armed Forces' unrivalled dominance, both in politics and within

4544-422: The same at least since the 2017 edition (p. 375). The inventory of the Egyptian armed forces includes equipment from the United States , France , Brazil , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , and the People's Republic of China . This wide range of sources can cause serviceability difficulties. Equipment from the Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern U.S., French, and British equipment,

4615-432: The scope of SCAF's licensing powers during peacetime allows it to wield wide economic and political influence. The SCAF convened numerous times in 1956 during the Suez Crisis , during the Yemeni Civil War between 1964 and 1967, and throughout the period 1967 to 1974. Between 1967 and 1974, SCAF was composed of almost 25 senior officers, and totally controlled and planned Egypt's military policy regarding Israel. After 1974

4686-450: The security apparatus, appear to be the result of three combined factors: substantial economic interests, a long-time legitimacy buttressed by the army's active involvement in welfare and development initiatives, and the reliance on universal conscription as the main avenue for the successful accommodation of class and social cleavages. On March 25, 2020, it was reported that two army generals, Shafea Dawoud and Khaled Shaltout, had died from

4757-430: The three-day event. EDEX 2018 also hosted an international military VIP Delegation Program. Originally scheduled for 2020, the second edition of EDEX was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. EDEX 2021 took place from 29 November to 2 December 2021 at the Egypt International Exhibition Centre (EIEC) in New Cairo. The event featured 407 exhibiting companies and drew over 34,000 visitors. The third edition of EDEX

4828-416: The transition to ensure the transfer of power to a civilian government elected by the people. In its statement the Council indicated that it intended to suspend emergency laws that had been in effect for three decades, move towards free and fair presidential elections, and provide for a safe transition to a free democratic order. One of their first actions was to dissolve the Parliament of Egypt , suspend

4899-443: The two armies (the Second and the Third ) and the military regions ( central , northern , western , and southern ), in contrast to the rest of the forces, bodies, departments, and auxiliary agencies. Conscripts for the Egyptian Army and other service branches without a university degree serve three years as enlisted soldiers. Conscripts with a General Secondary School Degree serve two years as enlisted personnel. Conscripts with

4970-426: The two divisions dispatched to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, accompanied by U.S. personnel during the 1991 Gulf War, consistently reported fierce battles even though they actually encountered little or no resistance. This occurred whether or not they were accompanied by U.S. military personnel or journalists. Later researchers such as Springborg have confirmed that the tendencies identified in the 1980s and 1990s persist in

5041-406: Was happy with his rhetorical and political accomplishments of the past weeks. Nevertheless, Israel felt it needed to take action. The Egyptian army, comprising two armored and five infantry divisions, were deployed in the Sinai. In the weeks before the Six-Day War began, Egypt made several significant changes to its military organisation; Field Marshal Amer created a new command interposed between

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