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96-657: The Egyptian Feminist Union was founded at a meeting on 6 March 1923 at the home of activist Huda Sha'arawi , who served as its first president until her death on December 12, 1947. Before becoming the EFU, the organization which had ties to the Wafd Party was called the Wafdist Women's Central Committee in 1920. The creation of the Egyptian Feminist Union came in response to feminist dissatisfaction with

192-427: A Google Doodle . 2011 Egyptian revolution [REDACTED] Pro-government: [REDACTED] Opposition groups: [REDACTED] Hosni Mubarak ( President of Egypt ) The 2011 Egyptian revolution , also known as the 25 January Revolution ( Arabic : ثورة ٢٥ يناير , romanized :  Thawrat khamsa wa-ʿišrūn yanāyir ;), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt . The date

288-625: A bottle. On 12 August, the same blogger posted two videos of alleged police torture of a man in a Port Said police station by the head of investigations, Mohammed Abu Ghazala. There was no indication that the government investigated either case." The deployment of Baltageya ( Arabic : بلطجية )—plainclothes police—by the NDP was a hallmark of the Mubarak government. The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights documented 567 cases of torture, including 167 deaths, by police from 1993 to 2007. Excessive force

384-582: A gesture to a new beginning, protesters cleaned up and renovated Tahrir Square (the epicenter of the demonstrations); however, many pledged to continue protesting until all demands had been met. 17 February : The army said that it would not field a candidate in the upcoming presidential elections. Four important figures in the former regime were arrested that day: former interior minister Habib el-Adly , former minister of housing Ahmed Maghrabi , former tourism minister H.E. Zuheir Garana and steel tycoon Ahmed Ezz . 2 March : The constitutional referendum

480-518: A mentee and gave her the position of editor for EFU's French journal, L'Egyptienne , in February 1925. Through its monthly publications, Nabarawi oversaw the various writings that highlighted both the struggle for women's rights and national independence in colonial Egypt until its final publication in 1940, when Egypt became involved in World War II . She also helped to develop and further

576-509: A non-profit aims to raise awareness of women's issues, conduct research, as well as integrating technology such as databases to work towards solving these issues. Nabawiyya Mohamed Musa Badawi (1886–1951) was a pioneering figure of women's education in Egypt and was a founding member of the Egyptian Feminist Union. Born in the town of Zagazig , Musa received home education and became the first woman to finish high school in Egypt after passing

672-501: A retrograde movement occurred. Her decision to remove her veil and mantle was part of a greater movement of women, and was influenced by French born Egyptian feminist named Eugénie Le Brun , but it contrasted with some feminist thinkers like Malak Hifni Nasif . In 1923, Sha`arawi founded and became the first president of the Egyptian Feminist Union . Characteristic of liberal feminism in the early twentieth century,

768-583: A score of 3.1 based on perceptions by business people and analysts of the degree of corruption (with 10 being clean, and 0 totally corrupt). To prepare for the possible overthrow of Mubarak, opposition groups studied Gene Sharp 's work on nonviolent action and worked with leaders of Otpor , the student-led Serbian organisation . Copies of Sharp's list of 198 non-violent "weapons", translated into Arabic and not always attributed to him, were circulated in Tahrir Square during its occupation. Following

864-514: A series of demands mainly related to women's socioeconomic rights. Mufidah Abdul Rahman was chosen to defend Shafik in court in regards to this. When the case went to trial, many Bint al-Nil supporters attended the courtroom, and the judge adjourned the hearing indefinitely. However, in spite of receiving promises from the President of the Senate, women's rights experienced no improvements. Under

960-502: A series of popular elections, with Egyptians electing Islamist Mohamed Morsi to the presidency in June 2012, after winning the election over Ahmed Shafik. However, the Morsi government encountered fierce opposition after his attempt to pass an Islamic-leaning constitution. Morsi also issued a temporary presidential decree that raised his decisions over judicial review to enable the passing of

1056-491: Is dangerous and untenable." Others believed that Egypt was not ready for revolution, citing little aspiration by the Egyptian people, low educational levels and a strong government with military support. The BBC said, "The simple fact is that most Egyptians do not see any way that they can change their country or their lives through political action, be it voting, activism, or going out on the streets to demonstrate." After

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1152-492: Is found. In late 2010, about 40 per cent of Egypt's population lived on the equivalent of roughly US$ 2 per day, with a large portion relying on subsidised goods. According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of demographic structural approach ( cliodynamics ), a basic problem in Egypt is unemployment driven by a demographic youth bulge ; with the number of new people entering

1248-583: The 9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance Congress in Rome , she removed her veil and mantle, a signal event in the history of Egyptian feminism. Women who came to greet her were shocked at first then broke into applause and some of them removed their veils and mantles. Within a decade of Huda’s act of defiance, many Egyptian women stopped wearing veils and mantles for many decades until

1344-631: The Arab Socialist Union operated as the sole political party in Egypt. Under Sadat, the multi-party system during the monarchy was reintroduced but the National Democratic Party (which evolved from Nasser’s Arab Socialist Union ) remained dominant in Egypt’s politics and there were restrictions on opposition parties. Mubarak's National Democratic Party (NDP) maintained one-party rule. His government received support from

1440-488: The Arab countries . Throughout her career, Saʿīd's opposition to Egypt's veiling traditions and to its personal status laws were unwavering, which resulted in her facing intimidation from Islamic fundamentalists . Saʿīd's career in the journalism industry spanned until her eventual retirement in 1984, in which she held the position of chairperson of Dar al-Hilal , Egypt's oldest publishing house. Saiza Nabarawi (1897-1985)

1536-788: The Ministry of Interior . Protesters also demanded the resignation of the Minister of Interior, an end to State corruption, the end of emergency law and presidential term limits for the president. Many political movements, opposition parties and public figures supported the day of revolt, including Youth for Justice and Freedom, the Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution , the Popular Democratic Movement for Change,

1632-894: The Revolutionary Socialists and the National Association for Change . The April 6 Youth Movement was a major supporter of the protest, distributing 20,000 leaflets saying "I will protest on 25 January for my rights". The Ghad El-Thawra Party , Karama , Wafd and Democratic Front supported the protests. The Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's largest opposition group, confirmed on 23 January that it would participate. Public figures, including novelist Alaa Al Aswany , writer Belal Fadl and actors Amr Waked and Khaled Aboul Naga , announced that they would participate. The leftist National Progressive Unionist Party (the Tagammu ) said that it would not participate, and

1728-790: The Wafd Party , promoted European social values and had an essentially secular orientation. The organization was affiliated to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance . In 1923 the International Woman Suffrage Alliance held a meeting in the capital of Italy which the EFU sent delegates to attend. The union organized the Eastern Women’s Conference for the Defense of Palestine in Cairo, and Huda Sharawi suggested

1824-486: The assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. He inherited an authoritarian system from Sadat which was imposed in 1952 following the coup against King Farouk . The coup in 1952 led to the abolishment of the monarchy and Egypt became a one party and military dominated state. Nasser who was a member of the Free Officers became the second President of Egypt following the resignation of Muhammad Naguib and under his rule,

1920-463: The self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December, a man set himself afire on 18 January in front of the Egyptian parliament and five more attempts followed. On 17 January, Abdou Abdel Monaam, a baker, also set himself on fire to protest a law that prevented restaurant owners from buying subsidised bread, leading him to buy bread at the regular price – which is five times higher than

2016-458: The 2005 elections. According to a 2007 UN survey, voter turnout was extremely low (about 25 per cent) because of a lack of trust in the political system. The population of Egypt grew from 30,083,419 in 1966 to roughly 79,000,000 by 2008. The vast majority of Egyptians live near the banks of the Nile , in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi) where the only arable land

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2112-516: The Ahmed Nazif government. Ahmed Ezz monopolised the steel industry, with more than 60 per cent of market share. Aladdin Elaasar, an Egyptian biographer and American professor, estimated that the Mubarak family was worth from $ 50 to $ 70 billion. The wealth of former NDP secretary Ezz was estimated at E£ 18 billion ; the wealth of former housing minister Ahmed al-Maghraby

2208-574: The Coptic Church urged Christians not to participate in the protests. Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz was instrumental in sparking the protests. In a video blog posted a week before National Police Day, she urged the Egyptian people to join her on 25 January in Tahrir Square to bring down the Mubarak regime. Mahfouz's use of video blogging and social media went viral and urged people not to be afraid. The Facebook group for

2304-407: The EFU reformed as a non-profit, non-governmental organization under the original name but with a different goal and team. This was sparked largely due to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution during which many feminist activism groups formed alliances and played a large role in a number of demonstrations and sit-ins against Hosni Mubarak and the Egyptian government. Today, among other objectives, the EFU as

2400-564: The EFU sought to reform laws restricting personal freedoms, such as marriage, divorce, and child custody. Even as a young woman, she showed her independence by entering a department store in Alexandria to buy her own clothes instead of having them brought to her home. She helped to organize Mubarrat Muhammad Ali , a women's social service organization, in 1909 and the Intellectual Association of Egyptian Women in 1914,

2496-633: The EFU sponsored the Eastern Women's Conference for the Defense of Palestine in Cairo, prioritizing nationalist issues over feminist concerns. In 1945 she received the Order of Virtues . At the time, women in Egypt were confined to the house or harem which she viewed as a very backward system. Sha'arawi resented such restrictions on women's movements, and consequently started organizing lectures for women on topics of interest to them. This brought many women out of their homes and into public places for

2592-547: The Egyptian independence movement, which placed women's rights as secondary in the struggle for independence. Its mission was to gain comprehensive rights for women. Some of the demands of the EFU were but are not limited to: women’s suffrage, the advancement of women and children’s education, stopping government legalized prostitution, reforming the personal status law, as well as better healthcare for women and children. These demands were chronicled and published in their fortnightly periodical L'Egyptienne from 1925, and from 1937

2688-470: The Egyptian media, since there were apparently no other heirs to the presidency. Bashar al-Assad 's rise to power in Syria in June 2000, after the death of his father Hafez , sparked debate in the Egyptian press about the prospects for a similar scenario in Cairo. During the years after Mubarak's 2005 re-election , several left- and right-wing (primarily unofficial) political groups expressed opposition to

2784-527: The Human Rights Watch the following day, since 25 January. Wael Ghonim, Google executive and creator of the page We are all Khaled Said , was reported missing and the company asked the public to help find him. 6 February 2011 : An interfaith service was held with Egyptian Christians and Muslims in Tahrir Square. Negotiations by Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman and opposition representatives began during continuing protests throughout

2880-747: The International Women’s Authority and giving a speech in the Turkish language expressing admiration and thanks to the Egyptian women for the liberation movement that he led in Turkey, and I said: This is the ideal of leaving Oh the elder sister of the Islamic countries, he encouraged all the countries of the East to try to liberate and demand the rights of women, and I said: If the Turks considered you

2976-574: The Mubarak government pursued economic reform to attract foreign investment and increase GDP, later postponing further reforms because of the Great Recession . The international economic downturn slowed Egypt's GDP growth to 4.5 per cent in 2009. In 2010, analysts said that the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif would need to resume economic reform to attract foreign investment, increase growth and improve economic conditions. Despite recent high national economic growth, living conditions for

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3072-529: The Supreme Council of Egyptian Armed Forces with the leadership of the country. 13 February 2011 : The Supreme Council dissolved Egypt's parliament and suspended the constitution in response to demands by demonstrators. The council declared that it would wield power for six months, or until elections could be held. Calls were made for the council to provide details and more-specific timetables and deadlines. Major protests subsided, but did not end. In

3168-571: The West and aid from the United States by its suppression of Islamic militants and maintaining the peace treaty with Israel . Mubarak was often compared to an Egyptian pharaoh by the media and some critics, due to his authoritarian rule. He was in the 30th year of his reign when the 2011 uprising began. Most causes of the revolution against Mubarak—inherited power, corruption, under-development, unemployment, unfair distribution of wealth and

3264-660: The age of thirteen, she was married to her cousin Ali Sha'arawi, who Sultan named as the legal guardian of his children and trustee of his estate. According to Middle Eastern scholar Margot Badran , a "subsequent separation from her husband gave her time for an extended formal education, as well as an unexpected taste of independence." She was taught and received tutoring by female teachers in Cairo . Sha'arawi wrote poetry in both Arabic and French. Sha'arawi later recounted her early life in her memoir, Modhakkerātī ("My Memoir") which

3360-450: The aims of the EFU by lecturing and writing extensively on topics regarding veiling and female liberation. In 1951, Nabarawi founded the Women's Popular Resistance Committee , as she continued to dedicate her life to feminist activism. Huda Sha%27arawi Huda Sha'arawi or Hoda Sha'rawi ( Arabic : هدى شعراوي , ALA-LC : Hudá Sha‘rāwī ; 23 June 1879 – 12 December 1947)

3456-508: The assassination of Sadat in 1981, pursuant to Law No. 162 of 1958 . A previous state of emergency was enacted in the 1967 Six-Day War before being lifted in 1980. Police powers were extended, constitutional rights and habeas corpus were effectively suspended and censorship was legalised as a result. The emergency law limited non-governmental political activity, including demonstrations , unapproved political organizations and unregistered financial donations. The Mubarak government cited

3552-481: The average Egyptian remained relatively poor (albeit better than other African nations with no significant social upheavals). Political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Interior Ministry rose dramatically, due to increased control of the system necessary to sustain his presidency. The rise to power of powerful businessmen in the NDP, the government and the House of Representatives led to public anger during

3648-580: The buildings to secure documents they believed prove crimes by the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule. 6 March : From the Nasr City headquarters, protesters acquired evidence of mass surveillance and vote-rigging, noting rooms full of videotapes, piles of shredded and burned documents and cells in which activists recounted their experiences of detention and torture. 19 March : The constitutional referendum passed with 77.27 per cent of

3744-848: The cause. She led Egyptian women pickets at the opening of Parliament in January 1924 and submitted a list of nationalist and feminist demands, which were ignored by the Wafdist government, whereupon she resigned from the Wafdist Women's Central Committee. She continued to lead the Egyptian Feminist Union until her death, publishing the feminist magazine l'Egyptienne (and el-Masreyya ), and representing Egypt at women's congresses in Graz , Paris , Amsterdam , Berlin , Marseilles , Istanbul , Brussels , Budapest , Copenhagen , Interlaken , and Geneva . She advocated peace and disarmament. Even if only some of her demands were met during her lifetime, she laid

3840-634: The chaos, there was looting by rioters which was instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organised by civilian vigilantes to protect their neighborhoods. On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF). The military junta, headed by effective head of state Muhammad Tantawi , announced on 13 February that

3936-553: The chief inspector of women's education. As a strong advocate for women's rights to work and education, Musa attended the International Woman Suffrage Alliance conference of 1923 in Rome and delivered a speech that called for ensuring girls' rights to education. She famously returned from Rome unveiled alongside Huda Sha'arawi and Saiza Nabarawi . Most of Musa's works as an academic and activist come from her writings, with her most influential being Woman and Work, in which she argued for women's right to work and strongly dismissed

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4032-501: The constitution is suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved and the military would govern for six months (until elections could be held). The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik , would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed. After the revolution against Mubarak and a period of rule by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , the Muslim Brotherhood took power in Egypt through

4128-482: The constitution. It sparked general outrage from secularists and members of the military, and a revolution broke out against his rule on 28 June 2013. On 3 July 2013, Morsi was deposed following the army's intervention on the side of the revolution. The move was led by the minister of defense, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , as millions of Egyptians took to the streets in support of early elections. Sisi went on to become Egypt's president after an election in 2014 which

4224-579: The country. Police arrested many activists. 27 January 2011 : The government shuts down four major ISPs at approximately 5:20 p.m. EST. disrupting Internet traffic and telephone services 28 January 2011 : The "Friday of Anger" protests began, with hundreds of thousands demonstrating in Cairo and other Egyptian cities after Friday prayers. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei arrived in Cairo amid reports of looting. Prisons were opened and burned down, allegedly on orders from Interior Minister Habib El Adly. Prison inmates escaped en masse , in what

4320-406: The country. The Egyptian army assumed greater security responsibilities, maintaining order and guarding The Egyptian Museum of Antiquity . Suleiman offered reforms, while others in Mubarak's regime accused foreign nations (including the U.S.) of interfering in Egypt's affairs. 10 February 2011 : Mubarak addressed the Egyptian people amid speculation of a military coup. Instead of resigning (which

4416-605: The elections planned for September, but would remain in office to oversee a peaceful transition. Small-but-violent clashes began that night between pro- and anti-Mubarak groups. 2 February 2011 (Camel Incident) : Violence escalated as waves of Mubarak supporters met anti-government protesters; some Mubarak supporters rode camels and horses into Tahrir Square, reportedly wielding sticks. The attack resulted in 3 deaths and 600 injuries. Mubarak repeated his refusal to resign in interviews with several news agencies. Violence toward journalists and reporters escalated, amid speculation that it

4512-503: The end of the Mubarak regime. Strikes by labour unions added to the pressure on government officials. During the uprising, the capital, Cairo , was described as "a war zone" and the port city of Suez saw frequent violent clashes. Protesters defied a government-imposed curfew , which the police and military could not enforce in any case. Egypt's Central Security Forces , loyal to Mubarak, were gradually replaced by military troops. In

4608-450: The event attracted 80,000 people. 25 January 2011 ("Day of Revolt") : Protests erupted throughout Egypt, with tens of thousands gathering in Cairo and thousands more in other Egyptian cities. The protests targeted the Mubarak government; while mostly non-violent, there were some reports of civilian and police casualties. 26 January 2011 : Civil unrest in Suez and other areas throughout

4704-495: The first philanthropic society run by Egyptian women (Mabarrat Muhammad 'Ali), offering social services for poor women and children. She argued that women-run social service projects were important for two reasons. First, by engaging in such projects, women would widen their horizons, acquire practical knowledge and direct their focus outward. Second, such projects would challenge the view that all women are creatures of pleasure and beings in need of protection. To Sha'arawi, problems of

4800-413: The first time, and Sha'arawi was able to convince them to help her establish a women's welfare society to raise money for the poor women of Egypt. In 1910, Sha'arawi opened a school for girls where she focused on teaching academic subjects rather than practical skills such as midwifery . Sha'arawi made a decision to stop wearing her traditional hijab after her husband's death in 1922. After returning from

4896-537: The first years of Gamal Abdel Nasser's presidency, the EFU had their demands met by being granted the right to vote (1956). Nasser also created equal opportunity for women in education and employment, while promising middle and lower class citizens the right to education, healthcare, and economic mobility for both men and women. The Egyptian Feminist Union became restricted under the government controlled by President Gamal Abdel Nasser during and after 1956. The Nasser regime would go on to dissolve The EFU in 1956 and absorb

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4992-713: The five years before the revolution, the Mubarak regime denied the existence of torture or abuse by police. However, claims by domestic and international groups provided cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of police brutality. According to the 2009 Human Rights Report from the U.S. State Department, "Domestic and international human rights groups reported that the Ministry of Interior (MOI) State Security Investigative Service (SSIS), police, and other government entities continued to employ torture to extract information or force confessions. The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights documented 30 cases of torture during

5088-511: The groundwork for later gains by Egyptian women and remains the symbolic standard-bearer for their liberation movement. Claims that she continued to wear an apostolnik are false. Images that she continued wearing a mantle are fabricated .This is proved by real videos and photos. This is also proved by the fact that no women were still wearing mantles at her time. Sha'arawi received a major English-language biography by Sania Sharawi Lanfranchi in 2012. The Twelfth International Women Conference

5184-583: The individual countries establish feminist unions, and that those unions form an umbrella organization, spanning the Arab world. In December 1944, the EFU convened the Arab Women's Congress or Arab Women's Conference in Cairo, which formally established the Arab Feminist Union (AFU). Upon Huda Sha'arawi's death in 1947, Doria Shafik looked as though she would become her natural successor as

5280-478: The inheritance of power, demanded reforms and asked for a multi-candidate election. In 2006, with opposition increasing, Daily News Egypt reported an online campaign initiative (the National Initiative against Power Inheritance) demanding that Gamal reduce his power. The campaign said, "President Mubarak and his son constantly denied even the possibility of [succession]. However, in reality they did

5376-586: The internet, cell phones and satellite TV channels augmented mosques and Friday prayers, traditional means of mass communications. The mosques brought the Muslim Brotherhood to power, and the Brotherhood pressured all governments from 1928 through 2011 (as it had also done in neighboring countries). Mubarak's younger son, Gamal Mubarak , was rumoured in 2000 to succeed his father as the next president of Egypt. Gamal began receiving attention from

5472-414: The journal a l-Misriyyah ( The Egyptian Woman ). They would eventually become successful in the struggle for women’s suffrage, with Egypt granting the right to vote to women in 1956, as well as ending legalized prostitution. Demands for education reforms by the union were met in 1925 when the government made primary education compulsory for girls as well as boys, and later in the decade women were admitted to

5568-486: The largely longstanding belief of female biological inferiority in order to work in occupations other than teaching or midwifery . Amīnah al-Saʿīd (1914-1995) was an Egyptian journalist, scholar and feminist who played a leading role in the Egyptian Feminist Union. Born in Asyut , Saʿīd was resistant to wearing the veil from a young age while attending Shubra Secondary School. It was also during this time that Saʿīd joined

5664-534: The leader of the EFU, but instead formed the Bint Al-Nil Union a year later in 1948 to further the aims of the women's rights movement in Egypt - with a particular focus on social progress and inclusion in policymaking. In February 1951, Shafik managed to secretly bring together 1500 women from Egypt's two leading feminist groupings (the EFU and Bint Al-Nil Union). She organized a march that interrupted parliament for four hours after they gathered there with

5760-401: The liberator of modern Turkey. In the salon next to his office, the invited delegates stood in the form of a semicircle, and after a few moments the door opened and entered Atatürk surrounded by an aura of majesty and greatness, and a feeling of prestige prevailed. Honorable, when my turn came, I spoke directly to him without translation, and the scene was unique for an oriental woman standing for

5856-639: The morgue showed signs of torture. A Facebook page, "We are all Khaled Said", helped attract nationwide attention to the case. Mohamed ElBaradei , former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency , led a 2010 rally in Alexandria against police abuse, and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences. During the January–February 2011 protests, police brutality was common. Jack Shenker, a reporter for The Guardian ,

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5952-540: The nation's wealth were businessmen with ties to the National Democratic Party: "Wealth fuels political power and political power buys wealth." During the 2010 elections , opposition groups complained about government harassment and fraud. Opposition and citizen activists called for changes to a number of legal and constitutional provisions affecting elections . In 2010, Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) gave Egypt

6048-480: The national university for the first time. The union's campaign for the reform of family law, however, was unsuccessful. The EFU was not able to reform parts of the family law and Personal Status Codes that allowed males to divorce their spouses without the spouses' consent, as well as ending polygamy. The EFU also supported complete independence from the United Kingdom , but like upper-class male leaders of

6144-455: The opposite, including amending the constitution to make sure that Gamal will be the only unchallenged candidate." During the decade, public perception grew that Gamal would succeed his father. He wielded increasing power as NDP deputy secretary general and chair of the party's policy committee. Analysts described Mubarak's last decade in power as "the age of Gamal Mubarak". With his father's health declining and no appointed vice-president, Gamal

6240-503: The organization, going from an independent organization to a government-run charity renamed the Huda Sha'arawi Association . The Nasser regime passed the Law 32/1964 which gave the government the ability to regulate or simply ban organizations that were not already associated under the government. This made it difficult for the organization to demand political and economic rights. Since 2011,

6336-463: The ousting of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali after mass protests, many analysts (including former European Commission President Romano Prodi ) saw Egypt as the next country where such a revolution might occur. According to The Washington Post , "The Jasmine Revolution [...] should serve as a stark warning to Arab leaders – beginning with Egypt's 83-year-old Hosni Mubarak – that their refusal to allow more economic and political opportunity

6432-561: The overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak . Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country. The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues, including police brutality , state-of-emergency laws, lack of political freedom , civil liberty, freedom of speech , corruption, high unemployment, food-price inflation and low wages. The protesters' primary demands were

6528-556: The poor were to be resolved through charitable activities of the rich, particularly through donations to education programs. Holding a somewhat romanticized view of poor women's lives, she viewed them as passive recipients of social services, not to be consulted about priorities or goals. The rich, in turn, were the "guardians and protectors of the nation." Sha'arawi is depicted in the song "The Lioness" by English singer-songwriter Frank Turner on his 2019 album No Man's Land . On 23 June 2020, Google celebrated her 141st birthday with

6624-505: The presence of Israel—also existed in 1952 , when the Free Officers ousted King Farouk . A new cause of the 2011 revolution was the increase in population, which aggravated unemployment. During his presidency, Anwar Sadat neglected the modernisation of Egypt in contrast to his predecessor, Gamal Abdel Nasser , and his cronyism cost the country infrastructure industries which could generate new jobs. Communications media such as

6720-515: The revolution while he stood as acting vice president for the Wafd ; Pasha Sha'arawi kept her informed so she could take his place if he or other members of Wafd were arrested. The Wafdist Women's Central Committee (WWCC), associated with Wafd, was founded on 12 January 1920, following the protests in 1919. Many of the women who participated in the protests became members of the committee, electing Sha'arawi as its first president. In 1938, Sha'arawi and

6816-532: The state baccalaureate exam in 1907 before being accepted into the Saniyya School - Egypt's first teacher-training specific school for women. After receiving her formal education, Musa continued on her trailblazing path by becoming the first female school principal, a position she held from 1924 to 1926. She later went on to be appointed to work for the Department of Education to take up the position of

6912-410: The subsidised. Mohammed Farouq Mohammed, who is a lawyer, also set himself afire in front of the parliament to protest his ex-wife, who did not allow him to see his daughters. In Alexandria, an unemployed man by the name of Ahmed Hashem Sayed also set himself on fire. Opposition groups planned a day of revolt for 25 January, coinciding with National Police Day , to protest police brutality in front of

7008-509: The threat of terrorism in extending the state of emergency, claiming that opposition groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood could gain power in Egypt if the government did not forge parliamentary elections and suppress the group through emergency law. This led to the imprisonment of activists without trial, illegal, undocumented and hidden detention facilities and the rejection of university, mosque and newspaper staff based on their political affiliation. A December 2010 parliamentary election

7104-422: The workforce at about four per cent a year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates as for those who finished elementary school (particularly educated urban youth—the people who were in the streets during the revolution). Egypt's economy was highly centralised during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser , becoming more market-driven under Anwar Sadat and Mubarak. From 2004 to 2008

7200-517: The worthiness of their father and they called you Atatürk, I say that this is not enough, but you are for us “Atasharq” [Father of the East]. Its meaning did not come from any female head of delegation, and thanked me very much for the great influence, and then I begged him to present us with a picture of his Excellency for publication in the journal L'Égyptienne ." Sha'arawi was involved in philanthropic projects throughout her life. In 1909, she created

7296-435: The year 2009. In numerous trials defendants alleged that police tortured them during questioning. During the year activists and observers circulated some amateur cellphone videos documenting the alleged abuse of citizens by security officials. For example, on 8 February, a blogger posted a video of two police officers, identified by their first names and last initials, sodomizing a bound naked man named Ahmed Abdel Fattah Ali with

7392-493: The year in which she traveled to Europe for the first time. She helped lead the first women's street demonstration during the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , and was elected president of the Wafdist Women's Central Committee. She began to hold regular meetings for women at her home, and from this, the Egyptian Feminist Union was born. She launched a fortnightly journal, L'Égyptienne in 1925, in order to publicise

7488-591: The youth wing of the EFU as a teenager. She then went on to receive a degree in English literature from Cairo University in 1935, being among the first cohort of women receiving admission into the university. Saʿīd's position in the EFU was as the editor for the Arabic-written version of L'Egyptienne journal al-Misriyyah , and later became editor for the EFU's second journal Hawaa (Eve) from 1954 to 1969 which sold successfully in domestically and across

7584-514: Was a pioneering Egyptian feminist leader, suffragette , nationalist , and founder of the Egyptian Feminist Union . Huda Sha'arawi was born Nour Al-Huda Mohamed Sultan Shaarawi ( Arabic : نور الهدى محمد سلطان شعراوي ) in the Upper Egyptian city of Minya to the famous Egyptian Shaarawi family. She was the daughter of Muhamed Sultan Pasha Shaarawi, who later became president of Egypt's Chamber of Deputies . Her mother, Iqbal Hanim,

7680-531: Was an Egyptian journalist, nationalist and founding member of the Egyptian Feminist Union. Nabarawi was initially raised by a distant relative in Paris but would later continue her studies at Les Dames de Sion, a private French school in Alexandria . She would later leave for Cairo as a teenager to live with a different relative where she would meet Huda Sha'arawi , who was a friend of Nabarawi's deceased foster mother. Sha'arawi took Nabarawi under her wing as

7776-449: Was arrested during the Cairo protests on 26 January. He witnessed fellow Egyptian protesters being tortured, assaulted, and taken to undisclosed locations by police officers. Shenker and other detainees were released after covert intervention by Ayman Nour , the father of a fellow detainee. Corruption, coercion not to vote and manipulation of election results occurred during many elections over Mubarak's 30-year rule. Until 2005, Mubarak

7872-645: Was believed to be an attempt to terrorise protesters. Police were withdrawn from the streets, and the military was deployed. International fears of violence grew, but no major casualties were reported. Mubarak made his first address to the nation, pledging to form a new government. Later that night clashes broke out in Tahrir Square between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators, leading to casualties. No fatalities have been reported in Cairo, however, 11 people were killed in Suez and another 170 were injured.1,030 people were reported injured nationwide. 29 January 2011 : The military presence in Cairo increased. A curfew

7968-622: Was boycotted by opposition parties. In Egypt and other parts of the Arab world, the protests and governmental changes are also known as the 25 January Revolution ( ثورة 25 يناير Thawrat 25 Yanāyir ), Revolution of Freedom ( ثورة حرية Thawrat Horeya ) or Revolution of Rage ( ثورة الغضب Thawrat al-Ġaḍab ), and, less frequently, the Youth Revolution ( ثورة الشباب Thawrat al-Shabāb ), Lotus Revolution ( ثورة اللوتس ) or White Revolution ( الثورة البيضاء al-Thawrah al-bayḍāʾ ). Hosni Mubarak became President of Egypt after

8064-404: Was considered Egypt's de facto president by some. Although Gamal and his father denied an inheritance of power, he was speculated as likely to be chosen as the NDP candidate in the presidential election scheduled for 2011, when Hosni Mubarak's presidential term was set to expire. However, Gamal ultimately declined to run following the 2011 protests. Egypt was under a state of emergency since

8160-427: Was encouraged by Mubarak to bring the protests to an end. The camel and horse riders later claimed that they were "good men", and they opposed the protests because they wanted tourists to come back to keep their jobs and feed their animals. The horse and camel riders deny that they were paid by anyone, though they said that they were told about the protests from a ruling party MP. Three hundred people were reported dead by

8256-399: Was estimated at more than E£11 billion ; that of former tourism minister Zuhair Garrana is estimated at E£13 billion ; former minister of trade and industry Rashid Mohamed Rashid is estimated to be worth E£12 billion , and former interior minister Habib al-Adly was estimated to be worth E£8 billion . The perception among Egyptians was that the only people benefiting from

8352-596: Was held in Istanbul , Turkey on 18 April 1935, and Huda Sha'arawi was the president and member of twelve women. The conference elected Huda as the vice-president of the International Women’s Union and considered Atatürk as a role model for her and his actions. She wrote in her memoirs: "After the Istanbul conference ended, we received an invitation to attend the celebration held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,

8448-621: Was imposed, which was widely ignored as the flow of protesters into Tahrir Square continued through the night. The military reportedly refused to follow orders to fire live ammunition, exercising overall restraint; there were no reports of major casualties. On 31 January, Israeli media reported that the 9th, 2nd, and 7th Divisions of the Egyptian Army had been ordered into Cairo to help restore order. 1 February 2011 : Mubarak made another televised address, offering several concessions. He pledged political reforms and said he would not run in

8544-494: Was of Circassian descent and was sent from the Caucasus region to live with her uncle in Egypt. Sha'arawi was educated at an early age along with her brothers, studying various subjects such as grammar and calligraphy in multiple languages. She spent her childhood and early adulthood secluded in an upper-class Egyptian community. After her father's death, she was under the guardianship of her eldest cousin, Ali Shaarawi. At

8640-592: Was often used by law enforcement agencies against popular uprisings. On 6 June 2010, a twenty-eight-year-old Egyptian, Khaled Mohamed Saeed, died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria , with witnesses testifying that he was beaten to death by police – an event which galvanised Egyptians around the issue of police brutality. Authorities stated that Khaled died choking on hashish while being chased by police officers. However, pictures which were released of Khaled's disfigured corpse from

8736-416: Was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly Muslim Brotherhood candidates) and allegations of fraud due to the near-unanimous victory by the NDP in parliament. Human rights organizations estimated that in 2010, between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or trial. According to a U.S. Embassy report, police brutality had been widespread in Egypt. In

8832-428: Was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Hosni Mubarak 's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance , acts of civil disobedience and strikes . Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded

8928-582: Was tentatively scheduled for 19 March 2011. 3 March : A day before large protests against him were planned, Ahmed Shafik stepped down as prime minister and was replaced by Essam Sharaf . 5 March : Several State Security Intelligence (SSI) buildings across Egypt were raided by protesters, including the headquarters for the Alexandria Governorate and the national headquarters in Nasr City , Cairo. Protesters said that they raided

9024-412: Was the only presidential candidate (with a yes-or-no vote). Mubarak won five consecutive presidential elections with a sweeping majority. Although opposition groups and international election-monitoring agencies charged that the elections were rigged, those agencies were not allowed to monitor elections. The only opposition presidential candidate in recent Egyptian history, Ayman Nour, was imprisoned before

9120-540: Was translated and abridged into the English version Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist, 1879–1924 . The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a women-led protest advocating for Egyptian independence from Britain and the release of male nationalist leaders. Members of the female Egyptian elite, such as Sha'arawi, led the masses of protestors while lower-class women and women from the countryside provided assistance to and participated in street protests alongside male activists. Sha'arawi worked with her husband during

9216-506: Was widely expected), he said he would delegate some powers to Vice President Suleiman while remaining Egypt's head of state. Mubarak's statement was met with anger, frustration and disappointment, and in a number of cities there was an escalation in the number and intensity of demonstrations. 11 February 2011 ("Friday of Departure") : Large protests continued in many cities, as Egyptians refused to accept Mubarak's concessions. At 6:00 pm Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation, entrusting

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