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52-558: The building was completed in 1921 as a home for the activities of the El Zariabah Shrine unit, a local Shriners organization that had been formed in 1896. It was designed by architects Lescher & Mahoney and built by Clinton Campbell . It is an Exotic Revival / Moorish Revival style building. The building and its 0.8-acre (0.32 ha) property were listed on the National Register of Historic Places for

104-557: A Middle Eastern theme and soon established Temple, although the term Temple has now been replaced by Shrine Auditorium or Shrine Center. The first Temple established was Mecca Temple, established at the New York City Masonic Hall on September 26, 1872. Fleming was the first potentate. In 1875, there were 43 Shriners in the organization. To encourage membership, the Imperial Grand Council of

156-961: A board of directors . However, Shriners International has no connection with the region nor with Islam. Previously known as Shriners North America , the fraternity adopted its current name in 2010 in recognition of its increasingly global membership; as of 2024, there are Shrine Centers in Canada (since 1888), Mexico (1907) and Panama (1918), Puerto Rico, the Philippines (2010), Germany (2011), Brazil (2015) and Bolivia (2018). Notable American Shriners include FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , actors Mel Blanc , John Wayne , Ernest Borgnine , and Roy Rogers , Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren , General Douglas MacArthur , and presidents Gerald Ford and Harry Truman . In 1870, there were several thousand Freemasons in Manhattan , many of whom lunched at

208-604: A Shriners van to transport sick children to Shriner hospitals. By 2011, Shriners removed much of the Middle Eastern theming, both locally and within the broader organization. This was in continued response to "the events of Sept. 11, 2001 and subsequent military conflicts." Changes included renaming the organization from "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" to "Shriners International;" renaming

260-727: A cultural setting that had already been penetrated by Ottoman architecture . By the mid-19th century, the style was adopted by the Jews of Central Europe , who associated Moorish and Mudéjar architectural forms with the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain . It has also been argued that Jewish communities adopted this architecture (which in Western eyes was seen as stereotypical of "Islamic" or " Oriental " culture more broadly) for more complex reasons; mainly, as an affirmation or reclamation of

312-494: A direct-mail company indirectly linked to Gene Bracewell, the imperial treasurer of the fraternal organization. McGonigal said he did not hire the company because of its ties to a financial company that had performed poorly in previous dealings. The committee found that Semb and Bracewell had violated the organizations' conflict of interest policy and their ethics code and recommended that Semb and Bracewell be reprimanded. The report included accusations of financial improprieties within

364-646: A global membership of nearly 200,000 "Shriners". The organization is known for its colorful Middle Eastern theme , elaborate participation in parades and festivals, and the Shriners Children's network of nonprofit pediatric medical facilities. Shriners International describes itself as a global fraternity "based on fun, fellowship, and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth". As an appendant body within Freemasonry , membership

416-643: A hippodrome, rollercoaster, observation deck for the surrounding desert, and what was marketed as the largest dance hall in the world. Like Iranistan before it, Saltair was destroyed by fire in 1925 and again in 1970; the first of which, less than 30 years after opening. The trend continued into the early 1900s, for example in the 1909 Murat Shrine Temple in Indianapolis, Indiana . The 1914 Pittock Mansion in Portland, Oregon incorporates Turkish design features, as well as French, English, and Italian ones;

468-654: A lawsuit against the Oleika Shrine Temple in Lexington, Kentucky , for hazing practices to which he said he was subjected in his efforts to become a Shriner. In court, Vaughan told jurors that in June 1989, he was blindfolded and received a jolt of electricity that was applied to his bare buttocks as part of the Shriners' initiation rites. He said he was forced to walk on an electric mat that was meant to simulate

520-466: A local black order for infringement of white Shriners regalia and traditions. The white order was initially successful in quashing the black temple until the ruling was overturned in appeals in 1929, protecting the right of black Shriners to continue practicing and fundraising nationwide. The Worldwide Fraternal Shrine Family counts 35,000 members in 227 shrines, with its own women's auxiliary organizations. Their primary recipients of charitable donations are

572-481: A long period until the early 20th century. In Spain, the country was conceived as the place of origin of Moorish ornamentation, and the interest in this sort of architecture fluctuated from province to province. The mainstream was called Neo-Mudéjar . In Catalonia , Antoni Gaudí 's profound interest in Mudéjar heritage governed the design of his early works, such as Casa Vicens or Astorga Palace . In Andalusia,

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624-556: A musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a secret society. Florence took notes and drawings at his initial viewing and on two other occasions, once in Algiers and once in Cairo . When he returned to New York in 1870, he showed his material to Fleming. Fleming created the ritual, emblem and costumes. Florence and Fleming were initiated August 13, 1870, and they initiated 11 men on June 16, 1871. The group adopted

676-607: A network of 22 healthcare facilities in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. In June 1920, the Imperial Council Session voted to establish a Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children to treat orthopedic injuries and conditions, diseases, burns, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects, such as cleft lip and palate, in children. The first hospital opened in 1922 in Shreveport, Louisiana . By the end of

728-591: A result, from the wider Islamic architecture . The "Moorish" garden structures built at Sheringham Park in Norfolk, ca. 1812, were an unusual touch at the time, a parallel to chinoiserie , as a dream vision of fanciful whimsy, not meant to be taken seriously; however, as early as 1826, Edward Blore used Islamic arches , domes of various size and shapes and other details of Near Eastern Islamic architecture to great effect in his design for Alupka Palace in Crimea ,

780-674: A yearly Shrine Circus as a fundraiser. Once a year, the fraternity meets for the Imperial Session in a North American city. In 2008, an investigative committee established by the joint boards of the Shriners of North America fraternity and the Shriners Hospitals for Children found that Ralph Semb, chairman of the Shriners Hospitals Board of Trustees, had unilaterally tried to fire fund-raising executive Edgar McGonigal. McGonigal had declined to hire

832-512: Is one of the exotic revival architectural styles that were adopted by architects of Europe and the Americas in the wake of Romanticist Orientalism . It reached the height of its popularity after the mid-19th century, part of a widening vocabulary of articulated decorative ornament drawn from historical sources beyond familiar classical and Gothic modes . Neo-Moorish architecture drew on elements from classic Moorish architecture and, as

884-567: Is open to men who have been initiated as Master Masons in a Masonic rite ; various partner organizations accept women and youth. Shriners are obliged to uphold the fraternity's mission and values, which include self-improvement, service and leadership to the community, and active involvement in social and philanthropic causes. Shriners International is recognizable for its Middle Eastern-inspired iconography, ceremonies, and motif: Shriners wear distinctive red fezzes as their official headgear, while fraternal regalia often features camels, pyramids,

936-532: Is related to a Shriner or Master Mason by birth or marriage. The latter organization has local branches called "Temples," and there were ten of these in 1922. Among the famous members of the Daughters of the Nile was First Lady Florence Harding , wife of Warren G. Harding . By 1938 there were about 340,000 members in the United States. That year, Life published photographs of the Shriners' rites. It described

988-683: The Alhambra . Architect Gulzar Haider was "fascinated" by its design, but criticized the "insensitive and callous misuse of another religion’s artistic vocabulary and symbolic grammar," claiming it was part of the "'oriental obsession' of the otherwise ' puritanical ' Europeans and Americans." Musicians who have performed at the Syria Mosque include Bruce Springsteen , Louis Armstrong , Bob Dylan , Pink Floyd , Jimmy Buffett , and The Beach Boys . Political event hosts included Reagan , Nixon , Truman , and Kennedy . Despite efforts to conserve

1040-752: The NAACP , the National Urban League , the UNCF , and various hospitals and universities. In 1911, the Syria Mosque was completed in Pittsburgh and inaugurated in 1916. This 3,700-seat performance venue, originally for Shriners, later became significant as the "birthplace of network television." An example of Exotic Revival architecture , it was never used as a mosque but featured religious Arabic iconography and inscriptions, partly based on

1092-577: The Ottoman Empire or the growing pan-Slavic movement by creating an " Islamic architecture of European fantasy". This included application of ornamentations and other Moorish design strategies neither of which had much to do with prior architectural direction of indigenous Bosnian architecture . The central post office in Sarajevo , for example, follows distinct formal characteristics of design like clarity of form, symmetry, and proportion while

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1144-682: The Pena Palace in Sintra ), the Neo-Mamluk Dulber palace in Koreiz , and the palace in Likani exemplified the continuing development of the style. Another exception was Bosnia , where, after its occupation by Austria-Hungary , the new authorities commissioned a range of Neo-Moorish structures. The aim was to promote Bosnian national identity while avoiding its association with either

1196-683: The Sammezzano , one of Europe's largest and most elaborate Moorish Revival structures, in Tuscany between 1853 and 1889. Although Carlo Bugatti employed Moorish arcading among the exotic features of his furniture, shown at the 1902 exhibition at Turin , by that time the Moorish Revival was very much on the wane almost everywhere. A notable exception was Imperial Russia , where the shell-encrusted Morozov House in Moscow (a stylisation of

1248-1079: The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles ; the former Mecca Temple, now called New York City Center and used primarily as a concert hall; Newark Symphony Hall ; the Landmark Theater (formerly The Mosque) in Richmond, Virginia ; the Tripoli Shrine Temple in Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; the Polly Rosenbaum Building (formerly the El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium) in Phoenix; the Helena Civic Center (Montana) (formerly

1300-814: The University of Arizona for the building to be developed as an Arizona Mining, Mineral and Natural Resources Education Museum. Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine Shriners International , formally known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine ( AAONMS ), is an American Masonic society . Founded in 1872 in New York City, it is headquartered in Tampa, Florida and has over 200 chapters across nine countries, with

1352-634: The "Arabic Patrol" to "The Patrol" and removing the word Syria from Syria Shriners vanity plates. Despite these changes, the Illustrious Potentate of Pittsburgh's Syria Shrine chapter stated that "pretty much all non-atheists are welcome, including Muslims." Historically, a Mason had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite systems to be eligible for membership in the Shrine. In 1991, brick-mason Michael G. Vaughan filed

1404-913: The 1860s, the style spread across America, with Olana , the painter Frederic Edwin Church 's house overlooking the Hudson River, Castle Garden in Jacksonville and Longwood in Natchez, Mississippi usually cited among the more prominent examples. After the American Civil War, Moorish or Turkish smoking rooms achieved some popularity. There were Moorish details in the interiors created for the Henry Osborne Havemeyer residence on Fifth Avenue by Louis Comfort Tiffany . The most thorough example of Moorish Revival architecture

1456-777: The Algeria Shrine Temple); Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque in Springfield, Missouri ; Murat Shrine Temple (now Old National Center ) in Indianapolis; the Fox Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia , which was jointly built between the Atlanta Shriners and movie mogul William Fox ; and the Syria Mosque in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Shrine's charitable arm is the Shriners Hospitals for Children,

1508-565: The Ancient Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America was created at the June 6, 1876 meeting of Mecca Temple. Fleming was elected the first imperial potentate. By 1878, there were 425 members in 13 temples in eight states, and by 1888, there were 7,210 members in 48 temples in the United States and Canada. By the Imperial Session held in Washington, D.C. in 1900, there were 55,000 members and 82 Temples. Historically,

1560-738: The Arizona Centennial Museum for the state's 2012 centennial celebration. The building was to be transferred from the Arizona Dept of Mines and Mineral Resources to the Centennial Commission then subsequently to the Arizona Historical Society. The mining museum was abruptly closed on May 1, 2011, but funding for the proposed museum did not materialize. In 2012 the building was closed and empty. There were later plans in association with

1612-643: The Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has staged protests during circus performances, expressing concern over the poor treatment animals receive in the care of the companies that the Shriners lease from, such as Carson & Barnes. The Pittsburgh Shrine Circus stopped using animals in 2019, and the Moolah Shrine Circus in Missouri stopped using elephants in 2023. Moorish Revival architecture Moorish Revival or Neo-Moorish

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1664-528: The Knickerbocker Cottage at a special table on the second floor. There, the idea of a new fraternity for Masons, stressing fun and fellowship, was discussed. Together, Walter M. Fleming and William J. Florence established a separate fellowship to fulfill those ideals. While on tour in Marseille , Florence, an actor, was invited to a party given by an Arab diplomat. The entertainment was

1716-504: The Middle Eastern roots of their history and thus as a way of setting themselves apart from the surrounding Western or Christian society. This came at time when Jews were gaining more freedoms in some European societies and the construction of ostentatious synagogues was possible for the first time, thus provoking a search for a new distinct style of architecture. Historian John M. Efron of the University of California at Berkeley regards

1768-735: The Neo-Mudéjar style gained belated popularity in connection with the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 . It was epitomized by Plaza de España of Seville and the Gran Teatro Falla in Cádiz . In Madrid , the Neo-Mudéjar was a characteristic style of housing and public buildings at the turn of the century. In contrast, the 1920s return of interest to the style resulted in such buildings as the bullring of Las Ventas and Diario ABC office. A Spanish nobleman built

1820-419: The Shrine was open to only white men. In 1893, a black counterpart to the Shriners movement was initiated by John G. Jones and other Prince Hall masons , initially called The Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order Nobles Mystic Shrine of North and South America and Its Jurisdictions. Early in the group's history, there was legal conflict between the white and black orders, with a white order from Texas filing suit against

1872-496: The Shriners as being the first in prestige, wealth and show among secret societies, and that Shriners organizations typically include a town's most prominent citizens. In 2002, following the September 11 attacks , the "faux-Middle Eastern practices and trappings" led Shriners to be "mistaken for a Muslim organization, leading to harassment and vandalism." This included threatening phone calls and harassment of Rhode Island Shriners (formerly known as Palestine Temple Shriners) driving

1924-458: The Sphinx and other ancient Egyptian and Arabian symbols. The headquarters of local chapters, formally known as Shrine Centers, are sometimes called "Temples" or even "Mosques"; most have names such as Egypt, Sahara, Morocco, and Oasis, and many are built in the Moorish Revival style. The organization is governed by the " Imperial Divan "—referring to the traditional government councils of the Near East—composed of 12 "Imperial Officers" who serve as

1976-415: The United States, Washington Irving 's fanciful travel sketch, Tales of the Alhambra (1832), first brought Moorish Andalusia into readers' imaginations; one of the first neo-Moorish structures was Iranistan , a mansion of P. T. Barnum in Bridgeport, Connecticut . Constructed in 1848 and destroyed by fire ten years later, this architectural extravaganza "sprouted bulbous domes and horseshoe arches". In

2028-417: The annual East–West Shrine Game , a college football all-star game. The Shriners originally hosted a golf tournament in association with singer/actor Justin Timberlake , called the Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, a PGA Tour golf tournament played in Las Vegas , Nevada . The relationship between Timberlake and the Shriners ended in 2012, when the Shriners reported that Timberlake

2080-425: The building as a historic landmark, the Syria Mosque was torn down in 1991. The Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America was founded in 1903 in Wheeling, West Virginia , and the Daughters of the Nile was founded in 1913 in Seattle , Washington. Both are for women only and they support the Shriners Hospitals and promote sociability. Membership in either organization is open to any woman 18 years of age and older who

2132-414: The building as a permanent home for the Department's mineral collection and archives . This is one of two Arizona state government buildings in Phoenix that are named for Rosenbaum; the other is the Polly Rosenbaum State Archives and History Building, located at 19th and Madison and completed in 2008. In February 2010, Governor Jan Brewer announced that the Arizona Mining and Mineral Museum would become

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2184-460: The building's architecture in 1989 as "El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium". It was also listed on the Phoenix Historic Property Register at that time. In 1988 the Shriners began construction of a new building and made plans to vacate the building at 15th and Washington, which was in an area where the state government was establishing a government mall. In late 1989, the Shriners completed their new auditorium building at 552 N. 40th Street, which now bears

2236-426: The decade 13 more hospitals were operational. Any child under the age of 18 can be admitted to the hospital if a doctor determines the child can be treated. There is no requirement for religion, race or relationship to a Shriner. Until June 2012, all care at Shriners Hospitals was provided without charge to patients and their families. At that time, because the size of their endowment had decreased due to losses in

2288-457: The hot sands of the Sahara, and that he was knocked unconscious and received other injuries during his initiation. Vaughan said the initiation left him humiliated and embarrassed, and caused him to suffer anxiety, nightmares, and a sleep disorder. After two hours of deliberation, the jury rejected the claim. Some of the earliest Shrine Centers often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. Architecturally notable Shriners Temples include:

2340-448: The interior followed the same doctrine. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo is an example of Pseudo Moorish architectural language using decorations and pointed arches while still integrating other formal elements into the design. Other notable example in the region is the building of the Regional historical museum in Kardzhali , Bulgaria build in the 1920s, combining also Central Asian styles. In

2392-508: The name "El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium". After the Shriners relocated, the state government of Arizona acquired their original building to house the museum and offices of the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources , which moved in in October 1991. The building was renamed the Polly Rosenbaum Building in honor of Polly Rosenbaum , a longtime member of the Arizona House of Representatives who, in collaboration with then-governor Rose Mofford , spearheaded efforts to obtain and renovate

2444-499: The organization, including not reporting benefits Shriners leaders received as income and knowingly filing incorrect tax forms for the hospitals. Other Shriners came forward with additional complaints, including the mixing of charitable and noncharitable assets and the disappearance of money raised for the hospitals. Shriners International has drawn criticism from animal welfare organizations for allowing member clubs to host circuses featuring animals. Since approximately 2013, People for

2496-422: The popularity of Moorish revival architecture among builders of synagogues as a counterpoint to Edward Said 's Orientalism , which criticizes European orientalism as inherently imperialist and racist, since the builders chose the style as an expression of admiration for the culture of the Muslim world. As a consequence, Moorish Revival spread around the globe as a preferred style of synagogue architecture for

2548-409: The smoking room in particular has notable Moorish revival elements. In 1937, the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota added unusual minarets and Moorish domes, unusual because the polychrome decorations are made out of corn cobs of various colors assembled like mosaic tiles to create patterns. The 1891 Tampa Bay Hotel , whose minarets and Moorish domes are now the pride of the University of Tampa ,

2600-421: The stock market, Shriners Hospitals started billing patients' insurance companies, but continued to offer free care to children without insurance. Shriners hospitals waive all costs insurance does not cover. Shriners Hospitals for Children is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Shriners Hospitals for Children are located in these cities : *This location is an outpatient, ambulatory care center. Shriners host

2652-471: Was Villa Zorayda in St. Augustine, Florida , built in 1883 by Franklin W. Smith as a winter home and showplace for the Boston businessman and architectural enthusiast. Today it is a museum, open for tourists. In 1893, The Great Saltair was built on the southern shores of The Great Salt Lake , adjacent to Salt Lake City . Under dozens of Moorish domes and lambrequin, polylobed, and keyhole arches, Saltair housed popular clubs, restaurants, bowling alleys,

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2704-429: Was interested in being involved with the organization only when television cameras were present. In July 2012, the PGA Tour and Shriners Hospitals for Children announced a five-year title sponsorship extension, carrying the commitment to the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open through 2017. The name was changed to The Shriners Hospitals for Children Open and is played in Las Vegas, Nevada. Many Shrine Centers also hold

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