99-503: Sir Ernest Mason Satow , GCMG , PC (30 June 1843 – 26 August 1929), was a British diplomat, scholar and Japanologist . He is better known in Japan , where he was known as Satō Ainosuke ( Japanese : 佐藤 愛之助/薩道 愛之助 ) , than in Britain or the other countries in which he served as a diplomat. He was a key figure in late 19th-century Anglo-Japanese relations . Satow
198-468: A magnification of 60, and allowed him to make very detailed studies of sun spots and lunar topography. Four of his telescopes remain to this day. Microscopes were invented in the Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720 Nagasaki Night Stories Written ( 長崎夜話草 , Nagasaki Yawasō ) and in
297-725: A GCMG in Skyfall . Daniel Craig , who has portrayed Bond on film, was appointed (CMG) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to film and theatre. The general release on 30 September 2021 of his last appearance as James Bond, in No Time to Die , had been delayed by almost two years due to a change of director and the COVID-19 pandemic. Coinciding with the film's premiere, and matching his fictional character's rank, Craig became an Honorary Commander in Britain's Royal Navy . Following this appointment, he committed to being an ambassador for
396-464: A book named Odd Devices of the Far West ( 遠西奇器述 , Ensei Kiki-Jutsu ) in 1845, which was finally published in 1854 as the need to spread Western knowledge became even more obvious with Commodore Perry ’s opening of Japan and the subsequent increased contact with industrial Western nations. The book contains detailed descriptions of steam engines and steamships. Kawamoto had apparently postponed
495-601: A century. They do not significantly differ in accuracy with modern ones, just like contemporary maps of European lands. The description of the natural world made considerable progress through Rangaku; this was influenced by the Encyclopedists and promoted by von Siebold (a German doctor in the service of the Dutch at Dejima). Itō Keisuke created books describing animal species of the Japanese islands, with drawings of
594-504: A consular interpreter alongside Russell Robertson, Satow became a student of Rev. Samuel Robbins Brown , and an associate of Dr. James Curtis Hepburn , two noted pioneers in the study of the Japanese language. His Japanese language skills quickly became indispensable in the British Minister Sir Harry Parkes 's negotiations with the failing Tokugawa shogunate and the powerful Satsuma and Chōshū clans, and
693-458: A depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. In the satirical British television programme Yes Minister , Jim Hacker MP is told a joke by his Private Secretary, Bernard Woolley , about what
792-561: A friend), and toured the hinterland of Japan with A. B. Mitford and, the cartoonist and illustrator, Charles Wirgman . Satow's rise in the consular service was due at first to his competence and zeal as an interpreter at a time when English was virtually unknown in Japan, the Japanese government still communicated with the West in Dutch and available study aids were exceptionally few. Employed as
891-463: A large, literate market to such novelties. In the large cities some shops, open to the general public, specialized in foreign curiosities. The first phase of Rangaku was quite limited and highly controlled. After the relocation of the Dutch trading post to Dejima , trade as well as the exchange of information and the activities of the remaining Westerners (dubbed "Red-Heads" ( kōmōjin )) were restricted considerably. Western books were prohibited, with
990-451: A manual of physical sciences in 1810 – Kyūri-Tsū ( 窮理通 , roughly "On Natural Laws") – based on a combination of thirteen Dutch books, after learning Dutch from just one Dutch-Japanese dictionary. Electrical experiments were widely popular from around 1770. Following the invention of the Leyden jar in 1745, similar electrostatic generators were obtained for the first time in Japan from
1089-548: A near-photographic quality. Entomology was extremely popular, and details about insects, often obtained through the use of microscopes ( see above ), were widely publicized. In a rather rare case of "reverse Rangaku" (that is, the science of isolationist Japan making its way to the West), an 1803 treatise on the raising of silk worms and manufacture of silk , the Secret Notes on Sericulture ( 養蚕秘録 , Yōsan Hiroku )
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#17327754371401188-651: A notion should have been entertained, even as a joke, for a single moment, by anyone who understood the Japanese spirit." Satow's extensive diaries and letters (the Satow Papers, PRO 30/33 1-23) are kept at the Public Record Office at Kew, West London in accordance with his last will and testament. His letters to Geoffrey Drage , sometime MP, are held in the Library and Archives of Christ Church, Oxford . Many of his rare Japanese books are now part of
1287-449: A thorough medical education they helped with the naturalistic studies of von Siebold. The Rangaku movement became increasingly involved in Japan's political debate over foreign isolation, arguing that the imitating of Western culture would strengthen rather than harm Japan. The Rangaku increasingly disseminated contemporary Western innovations. In 1839, scholars of Western studies (called 蘭学者 " rangaku-sha ") briefly suffered repression by
1386-591: Is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima , which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners from 1641 to 1853 because of the Tokugawa shogunate 's policy of national isolation ( sakoku ). Through Rangaku, some people in Japan learned many aspects of the scientific and technological revolution occurring in Europe at that time, helping
1485-461: Is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about
1584-664: Is less well known than in Japan, where he is recognised as perhaps the most important foreign observer in the Bakumatsu and Meiji periods. He gave the Rede lecture at Cambridge University in 1908 on the career of Count Joseph Alexander Hübner . It was titled An Austrian Diplomat in the Fifties . Satow chose this subject with discretion to avoid censure from the British Foreign Office for discussing his own career. As
1683-642: Is mentioned in the novels From Russia, with Love and On Her Majesty's Secret Service , and on-screen in his obituary in Skyfall . He was offered appointment as KCMG (which would have elevated him from Companion to Knight Commander in the Order) in The Man with the Golden Gun , but he rejected the offer as he did not wish to become a public figure. Judi Dench 's character "M" is "offered" early retirement as
1782-645: Is probably best known as the author of the book A Diplomat in Japan (based mainly on his diaries) which describes the years 1862–1869 when Japan was changing from rule by the Tokugawa shogunate to the restoration of Imperial rule. He was recruited by the Foreign Office straight out of university in London. Within a week of his arrival by way of China as a young student interpreter in the British Japan Consular Service , at age 19,
1881-517: Is still thriving today. During his time in Japan, Satow devoted much effort to studying Chinese calligraphy under Kōsai Tanzan 高斎単山 (1818–1890), who gave him the artist's name Seizan 静山 in 1873. An example of Satow's calligraphy, signed as Seizan, was acquired by the British Library in 2004. Satow served in Siam (1884–1887), during which time he was accorded the rare honour of promotion from
1980-552: Is still widely used today, and has been updated several times by distinguished diplomats, notably Lord Gore-Booth . The sixth edition, edited by Sir Ivor Roberts , was published by Oxford University Press in 2009, and is over 700 pages long. Satow was born in Clapton, London , the son of Hans David Christoph Satow (born in Wismar , then under Swedish rule, naturalised British in 1846) and his English wife Margaret ( née Mason). He
2079-446: Is the 1787 publication of Morishima Chūryō ’s Sayings of the Dutch ( 紅毛雑話 , Kōmō Zatsuwa , lit. "Red Hair Chitchat") , recording much knowledge received from the Dutch. The book details a vast array of topics: it includes objects such as microscopes and hot air balloons ; discusses Western hospitals and the state of knowledge of illness and disease; outlines techniques for painting and printing with copper plates ; it describes
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#17327754371402178-512: Is the traditional award for members of the FCO. The Order's motto is Auspicium melioris ævi ( Latin for "Token of a better age"). Its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George , patron saint of England and of soldiers . One of its primary symbols is that of St Michael trampling over and subduing Satan in battle. The Order is the sixth-most senior in
2277-509: The Timewatch documentary strand. Written and directed by Christopher Railing, it starred Alan Parnaby as Satow, Hitomi Tanabe as Takeda Kane, Ken Teraizumi as Ito Hirobumi, Takeshi Iba as Inoue Kaoru, and Christian Burgess as Charles Wirgman. Satow served as inspiration for the characters of both Nathan Algren and Simon Graham in the 2003 film The Last Samurai . He also features in the 2023 remake of Ryū ga Gotoku Ishin! where he tasks
2376-567: The Asahi-Maru , were designed and built, mainly based on Dutch books and plans. Some were built within a mere year or two of Perry's visit. Similarly, steam engines were immediately studied. Tanaka Hisashige , who had made the Myriad year clock , created Japan's first steam engine, based on Dutch drawings and the observation of a Russian steam ship in Nagasaki in 1853. These developments led to
2475-665: The British Empire . It is at present awarded to men and women who hold high office or who render extraordinary or important non-military service to the United Kingdom in a foreign country, and it can also be conferred for important or loyal service in relation to foreign and Commonwealth affairs. The three classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade: It is used to honour individuals who have rendered important services in relation to Commonwealth or foreign nations. People are appointed to
2574-754: The British Supreme Court for China and Corea . Satow built a house at Lake Chūzenji in 1896 and went there frequently to relax and escape from the pressures of his work in Tokyo. Satow did not have the good fortune to be named the first British Ambassador to Japan - the honour was instead bestowed on his successor Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald in 1905. Satow served as the British High Commissioner (September 1900 – January 1902) and then Minister in Peking from 1902 to 1906. He
2673-794: The British honours system , after The Most Noble Order of the Garter , The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick , The Most Honourable Order of the Bath , and The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India . The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse; no appointments have been made to it since 1936. The last of
2772-579: The Edict to Repel Foreign Ships . The edict was eventually repealed in 1842. Rangaku ultimately became obsolete when Japan opened up during the last decades of the Tokugawa regime (1853–67). Students were sent abroad, and foreign employees ( o-yatoi gaikokujin ) came to Japan to teach and advise in large numbers, leading to an unprecedented and rapid modernization of the country. It is often argued that Rangaku kept Japan from being completely uninformed about
2871-743: The Namamugi Incident (Namamugi Jiken), in which a British merchant was killed on the Tōkaidō , took place on 21 August 1862. Satow was on board one of the British ships that sailed to Kagoshima in August 1863 to obtain the compensation demanded from the Satsuma clan's daimyō , Shimazu Hisamitsu , for the slaying of Charles Lennox Richardson . They were fired on by the Satsuma shore batteries and retaliated by bombarding Kagoshima . In 1864, Satow
2970-592: The Satsuma fief building Japan's first steam ship, the Unkō-Maru [ ja ] (雲行丸), in 1855, barely two years after Japan's first encounter with such ships in 1853 during Perry's visit. In 1858, the Dutch officer Kattendijke commented: There are some imperfections in the details, but I take my hat off to the genius of the people who were able to build these without seeing an actual machine, but only relied on simple drawings. Following Commodore Perry's visit,
3069-706: The shōgun in Edo . They became instrumental, however, in transmitting to Japan some knowledge of the Industrial and Scientific Revolution that was occurring in Europe: In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted and the Japanese purchased and translated scientific books from the Dutch, obtained from them Western curiosities and manufactures (such as clocks, medical instruments, celestial and terrestrial globes, maps and plant seeds) and received demonstrations of Western innovations, including of electrical phenomena, as well as
Ernest Mason Satow - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-745: The 1787 Sayings of the Dutch . In 1805, almost twenty years later, the Swiss Johann Caspar Horner and the Prussian Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff , two scientists of the Kruzenshtern mission that also brought the Russian ambassador Nikolai Rezanov to Japan, made a hot air balloon out of Japanese paper ( washi ) and made a demonstration of the new technology in front of about 30 Japanese delegates. Hot air balloons would mainly remain curiosities, becoming
3267-471: The 1787 book Saying of the Dutch . Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for entomological purposes, creating detailed descriptions of insects . Magic lanterns, first described in the West by Athanasius Kircher in 1671, became very popular attractions in multiple forms in 18th-century Japan. The mechanism of a magic lantern, called "shadow picture glasses" ( 影絵眼鏡 , Kagee Gankyō )
3366-435: The 17th century high-ranking officials ordered telescopes, clocks, oil paintings, microscopes, spectacles, maps, globes, birds, dogs, donkeys, and other rarities for their personal entertainment and for scientific studies. Although most Western books were forbidden from 1640, rules were relaxed under shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1720, which started an influx of Dutch books and their translations into Japanese. One example
3465-516: The Blue Rod . Blue Rod does not, unlike the usher of the Order of the Garter , perform any duties related to the House of Lords . Members of the Order wear elaborate regalia on important occasions (such as coronations ), which vary by rank: At less important occasions, simpler insignia are used: Prior to 2011, the devil was portrayed with black skin while St Michael was shown as being white; this
3564-710: The Consular to the Diplomatic service , Uruguay (1889–93) and Morocco (1893–95). (Such promotion was extraordinary because the British Consular and Diplomatic Services were segregated until the mid-20th century, and Satow did not come from the aristocratic class to which the Diplomatic Service was restricted.) Satow returned to Japan as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on 28 July 1895. He stayed in Tokyo for five years (though he
3663-572: The Crown in relation to the foreign affairs of the Empire". Accordingly, nowadays, almost all Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order, typically as Knights or Dames Grand Cross. In 1965 the order was opened to women, with Evelyn Bark becoming the first female CMG in 1967. The British sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of
3762-603: The Dutch , the elekiteru is described as a machine that allows one to take sparks out of the human body, to treat sick parts. Elekiterus were sold widely to the public in curiosity shops. Many electric machines derived from the elekiteru were then invented, particularly by Sakuma Shōzan . Japan's first electricity manual, Fundamentals of the elekiteru Mastered by the Dutch ( 阿蘭陀始制エレキテル究理原 , Oranda Shisei Erekiteru Kyūri-Gen ) by Hashimoto Soukichi ( ja:橋本宗吉 ), published in 1811, describes electrical phenomena, such as experiments with electric generators, conductivity through
3861-504: The Dutch around 1770 by Hiraga Gennai . Static electricity was produced by the friction of a glass tube with a gold-plated stick, creating electrical effects. The jars were reproduced and adapted by the Japanese, who called it " Elekiteru " ( エレキテル , Erekiteru ) . As in Europe, these generators were used as curiosities, such as making sparks fly from the head of a subject or for supposed pseudoscientific medical advantages. In Sayings of
3960-411: The Dutch delegation, established exchanges with Japanese students. He invited Japanese scientists to show them the marvels of Western science, learning, in return, much about the Japanese and their customs. In 1824, von Siebold began a medical school in the outskirts of Nagasaki. Soon this Narutaki-juku ( 鳴滝塾 ) grew into a meeting place for about fifty students from all over the country. While receiving
4059-647: The Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. Great debates occurred between the proponents of traditional Chinese medicine and those of the new Western learning, leading to waves of experiments and dissections . The accuracy of Western learning made a sensation among the population, and new publications such as the Anatomy ( 蔵志 , Zōshi , lit. "Stored Will") of 1759 and the New Text on Anatomy ( 解体新書 , Kaitai Shinsho , lit. "Understanding [of the] Body New Text") of 1774 became references. The latter
Ernest Mason Satow - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-631: The Edo shogunate in the Bansha no goku ( 蛮社の獄 , roughly "imprisonment of the society for barbarian studies") incident, due to their opposition to the introduction of the death penalty against foreigners (other than Dutch) coming ashore, recently enacted by the Bakufu . The incident was provoked by actions such as the Morrison Incident , in which an unarmed American merchant ship was fired upon under
4257-924: The Grand Cross in person from King Edward VII on 18 January 1903 during a visit to Sandringham House . Satow signed the Convention Between Great Britain and China in 1904. He also observed the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) from his Peking post. In 1906 Satow was made a Privy Councillor . In 1907 he was Britain's second plenipotentiary at the Second Hague Peace Conference . In retirement (1906–1929) at Ottery St Mary in Devon, England, he wrote mainly on subjects connected with diplomacy and international law. In Britain, he
4356-661: The Ionian Islands and of the island of Malta and its dependencies, and for such other subjects of His Majesty as may hold high and confidential situations in the Mediterranean ". In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became part of Greece . A revision of the basis of the Order in 1868, saw membership granted to those who "hold high and confidential offices within Her Majesty 's colonial possessions, and in reward for services rendered to
4455-851: The Japan Alpine Club. He studied at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and at Birmingham University . A memorial hall for him is in the Oze marshlands in Hinoemata , Fukushima Prefecture . The Takeda family letters, including many of Satow's to and from his family, have been deposited at the Yokohama Archives of History (formerly the British consulate in Yokohama ) at the request of Satow's granddaughters. In September 1992, BBC Two screened A Diplomat in Japan in
4554-412: The Japanese clockmakers at the start of the isolationist period in Japanese history , which began in 1641. As the length of an hour changed during winter, Japanese clock makers had to combine two clockworks in one clock. While drawing from European technology they managed to develop more sophisticated clocks, leading to spectacular developments such as the Universal Myriad year clock designed in 1850 by
4653-409: The Japanese representatives. Among them was a small telegraph and a small steam train complete with tracks. These were promptly studied by the Japanese as well. Essentially considering the arrival of Western ships as a threat and a factor for destabilization, the Bakufu ordered several of its fiefs to build warships along Western designs. These ships, such as the Hōō-Maru , the Shōhei-Maru , and
4752-407: The Nagasaki area. With the establishment of a permanent post for a surgeon at the Dutch trading post Dejima, high-ranking Japanese officials started to ask for treatment in cases when local doctors were of no help. One of the most important surgeons was Caspar Schamberger , who induced a continuing interest in medical books, instruments, pharmaceuticals, treatment methods etc. During the second half of
4851-412: The Netherlands continued to have a key role in transmitting Western know-how to Japan for some time. The Bakufu relied heavily on Dutch expertise to learn about modern Western shipping methods. Thus, the Nagasaki Naval Training Center was established in 1855 right at the entrance of the Dutch trading post of Dejima , allowing for maximum interaction with Dutch naval knowledge. From 1855 to 1859, education
4950-415: The Order In July, the Cabinet Office announced that officers of the Order who were unhappy with their insignia could exchange them for one of the newer models. On certain collar days designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or morning wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations),
5049-403: The Order (by convention, on the advice of the Government). The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. The office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands ; now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Grand Masters include: The Order originally included 15 Knights Grand Cross, 20 Knights Commanders, and 25 Companions but has since been expanded and
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#17327754371405148-413: The Order rather than awarded it. British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs, DCMGs, or CMGs. For example, the former British Ambassador to the United States, Sir David Manning , was appointed a CMG when he worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), and then after his appointment as British Ambassador to the US, he was promoted to a Knight Commander (KCMG). It
5247-406: The Order's chapel has been in St Paul's Cathedral in London. (The cathedral also serves as home to the chapels of the Order of the British Empire and the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor .) Religious services for the whole Order are held quadrennially; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. The Sovereign and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross are allotted stalls in
5346-403: The Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that country's independence in 1947. The Prince Regent founded the Order to commemorate the British amical protectorate over the Ionian Islands , which had come under British control in 1814 and had been granted their own constitution as the United States of the Ionian Islands in 1817. It was intended to reward "natives of
5445-433: The Oriental collection of the Cambridge University Library and his collection of Japanese prints are in the British Museum . He died on 26 August 1929 at Ottery St Mary, and is buried in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, Ottery St Mary . Satow was never able, as a diplomat serving in Japan, to marry his Japanese common-law wife, Takeda Kane 武田兼 (1853–1932) whom he met at an unknown date. They had an unnamed daughter who
5544-477: The Royal Navy, particularly in its international role, and to the welfare of its service families. Long-time Doctor Who companion Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart wore the ribbon of the order as the highest of his decorations. See List of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of St Michael and St George . Rangaku Rangaku ( Kyūjitai : 蘭學 , English: Dutch learning ), and by extension Yōgaku ( Japanese : 洋学 , " Western learning ") ,
5643-399: The badge is suspended from the collar. All collars which have been awarded since 1948 must be returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood . The other insignia may be retained. The original home of the Order was the Palace of St. Michael and St. George in Corfu , the residence of the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands and the seat of the Ionian Senate. Since 1906,
5742-401: The better-known Western innovations of Long , Wells and Morton , with the introduction of diethyl ether (1846) and chloroform (1847) as general anaesthetics. In 1838, the physician and scholar Ogata Kōan established the Rangaku school named Tekijuku . Famous alumni of the Tekijuku include Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ōtori Keisuke , who would become key players in Japan's modernization. He
5841-712: The book contains a detailed description of the electric battery invented by Volta forty years earlier in 1800. The battery itself was constructed by Udagawa in 1831 and used in experiments, including medical ones, based on a belief that electricity could help cure illnesses. Udagawa's work reports for the first time in details the findings and theories of Lavoisier in Japan. Accordingly, Udagawa made scientific experiments and created new scientific terms, which are still in current use in modern scientific Japanese, like " oxidation " ( 酸化 , sanka ) , " reduction " ( 還元 , kangen ) , " saturation " ( 飽和 , hōwa ) , and " element " ( 元素 , genso ) . Japan's first telescope
5940-431: The book's publication due to the Bakufu 's prohibition against the building of large ships. Modern geographical knowledge of the world was transmitted to Japan during the 17th century through Chinese prints of Matteo Ricci 's maps as well as globes brought to Edo by chiefs of the VOC trading post Dejima. This knowledge was regularly updated through information received from the Dutch, so that Japan had an understanding of
6039-413: The choir of the chapel, above which their heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank, if there is one, is used. Above the crest or coronet, the stall's occupant's heraldic banner
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#17327754371406138-595: The country build up the beginnings of a theoretical and technological scientific base, which helps to explain Japan's success in its radical and speedy modernization following the forced American opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854. The Dutch traders at Dejima in Nagasaki were the only Europeans tolerated in Japan from 1639 until 1853 (the Dutch had a trading post in Hirado from 1609 till 1641 before they had to move to Dejima), and their movements were carefully watched and strictly controlled, being limited initially to one yearly trip to give their homage to
6237-400: The critical phase of Western scientific advancement during the 18th and 19th century, allowing Japan to build up the beginnings of a theoretical and technological scientific base. This openness could partly explain Japan's success in its radical and speedy modernization following the opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854. From around 1720, books on medical sciences were obtained from
6336-420: The current limits on membership are 125, 375, and 1,750 respectively. Members of the royal family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, nor do foreign members appointed as "honorary members". The Order has six officers. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms , like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman or Lady Usher of
6435-605: The exemption of books on nautical and medical matters. Initially, a small group of hereditary Japanese–Dutch translators labored in Nagasaki to smooth communication with the foreigners and transmit bits of Western novelties. The Dutch were requested to give updates of world events and to supply novelties to the shōgun every year on their trips to Edo . Finally, the Dutch factories in Nagasaki, in addition to their official trade work in silk and deer hides, were allowed to engage in some level of "private trade". A small, lucrative market for Western curiosities thus developed, focused on
6534-627: The first time a systematic analysis of Dutch grammar, went on to translate the Dutch edition of Introductio ad Veram Physicam of the British author John Keil on the theories of Newton (Japanese title: Rekishō Shinsho ( 暦象新書 , roughly: "New Text on Transitive Effects") , 1798). Shizuki coined several key scientific terms for the translation, which are still in use in modern Japanese; for example, " gravity " ( 重力 , jūryoku ) , "attraction" ( 引力 , inryoku ) (as in electromagnetism ), and " centrifugal force " ( 遠心力 , enshinryoku ) . A second Rangaku scholar, Hoashi Banri ( ja:帆足万里 ), published
6633-522: The flight of a hot air balloon in the early 19th century. While other European countries faced ideological and political battles associated with the Protestant Reformation , the Netherlands were a free state , attracting leading thinkers such as René Descartes . Altogether, thousands of such books were published, printed, and circulated. Japan had one of the largest urban populations in the world, with more than one million inhabitants in Edo , and many other large cities such as Osaka and Kyoto , offering
6732-484: The former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary (foreign) members and clergymen do not receive the accolade and thus are not entitled to use the prefix "Sir" or "Dame". Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCMG"; Knights Commanders and Dames Commanders use "KCMG" and "DCMG" respectively; Companions use "CMG". Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters . They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with
6831-414: The gathering of intelligence. He was promoted to full Interpreter and then Japanese Secretary to the British legation, and, as early as 1864, he started to write translations and newspaper articles on subjects relating to Japan. In 1869, he went home to England on leave, returning to Japan in 1870. Satow was one of the founding members at Yokohama , in 1872, of the Asiatic Society of Japan whose purpose
6930-410: The general rule of honours, that a husband never derives any style or title from his wife.) Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders prefix "Sir", and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders prefix "Dame", to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but husbands of Dames derive no title from their wives. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of
7029-478: The geographical world roughly equivalent to that of contemporary Western countries. With this knowledge, Shibukawa Shunkai made the first Japanese globe in 1690. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, considerable efforts were made at surveying and mapping the country, usually with Western techniques and tools. The most famous maps using modern surveying techniques were made by Inō Tadataka between 1800 and 1818 and used as definitive maps of Japan for nearly
7128-493: The human body, and the 1750 experiments of Benjamin Franklin with lightning . In 1840, Udagawa Yōan published his Opening Principles of Chemistry ( 舎密開宗 , Seimi Kaisō ) , a compilation of scientific books in Dutch, which describes a wide range of scientific knowledge from the West. Most of the Dutch original material appears to be derived from William Henry ’s 1799 Elements of Experimental Chemistry . In particular,
7227-588: The incentive for his mechanist theories of organisms , and Frederick the Great , who loved playing with automatons and miniature wargames . Many were developed, mostly for entertainment purposes, ranging from tea-serving to arrow-shooting mechanisms. These ingenious mechanical toys were to become prototypes for the engines of the industrial revolution. They were powered by spring mechanisms similar to those of clocks . Mechanical clocks were introduced into Japan by Jesuit missionaries or Dutch merchants in
7326-780: The inventor Tanaka Hisashige , the founder of what would become the Toshiba corporation. Air pump mechanisms became popular in Europe from around 1660 following the experiments of Boyle . In Japan, the first description of a vacuum pump appear in Aochi Rinsō ( ja:青地林宗 )’s 1825 Atmospheric Observations ( 気海観瀾 , Kikai Kanran ) , and slightly later pressure pumps and void pumps appear in Udagawa Shinsai ( 宇田川榛斎(玄真) )’s 1834 Appendix of Far-Western Medical and Notable Things and Thoughts ( 遠西医方名物考補遺 , Ensei Ihō Meibutsu Kō Hoi ) . These mechanisms were used to demonstrate
7425-414: The main character Saito Hajime with collecting memoirs about Japan so he can better understand Japan's history and prevent war with the United Kingdom. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince of Wales (the future King George IV ), while he
7524-506: The makeup of static electricity generators and large ships ; and it relates updated geographical knowledge . Between 1804 and 1829, schools opened throughout the country by the Shogunate (Bakufu) as well as terakoya (temple schools) helped spread the new ideas further. By that time, Dutch emissaries and scientists were allowed much more free access to Japanese society. The German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold , attached to
7623-515: The mechanism of air guns, in which oil was continuously supplied through a compressed air mechanism. Kunitomo developed agricultural applications of these technologies, such as a giant pump powered by an ox , to lift irrigation water. The first flight of a hot air balloon by the brothers Montgolfier in France in 1783, was reported less than four years later by the Dutch in Dejima, and published in
7722-511: The necessity of air for animal life and combustion, typically by putting a lamp or a small dog in a vacuum, and were used to make calculations of pressure and air density. Many practical applications were found as well, such as in the manufacture of air guns by Kunitomo Ikkansai , after he repaired and analyzed the mechanism of some Dutch air guns which had been offered to the shōgun in Edo . A vast industry of perpetual oil lamps ( 無尽灯 , Mujintō ) developed, also derived by Kunitomo from
7821-528: The object of experiments and popular depictions, until the development of military usages during the early Meiji period . Knowledge of the steam engine started to spread in Japan during the first half of the 19th century, although the first recorded attempts at manufacturing one date to the efforts of Tanaka Hisashige in 1853, following the demonstration of a steam engine by the Russian embassy of Yevfimiy Putyatin after his arrival in Nagasaki on August 12, 1853. The Rangaku scholar Kawamoto Kōmin completed
7920-424: The sixteenth century. These clocks were of the lantern clock design, typically made of brass or iron , and used the relatively primitive verge and foliot escapement . These led to the development of an original Japanese clock, called Wadokei . Neither the pendulum nor the balance spring were in use among European clocks of the period, and as such they were not included among the technologies available to
8019-733: The stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1906. The reredos within the chapel was commissioned from Henry Poole in 1927. Members of the Order of St Michael are assigned positions in the order of precedence in England and Wales . Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. (Individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. This follows
8118-470: The stars. After 1640, the Dutch continued to inform the Japanese about the evolution of telescope technology. Until 1676 more than 150 telescopes were brought to Nagasaki. In 1831, after having spent several months in Edo where he could get accustomed with Dutch wares, Kunitomo Ikkansai (a former gun manufacturer) built Japan's first reflecting telescope of the Gregorian type. Kunitomo's telescope had
8217-544: The various post-nominals stand for. From Series 2, Episode 2 "Doing the Honours": Woolley : In the service, CMG stands for "Call Me God". And KCMG for "Kindly Call Me God". Hacker : What does GCMG stand for? Woolley (deadpan): "God Calls Me God". Ian Fleming's spy, James Bond , a commander in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR), was fictionally decorated as a CMG in 1953. This
8316-405: The years passed, Satow's understanding and appreciation of the Japanese evolved and deepened. For example, one of his diary entries from the early 1860s asserts that the submissive character of the Japanese will make it easy for foreigners to govern them after the " samurai problem" could be resolved; but in retirement, he wrote: "... looking back now in 1919, it seems perfectly ludicrous that such
8415-624: Was a compilation made by several Japanese scholars, led by Sugita Genpaku , mostly based on the Dutch-language Ontleedkundige Tafelen of 1734, itself a translation of Anatomische Tabellen (1732) by the German author Johann Adam Kulmus . In 1804, Hanaoka Seishū performed the world's first general anaesthesia during surgery for breast cancer ( mastectomy ). The surgery involved combining Chinese herbal medicine and Western surgery techniques, 40 years before
8514-476: Was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III . It is named in honour of two military saints , Michael and George . The Order of St Michael and St George was originally awarded to those holding commands or high position in the Mediterranean territories acquired in the Napoleonic Wars , and it was subsequently extended to holders of similar office or position in other territories of
8613-749: Was active as plenipotentiary in the negotiations to conclude the Boxer Protocol which settled the compensation claims of the Powers after the Boxer Rebellion , and he signed the protocol for Britain on 7 September 1901 . He received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list. From December 1902 until summer 1903 he was on leave back home in England, during which he received
8712-585: Was also in a position to oversee the transition to the ending of extraterritoriality in Japan which finally ended in 1899, as agreed by the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed in London on 16 July 1894. On Satow's personal recommendation, Hiram Shaw Wilkinson , who had been a student interpreter in Japan 2 years after Satow, was appointed first, Judge of the British Court for Japan in 1897 and in 1900 Chief Justice of
8811-551: Was born and died in infancy in 1872, and later two sons in 1880 and 1883, Eitaro and Hisayoshi. "Eitaro was diagnosed with TB in London in 1900, and was advised to go and live in the United States, where he died some time before his father. (1925-29)." Satow's second son, Takeda Hisayoshi , became a noted botanist, founder of the Japan Natural History Society and from 1948 to 1951 was President of
8910-514: Was brought to Europe by von Siebold and translated into French and Italian in 1848, contributing to the development of the silk industry in Europe. Plants were requested by the Japanese and delivered from the 1640s on, including flowers such as precious tulips and useful items such as the cabbage and the tomato . When Commodore Perry obtained the signature of treaties at the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, he brought technological gifts to
9009-418: Was changed that year to show both with same skin colour, although St Michael's wings were changed from being multi-colour to being pure white. The alleged racism of this imagery has resulted in the government of Jamaica suspending the use of the badge entirely. In June 2020, calls were made for a complete redesign of the insignia, including from Sir Michael Palin of Monty Python fame, a Knight Commander of
9108-460: Was described using technical drawings in the book titled Tengu-tsū ( 天狗通 ) in 1779. Karakuri are mechanized puppets or automata from Japan from the 18th century to 19th century. The word means "device" and carries the connotations of mechanical devices as well as deceptive ones. Japan adapted and transformed the Western automata, which were fascinating the likes of Descartes , giving him
9207-447: Was educated at Mill Hill School and University College London (UCL). Satow was an exceptional linguist, an energetic traveller, a writer of travel guidebooks, a dictionary compiler, a mountaineer, a keen botanist (chiefly with Frederick Dickins ) and a major collector of Japanese books and manuscripts on all kinds of subjects. Satow kept a diary for most of his adult life which amounts to 47 mostly handwritten volumes. Ernest Satow
9306-664: Was influential in East Asia and Japan, particularly in the Bakumatsu (1853–1867) and Meiji (1868–1912) eras. He also served in China after the Boxer Rebellion (1900–1906), in Siam , Uruguay , and Morocco , and represented Britain at the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907. In his retirement, he wrote A Guide to Diplomatic Practice . Now known as 'Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice', this manual
9405-526: Was offered by the English captain John Saris to Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1614, with the assistance of William Adams , during Saris's mission to open trade between England and Japan. This followed the invention of the telescope by Dutchman Hans Lippershey in 1608 by a mere six years. Refracting telescopes were widely used by the populace during the Edo period , both for pleasure and for the observation of
9504-530: Was on leave in London for Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 and met her in August at Osborne House , Isle of Wight). On 17 April 1895 the Treaty of Shimonoseki (text here ) had been signed, and Satow was able to observe firsthand the steady build-up of the Japanese army and navy to avenge the humiliation suffered by Russia, Germany and France in the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895. He
9603-572: Was the author of 1849's Introduction to the Study of Disease ( 病学通論 , Byōgaku Tsūron ) , which was the first book on Western pathology to be published in Japan. Some of the first scholars of Rangaku were involved with the assimilation of 17th century theories in the physical sciences . This is the case of Shizuki Tadao ( ja:志筑忠雄 ) an eighth-generation descendant of the Shizuki house of Nagasaki Dutch translators, who after having completed for
9702-710: Was to study the Japanese culture, history and language (i.e. Japanology ) in detail. He lectured to the Society on several occasions in the 1870s, and the Transactions of the Asiatic Society contain several of his published papers. His 1874 article on Japan covering various aspects including Japanese Literature that appeared in the New American Cyclopædia was one of the first such authentic pieces written in any European language. The Society
9801-569: Was with the allied force (Britain, France , the Netherlands and the United States ) that attacked Shimonoseki to enforce the right of passage of foreign ships through the narrow Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū. Satow met Itō Hirobumi and Inoue Kaoru of Chōshū for the first time just before the bombardment of Shimonoseki . He also had links with many other Japanese leaders, including Saigō Takamori of Satsuma (who became
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