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81-638: A " self-made man ", Espartero was an exceptional case of social mobility . With a humble origin, son of a cart-maker from a small village, he was originally destined to the priesthood yet he finally opted for a military career, taking part in the Peninsular War . He would become a champion for the Liberals after taking credit for the victory in the First Carlist War and replaced Maria Christina as regent of Spain in 1840 . Associated with

162-499: A deputy , exercised from his distant headquarters such influence over Madrid politics that he twice hastened the end of the cabinet, and obtained office for his own friends. At the end of the war the queen regent and her ministers attempted to eliminate Espartero and his devotees, but a pronunciamiento ensued in Madrid and other large towns which culminated in the marshal's accepting the post of prime minister . He soon became virtually

243-400: A dictator , as Queen Christina became offended by his popularity and resigned, leaving the kingdom very soon afterwards. The Cortes Generales met and elected Espartero regent by 179 votes to 103 over Agustín Argüelles , who was appointed guardian of the young queen. Forcing the regent , Maria Cristina , into exile for her conspiracy with the moderates, Espartero himself became regent with

324-860: A camp, not in a court." An 1831 obituarist in The Liberator describing Rev. Thomas Paul wrote, "As a self-made man, (and, in the present age, every colored man, if made at all, must be self-made,) he was indeed a prodigy." An oft-repeated but no longer creditable claim is that the term "self-made man" was "coined" on February 2, 1832, by Henry Clay in the United States Senate. (Historian Irvin G. Wyllie used Clay's Senate speech on that date as his first example of its use in his 1954 book, The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches , stating that it "was first applied" on that occasion). In 2014, Forbes introduced

405-442: A courtier. For some years he was employed in bringing regiments which the government distrusted to order. He became lieutenant-colonel in 1825 and colonel in 1829. In 1832 he was named military governor of Ferrol, Galicia . Before King Ferdinand VII died in 1833, Zumalacárregui was marked out as a natural supporter of the traditionalist party, which favoured the king's brother, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina . The proclamation of

486-452: A cult following largely nurtured by the popular classes throughout the 1860s and, following the 1868 Glorious Revolution and subsequent overthrow of Isabella II, he emerged as popular candidate to become the head of state of the country, either as president of a republic or as king. Espartero was born at Granátula de Calatrava , a village of the province of Ciudad Real . He was the ninth child of Manuel Antonio Fernández-Espartero y Cañadas,

567-489: A few months Zumalacárregui had organized them into a regular army. The difficulty he found in obtaining supplies was enormous, for the coast towns and notably Bilbao supported the "Cristino" (liberal) cause. It was mainly by seizing equipment from the government troops that he armed his forces. He gradually obtained full possession of the Southern Basque Country , outside of the fortresses, which he had not

648-740: A laconic phrase when successive governments on their advent to power invariably addressed themselves to him. To the Revolution of 1868, the Constituent Cortes of 1869, King Amadeo , the Federal Republic of 1873, the nameless government of Marshal Serrano during 1874, the Bourbon restoration during 1875, he simply said: Cúmplase la voluntad nacional ("Let the national will be accomplished"). King Amadeo made him Prince of Vergara . Along with Manuel Godoy , Espartero has been

729-782: A major role in shaping the success ideal or were associate with it in the public mind." In the restaurant business Frank Giuffrida, the owner and manager of the Hilltop Steak House which opened in Saugus 1961 and became the biggest restaurant in the United States by the 1980s, is described as self-made man in the Slate article. Frank Giuffrida's parents were Sicilian immigrants who lived in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He began to work before he completed high school to run

810-843: A master carpenter, who wanted him to become a priest , and wife Josefa Vicenta Álvarez de Toro y Molina. In November 1809, age 16, Espartero enlisted in the Regiment of Infantry "Ciudad Rodrigo" in Seville , seat of the Central Supreme Junta . Barely 9 days after his enlisting, he took part in the Battle of Ocaña , in which the French Imperial Army defeated the Spanish. He joined the Military Academy of

891-470: A new metric to the individuals who earned a place on the Forbes 400 wealthiest list. This metric indicates how much a person on the list was responsible for creating his or her wealth. The highest ranking of ten was earned by bootstrappers like Oprah Winfrey and George Soros , who grew up poor and had to "overcame significant obstacles" to earn the status of self-made billionaires. The lowest score of one

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972-509: A self-made man who rose from "a dark, rich peasant culture" to prominence among "New York modern artists" through his "self-taught erudition and aggressive principles." Zhou Qunfei is a Chinese entrepreneur and founder of Lens Technology , a major supplier of touch screens for smartphones and tablets. According to Forbes magazine , as of 2024, she was ranked as the world's ninth richest self-made woman. Based on Forbes metric for ranking billionaires, Zhou Qunfei's score would be ten, as she

1053-532: A series of lectures " Self-Made Men " from 1859 onward, for example 1895, which were published and archived in "The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress". In his 1872 lecture Douglass noted that there were "no such men as self-made men. That term implies an individual independence of the past and present which can never exist ... Our best and most valued acquisitions have been obtained either from our contemporaries or from those who have preceded us in

1134-446: A wheelbarrow. As the spa town of Harrogate , England, grew in size and prosperity in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the self-made men Richard Ellis , George Dawson , and David Simpson , became rich property developers , and draper's apprentice John Turner became even more prosperous as the town's moneylender . In an 1893 article in a railway magazine, Eugene V. Debs offered Andrew Johnson (1808 – 1875),

1215-494: A wonderful illustration of the results possible to be attained in a land of unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims." Franklin and Frederick Douglass, describe the "self-made man in similar language: "Being possessionless and unencumbered by authority is the necessary beginning state for the potential self-made man. One cannot be "made" by the help of a father, teacher, mentor, etc. ..., but must rise by one's own grit, determination, discipline, and opportunism. The irony

1296-402: Is that they have made themselves free from bounds and possessions, in a sense impoverished, so that they can then begin to acquire power and wealth on their own. The key is to acquire those possessions and power without help. The goal, then, is not to become famous or wealthy in the literal sense, but to participate in something precise and mythical." Frederick Douglass developed the concepts in

1377-443: The 17th President of the United States , Henry Wilson (1812–1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873–1875), Daniel Webster (1782 – 1852) who served twice as United States Secretary of State , Edward Everett , and Rufus Choate as exemplary nineteenth-century self-made men. Debs contrasted the successful self-made men to those whose "illiteracy, stupidity, lack of ambition, forever keeps them at

1458-526: The Battle of Ramales on 12 May 1839, earning him the title of Duque de la Victoria . During 1839, Espartero carefully began negotiations with Maroto and the principal Carlist chiefs of the Basque provinces. These ended with the commanders' acceptance of the general's terms as part of the convention of Vergara , which secured the recognition of the ranks and titles of almost 1,000 Carlist officers. Twenty thousand Carlist volunteers surrendered at Vergara; only

1539-633: The Horatio Alger Award annually. All scholarships are funded by the generosity of the members of the Horatio Alger Association. In F. Scott Fitzgerald 's magnum opus The Great Gatsby , describes the downfall of the "archetypal, if somewhat misguided" "socially ambitious self-made man" Jay Gatsby who rose from "an obscure and impoverished Midwestern childhood to become a wealthy and sought-after center of Long Island society". Gatsby contrasts with Ben Franklin and

1620-560: The Island of León in September 1810, and he was poised to join the Corps of Engineers thanks to his skills in mathematics, technical drawing , fortification and military tactics , but following a failed examination, he was returned to the infantry in 1813. During 1815 he went to South America as a captain serving with General Pablo Morillo , who had been made commander-in-chief to quell

1701-625: The Progressive Party , he was one of the so-called espadones ("big swords"), general-politicians who dominated much of the political life of the country during the reign of Isabella II . He was ousted from the regency in 1843, temporarily distancing from politics. He was called to government after the 1854 revolution , opening the two-year period known as the Bienio Progresista . Despite retiring from political life after his exit from government in 1856, Espartero maintained

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1782-575: The moderates in 1856. He was the 42nd Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword . After 1856 Espartero resolutely refused to identify himself with active politics but was frequently asked to become involved. On 14 July 1858, he resigned as Premier. He refused to allow himself to be named as a candidate when the Cortes of 1868, after the Revolution, sought a ruler. Espartero, strangely enough, adopted

1863-531: The 1808 First Siege of Zaragoza , at the Battle of Tudela , and during the 1809 Second Siege of Zaragoza until he was taken prisoner in a sortie. He succeeded in escaping and in reaching his family in Navarre . For a short time he served with Gaspar de Jáuregui, another Gipuzkoan known as "The Shepherd" ( Basque : Artzaia ), one of the guerrilla leaders, who later became a general in the regular army against which Zumalacarregui fought. But Zumalacárregui, who

1944-541: The 28,985 UHNW women, 45% were self-made; of the 33,290 UHNWI from emerging Asia (excluding Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong), 68% were self-made; and of the 34,961 UHNW Ivy League individuals, 75% were self-made. In his 2000 book Creating the Modern Man , cultural historian Tom Pendergast traced the way in which the concept of the self-made man was referenced in men's magazines from 1900 through 1950. Pendergast divided masculinity into only two periods: Victorian, which

2025-604: The Basque Zumalacarregui. His military duties as commander of the principal national army did not prevent Espartero from showing for the first time his political ambition. He displayed such radical and reformist inclinations that he became popular among the lower and middle classes; his popularity lasted more than a quarter of a century. During this time, the Progressives, Democrats and Liberals considered him their adviser. In November 1836, he once again forced

2106-602: The Carlists to end the siege of Bilbao. His troops included the British Legion commanded by Sir George de Lacy Evans . This success turned the war against Carlos, who vainly attempted a raid on Madrid , but was defeated in the Battle of Aranzueque . Meanwhile, on 18 June 1837 Espartero was nominated for the first time as the 7th Premier of Spain , until 18 August 1837. Espartero pursued the enemy and obliged him to hurry northwards, after several defeats. Espartero won

2187-760: The Siege of Bilbao . Zumalacárregui was born in Ormaiztegi in Gipuzkoa , a Basque province in Spain, on 29 December 1788. His father, Francisco Antonio de Zumalacárregui Muxica, was a lawyer who possessed some property, and the son was articled to a solicitor. His mother was Maria Ana Imaz Altolaguirre. When the Peninsular War began with a French invasion of Spain in 1808 he enlisted in Zaragoza . He served in

2268-508: The Spanish throne. With the beginning of the First Carlist War , the government sent him to the front as commandant of the province of Biscay , where he decisively defeated the Carlists in many encounters. He was quickly promoted to a divisional command and then made a lieutenant-general. At times he showed qualities as a guerrillero quite equal to those of the Carlists, such as Zumalacarregui and Ramón Cabrera , by his daring marches and surprise maneuvers. When he had to move large forces he

2349-420: The best uses to which life can be put in this world, and in the exercises of these uses to build up worthy character. They are the men who owe little or nothing to birth, relationship, friendly surroundings; to wealth inherited or to early approved means of education; who are what they are, without the aid of any favoring conditions by which other men usually rise in the world and achieve great results. ... They are

2430-570: The bottom ... [who] prefer pool to school, and choose to hammer coal and shovel it into a fire-box rather than employ their leisure in learning what they must know if they expect to rise." He calls on them to "resolve upon a change of habits — renounce follies and vices, obtain elementary books and study." In John G. Cawelti's 1965 book Apostles of the self-made man , he listed Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Horatio Alger, and John Dewey as individuals "who either played

2511-450: The bullet from Zumalacárregui's leg, provoking a great loss of blood and probably an infection. Don Carlos had insisted on sending his own physicians, but they hesitated about the best prognosis to follow, losing precious time and failing to stop Petriquillo from trying his "procedure" (he acted when they were not present) and in their hands the general died on 24 June 1835, not without suspicion of poison and after Petriquillo had hastily left

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2592-649: The characters in Horatio Alger Jr. novels, as successful 'self-made men'. His story serves as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream where "an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual, and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others' lives." According to the 2017 "World Ultra Wealth Report" by research company Wealth-X, "wealth creation" from 1997 through 2017 has been "driven largely by self-made individuals", mainly men. According to

2673-452: The city's gates. From this position Narváez issued an ultimatum in a dispatch to Espartero, who, deeming resistance useless, embarked at Cadiz on 30 July 1843 for England, and lived quietly until 1848, when a royal decree restored to him all his honors and his seat in the senate. Dubbed public enemy number one by the moderates, and directed by their leader Narváez, Espartero was unable to return to his estates in northern Spain until an amnesty

2754-435: The concept of the self-made man in a series of lectures that spanned decades starting in 1879. Originally, the term referred to an individual who arises from a poor or otherwise disadvantaged background to eminence in financial, political or other areas by nurturing qualities, such as perseverance and diligence , as opposed to achieving these goals through inherited fortune , family connections , or other privileges. By

2835-411: The constitutional forces. He won the battle of Artaza (20–22 April 1835). If Zumalacárregui had been allowed to follow his own plans, which were to concentrate his forces and march on Madrid , firstly seizing Logroño ( La Rioja , Castile ), he might well have put Don Carlos in possession of the capital. But the court was eager to obtain command of a seaport, because they thought this would facilitate

2916-604: The estates of the church, congregations and religious orders to be national property, and suppressing the diezma , or tithe. He suppressed the Republican rebellions with as much severity as he did the military pronunciamientos of Generals Concha and Diego de León. The latter was shot in Madrid. Espartero defeated a rebellion in Barcelona , but on his return to Madrid was welcomed so weakly that he perceived that his prestige

2997-560: The family butcher shop when his father died. He opened the Hilltop Steakhouse after he sold the family store. His innovative strategy was to offer large size portions in a large scale restaurant, making up for the extra cost of generous portions by the economy of scale . According to the New York Times , the "Hilltop exceeded $ 27 million gross" in 1987. In the field of modern art, Arshile Gorky has been described as

3078-471: The field of thought and discovery. We have all either begged, borrowed or stolen. We have reaped where others have sown, and that which others have strown, we have gathered." However, he then provided one of his most detailed descriptions of the self-made man, Self-made men are the men who, under peculiar difficulties and without the ordinary helps of favoring circumstances, have attained knowledge, usefulness, power and position and have learned from themselves

3159-590: The first full-length novel, Ragged Dick published in May 1868, a Bildungsroman "whose name became synonymous with the rags-to-riches narrative", where young Dick eventually became the successful and distinguished Richard Hunter. In 1947, the Alexandria, Virginia -based Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans , which was named after Horatio Alger , to honor the importance of perseverance and hard work. The Association grants scholarships and gives

3240-565: The first leaders would be politicians and talkers. He did not take the field until the Carlist cause appeared to be at a very low ebb, and until he had received a commission from Don Carlos as Commander-in-Chief in Navarre . He escaped Pamplona on the night of 29 October 1833 and took the command next day in the Araquil Valley. At that time the Carlist forces comprised no more than a few hundred ill-armed and dispirited guerrilleros ; in

3321-401: The following people: family, friends, associates, protagonists, antagonists, advisors, teachers, authors, mentors, coaches, and the list could go on". Malcolm Gladwell states that "success is a product of culture of background and what your parents and great-grandparents and great great grandparents did for a living". In September 2011, US Senator Elizabeth Warren challenged the concept of

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3402-764: The growth of new businesses formed by self-made men in various industries that appeared in towns and cities throughout Britain. According to food historian Polly Russell : "Manufacturers such as Huntley & Palmers in Reading, Carr's of Carlisle and McVitie's in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations". In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores, street sellers were common in an increasingly urbanized country. The soft drinks company, R. White's Lemonade , began in 1845 by selling drinks in London streets in

3483-417: The intention of remaining so until the future Queen Isabella II became of age. Espartero's popularity enabled him to defeat moderate military rebellions across Spain during 1841. Yet his ruthless execution of dozens of the conspirators, including many popular fellow war heroes like Diego de Leon , as well as his hasty and ungrateful dissolution of the radical juntas that had ended the rebellions, decreased

3564-402: The irreconcilables commanded by Cabrera persevered for a while in the central provinces of Spain. However, in 1840, the pro-Isabelle general defeated the last forces of the Carlist insurgency, which had lasted seven years. He was styled El pacificador de España , was made a grandee of the first class, and received two dukedoms . Espartero's political opponents, the moderates, desired to amend

3645-527: The issue of the contest, as an heir-loom to all classes of his countrymen, as long as the Spanish language endures, and that his name must be mingled in the songs of the peasantry with that of the Cid , it would be superfluous to say that he was no ordinary man; but, although, on the roll of those who have acquired a title to immortality, by the immense share he had in the early successes of the Royalist army, justice

3726-548: The king's daughter Isabel as heiress was almost the occasion of an armed conflict between him and the naval authorities at Ferrol, who were partisans of the liberal and so-called "constitutional" cause. He was put on half pay by the new authorities and ordered to live under police observation at Pamplona in Navarre. When the Carlist uprising began on the death of Ferdinand VII, he is said to have held back because he knew that

3807-405: The last quarter of the 18th century. F. W. Pine wrote in his introduction of the 1916 publication of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin , that Franklin's biography provided the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin as the greatest exemplar of the "self-made man". "Franklin is a good type of our American manhood. Although not the wealthiest or

3888-559: The means to besiege. He organized the forces known as aduaneros and the Guías de Navarra . His chief bodyguard, and later biographer, was Charles Frederick Henningsen . Whether as a guerrilla leader, or as a general conducting regular war in the mountains, he proved unconquerable. He won the battles of Alsasua , Alegría de Álava , and Venta de Echavarri , for example, by employing guerrilla tactics. By July 1834 he had made it safe for Don Carlos to join his headquarters. Zumalacárregui

3969-880: The men who, in a world of schools, academies, colleges and other institutions of learning, are often compelled by unfriendly circumstances to acquire their education elsewhere and, amidst unfavorable conditions, to hew out for themselves a way to success, and thus to become the architects of their own good fortunes. ... From the depths of poverty such as these have often come. ... From hunger, rags and destitution, they have come ..." Abraham Lincoln , Michael Faraday , George Stephenson , Charles Dickens , Frederick Douglass , P. T. Barnum , Booker T. Washington , Andrew Carnegie , and Henry Ford have also been described as self-made men. Both Carnegie and Lee Iacocca acknowledge that their own autobiographies were influenced by Franklin's. In theirs, both Lincoln and Ronald Reagan described their own origins as somewhat disadvantaged to reflect

4050-534: The mid-1950s, success in the United States generally implied "business success". The phrase "self-made man" can be found in both American and British periodicals in the 1820s. General Samuel Blackburn running for office in Virginia in 1824 used it to describe himself. The English writer William Hazlitt described Lord Chatham in The New Monthly Magazine in 1826 as "a self-made man, bred in

4131-476: The most important landowner in Logroño. The marriage did not have issue, but they went on to adopt Espartero's niece, Eladia, who was designated as their principal heir. Thenceforth, Logroño became the home of the most prominent of the Spanish political generals of the 19th century. Espartero became, on the death of King Ferdinand VII during 1833, an ardent defender of the claim of his daughter, Isabella II , to

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4212-468: The most powerful, he is undoubtedly, in the versatility of his genius and achievements, the greatest of our self-made men. The simple yet graphic story in the Autobiography of his steady rise from humble boyhood in a tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, and perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, is the most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men. It is in itself

4293-515: The narrative of self-made men. Blumenthal began his 2016 biography of Lincoln— A Self-Made Man —with the phrase, "I used to be a slave", referring to Lincoln's claim in 1856 that his "domineering and uneducated father" "exploited" young Lincoln by "renting" him out to "rural neighbors in Indiana." Following his escape from servitude, Lincoln re-invented himself. Lincoln was inspired by Franklin's Autobiography . The Industrial Revolution spurred

4374-404: The offence in his mind. Finding that he was suspected (probably with truth) of an intention to bring the soldiers over to the royalist side, he escaped to France . In 1823 he returned as an officer in one of the royalist regiments which had been organized on French soil by the consent of the government. He was now known as a thoroughly trustworthy servant of the royalty, but he was too proud to be

4455-604: The official recognition of Don Carlos as the legitimate heir to the Spanish Throne by other European courts. Thus, Zumalacárregui was ordered to besiege Bilbao . He obeyed reluctantly, and on 14 June 1835 was wounded in the calf by a musket shot, near the Basilica of Begoña . The wound was trifling and would probably have been cured with ease, but Zumalacárregui decided to employ a famous Gipuzkoan quack called "Petriquillo", whom he trusted. Petriquillo proceeded to remove

4536-704: The only person other than the Prince of Asturias to have held the title of prince in the Kingdom of Spain, traditionally reserved for the heir to the throne. The Restoration caused a statue to him to be built near the gate of the Retiro Park in Madrid. A magnificent statue and fountain was raised in his memory at Logroño. Spaniards of all political factions, except Carlists and Ultramontanes , paid homage to his memory when he died in La Rioja on 8 January 1879. He

4617-470: The opinions of Espartero, until the latter, in sheer disgust, resigned his premiership and left for Logroño, after warning the queen that a conflict was imminent between O'Donnell and the Cortes, backed by the Progressist militia. O'Donnell's pronunciamiento in 1856 ended the Cortes, and the militia was disarmed, after a struggle in the streets of the capital. Spanish political power was assumed again by

4698-417: The popularity of his regency (Maria Cristina told him, "I made you a duke, but I could not make you a gentleman."). While continuing as regent, Espartero ruled Spain as its 18th Prime Minister for two years from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841, in accordance with his radical and conciliatory dispositions, giving special attention to the reorganization of the administration, taxation and finances, declaring all

4779-433: The progressive caudillo was a man whose time had passed. The old marshal vainly endeavoured to keep the demands of his own Progressists reasonable in the Cortes of 1854–1856 and in the great towns, but their excessive demands for reforms and liberties played into the hands of a clerical and reactionary court and of the equally retrograde governing classes. The growing ambition of General O'Donnell constantly clashed with

4860-421: The progressive Constitution of 1837. In particular, the moderates' proposal to abolish democratically elected local councils threatened to destroy the power base of the progressives. This threat was checked by the radical revolution of 1840, after which the conservatives became marginal and Espartero became the master of the destiny of Spain. During the last three years of the war, Espartero, who had been elected

4941-638: The rebellions of the colonies on the Spanish Main . For eight years, Espartero distinguished himself in the struggle against the colonists. He was wounded several times and was made major and colonel on the battlefields of Cochabamba and Sopahuy . Espartero returned to Spain, and, like most of his companions in arms, was socially discredited for some time. He was sent to the garrison town of Logroño , where, on 13 September 1827 he married María Jacinta Martínez de Sicilia y Santa Cruz  [ es ] , an orphan since 16 raised by her maternal grandfather,

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5022-488: The report, ultra high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI), those who have a net worth of at least US$ 30 million, were "predominantly self-made" having "earned their fortunes". Two-thirds of the UHNWI sourced "their wealth from their own efforts" such as "fruitful business ventures or successful investments." Of the 226,450 UHNWIs, 66% were self-made; of the 7,200 UHNW millennials (born between 1980 and 1995), 66% were self-made; of

5103-501: The result and fed it to his starving troops. It is said that after this, the tortilla became incredibly popular throughout the rest of the First Carlist War , and is now one of the most renowned dishes in the world. Zumalacárregui was a fine type of the old royalist and religious principles of his people. The Carlist forces under his command were repeatedly refused quarter by the government's forces (which for years didn't recognize them as legitimate combatants). The increasing ferocity of

5184-479: The scene. Zumalacárregui is often popularly credited as the inventor of Spanish omelette (or tortilla de patatas ), which he allegedly elaborated during the Siege of Bilbao , as a simple, fast and nutritious dish with which to satisfy the hardships of the Carlist Army . In search of nourishment, he came across a poor housewife who had nothing other than eggs, onion and potatoes. When he mixed it up, he liked

5265-688: The self-made man in a video that went viral, garnering over one million views on YouTube. Warren stated that "there is nobody in this country who got rich on his own. Nobody". In the 2022 Princeton University book, The Roots of American Individualism , the author criticizes the concept of 'self-made' in American society as ignoring the role of social structures, privilege, and luck in shaping individual outcomes. Tom%C3%A1s de Zumalac%C3%A1rregui Tomás de Zumalacárregui e Imaz ( Basque : Tomas Zumalakarregi Imatz ; 29 December 1788 – 24 June 1835), known among his troops as "Uncle Tomás",

5346-662: The war, substantiated in routine executions of Carlist soldiers and officers, convinced him of the necessity of a similar retaliation against the liberal forces. Zumalacárregui, however, would later sign the Lord Eliot Convention , shortly before his own death, which aimed to end the indiscriminate executions by firing squad of prisoners on both sides. The most trustworthy account of Zumalacarregui's Carlist campaign can be found in Juan Antonio de Zaratiegui's Vida y hechos de Don Tomás de Zumalacárregui . Zaratiegui

5427-640: Was "based on property-ownership and family", and "post-Victorian", which was "based on a cult of personality, self-improvement, and narcissism". He described the "ideal Victorian man" as a "property owning man of character who believed in honesty, integrity, self-restraint, and duty to God, country, and family". The post-Victorian image of the self-made man was crucial to Pendergast's study. He revealed how through magazines men "were encouraged to form their identities around an ideology of hard work." Mike Myatt in Forbes writes that "behind every success are significant investments and contributions by some if not all

5508-518: Was a Spanish Basque officer who lead the Carlist faction as Captain general of the Army during the First Carlist War . He was occasionally nicknamed the "Wolf of the Amezcoas ", making reference to his famous military victory in the region of Navarre . Zumalacárregui is often popularly credited as the inventor of Spanish omelette (or tortilla de patatas ), which he allegedly elaborated during

5589-425: Was a candle-maker—to re-invent himself through self-improvement based on a set of strong moral values such as "industry, economy, and perseverance" thereby attaining "eminence" in the classic rags to riches narrative. Franklin's maxims as published in his Autobiography provide others, specifically his own son, with strategies for attaining status in the United States, described as a "land of unequaled opportunity" in

5670-512: Was a typical Spanish soldier-politician, but he sometimes had difficulty accommodating himself to courtiers and professional politicians. Self-made man A self-made man is a person whose success is of their own making . Benjamin Franklin , one of the Founding Fathers of the United States , has been described as the greatest exemplar of the self-made man. Inspired by Franklin's autobiography, Frederick Douglass developed

5751-426: Was assigned to billionaires who had inherited their fortune then did not work to increase it. Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States , has been described as "undoubtedly the original self-made man." and the greatest exemplar of the "self-made man". Both the American Dream and the self-made man concepts are inextricably linked and are rooted in American history. Franklin's autobiography

5832-562: Was born poor and arose to eminence through her own work and initiative. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is a philanthropist and self-made entrepreneur in India's biotechnology industry. She is the founder, executive chairperson, and former managing director of Biocon Limited , a biopharmaceutical company based in Bengaluru . —a company she founded out of her garage in Bengaluru . Horatio Alger Jr. 's six-volume Ragged Dick series which began with

5913-525: Was by then strongly envied by the courtiers that surrounded the pretender, as well as by other military officers. Besides, Don Carlos was a somewhat naïve and easily suggestible man, and Zumalacárregui had therefore to drag behind him the whole weight of the distrust and intrigues of the court. Yet by the beginning of June 1835 he had made the Carlist cause triumphant to the north of the Ebro , and had formed an army of more than 30,000 men, of much better quality than

5994-468: Was called a servil or strong Royalist. He attracted no attention at headquarters, and was still a captain when the Revolution of 1820 broke out and the Trienio Liberal was established. His brother officers, whose leanings were liberal, denounced him to the revolutionary government, and asked that he might be removed. The recommendation was not acted on, but Zumalacárregui knew of it, and laid up

6075-548: Was decreasing. An economic slump and rumours of a free-trade deal with the United Kingdom provoked a popular rebellion by workers and the bourgeoisie of Barcelona in 1842. Espartero's ruthless bombardment of the city ended this revolutionary threat. But a second rebellion in 1843 combined with moderate conspiracies and military uprisings. The rebels declared Queen Isabella of age, and, commanded by General Ramón María Narváez y Campos , marched on Madrid, advancing as far as

6156-422: Was decreed later in the 1840s. Although Espartero's regime (1840–1843) in reality had done little for Spain's poor, the anti-radical reaction of the moderates made the former regent a folk hero to many workers. Therefore, it was logical that he should become director of the short-lived " progressive Biennium " of 1854–1856, thus becoming the 43rd Prime Minister of Spain on 19 July 1854. But, as Karl Marx observed,

6237-633: Was described by the editor of the 1916 edition, as the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men". His autobiography, which was dedicated to his son William Franklin , with the first chapter based on a 1771 letter to William, was used as illustrative of the journey of the self-made man in the eighteenth century in Colonial United States . Franklin introduced the archetypal self-made man through his own life story in which in spite of all odds he overcame his low and humble origins and inherited social position—his father

6318-501: Was greatly superior to these men as an organizer and a strategist, and he never disgraced his successes by cruelty or needless severity. Twice he obliged the Carlists to end the siege of Bilbao before he was appointed commander-in-chief of the northern army on 17 September 1836. At this time the course of the war seemed to favor the pretender in the Basque provinces and Navarre , even though Infante Carlos had lost his ablest lieutenant,

6399-574: Was his personal assistant, secretary and friend throughout the war, and also himself an important carlist military officer. Accounts of Zumalacárregui include The Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth Campaign with Zumalacarregui in Navarre and the Basque Provinces , by Charles Frederick Henningsen ( London , 1836) as well as a chapbook called " Vida política y militar de Don Tomás Zumalacárregui ". Of Zumalacárregui, Henningsen writes: Now that Zumalacarregui's memory must descend, whatever be

6480-639: Was noted for his grave and silent disposition and his strong religious principles, disliked the disorderly life of the guerrillas, and when regular forces were organized in the north he entered the 1st battalion of Gipuzkoa as an officer. During the remainder of the war he served in the regular army. His brother Miguel Antonio de Zumalacárregui was in Cádiz at the time the Cortes passed the Constitution of 1812 , going on to be elected chief deputy of Gipuzkoa. Tomas

6561-527: Was then sent with dispatches to the Regency at Cádiz , and received his commission as captain. In that rank he was present at the Battle of San Marcial in August 1813. After the restoration of Ferdinand VII he continued in the army, and is said to have made a careful study of the theory of war. Zumalacárregui had no sympathy with the liberal principles which were spreading in Spain, and became noted as what

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