111-517: (Redirected from The Liberator ) [REDACTED] Look up liberator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Liberator or The Liberators may refer to: Literature [ edit ] The Liberators (Suvorov book) , a 1981 book by Victor Suvorov The Liberators (comic) , a British comic book The Liberator , a Paris-based journal that published an article about King George V that led to
222-641: A 1992 documentary Television [ edit ] Episodes [ edit ] "La Liberatora", Fantasy Island season 5, episode 5b (1981) "The Liberator", Fireside Theatre season 8, episode 20 (1956) "The Liberator", Hallmark Hall of Fame season 3, episode 29 (1954) "The Liberator", Planet of the Apes season 13 (1974) "The Liberators", Court Martial episode 5 (1966) "The Liberators", Espionage episode 21 (1964) "The Liberators", The Rebel season 2, episode 16 (1961) Shows [ edit ] The Liberator (miniseries) ,
333-402: A 2020 Netflix miniseries Media [ edit ] The Liberator (newspaper) (1831–1865), an American abolitionist newspaper The Liberator (magazine) (1918–24), an American monthly communist periodical Liberator (magazine) , a British magazine of radical liberalism founded in 1970 The Liberator Magazine , an American magazine first published in 2002 The Liberator ,
444-583: A British comic book The Liberator , a Paris-based journal that published an article about King George V that led to the 1911 libel conviction of Edward Mylius Liberators , a 2009 novel by James Wesley Rawles, from the Patriots series Film [ edit ] The Liberator (film) , a 2013 film The Liberators , a 1987 television film first aired on The Disney Sunday Movie The Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II ,
555-789: A British magazine of radical liberalism founded in 1970 The Liberator Magazine , an American magazine first published in 2002 The Liberator , the school newspaper of Liberal Arts and Sciences Academy in Austin, Texas Individuals and groups [ edit ] Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), Emperor of Russia, also known as Alexander the Liberator Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), Irish statesman known as "the Liberator" José de San Martín (1778–1850), known as "El Libertador" in Spanish Liberatores ,
666-529: A Nuptial Mass on 17 October. Amélie was kind and loving to his children and provided a much needed sense of normality to both his family and the general public. After Domitila's banishment from court, the vow the Emperor made to alter his behavior proved to be sincere. He had no more affairs and remained faithful to his spouse. In an attempt to mitigate and move beyond other past misdeeds, he made peace with José Bonifácio, his former minister and mentor. Since
777-672: A Swedish ska band formed in 1994 Popular culture [ edit ] Liberator (album) , a 1993 album by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Liberator (Nedor Comics) , a Nedor Comics superhero from the Golden Age of Comics Liberator (video game) , a 1982 arcade game by Atari Games The Liberators ( Ultimate Marvel ) , the Ultimate Marvel incarnation of the Masters of Evil Liberators (video game) ,
888-430: A Swedish ska band formed in 1994 Popular culture [ edit ] Liberator (album) , a 1993 album by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Liberator (Nedor Comics) , a Nedor Comics superhero from the Golden Age of Comics Liberator (video game) , a 1982 arcade game by Atari Games The Liberators ( Ultimate Marvel ) , the Ultimate Marvel incarnation of the Masters of Evil Liberators (video game) ,
999-494: A World War II strategy game by Mutantbox Firearms [ edit ] Liberator (gun) , the world's first fully 3D printable gun, made by Defense Distributed FP-45 Liberator , a pistol manufactured for the United States military during World War II designed by George Hyde Winchester Liberator , a derringer shotgun Other uses [ edit ] Liberator, software or its associated marketing campaign for
1110-431: A World War II strategy game by Mutantbox Firearms [ edit ] Liberator (gun) , the world's first fully 3D printable gun, made by Defense Distributed FP-45 Liberator , a pistol manufactured for the United States military during World War II designed by George Hyde Winchester Liberator , a derringer shotgun Other uses [ edit ] Liberator, software or its associated marketing campaign for
1221-830: A constitutional draft. Copies of the draft were sent to all town councils, and the vast majority voted in favor of its instant adoption as the Constitution of the Empire . As a result of the highly centralized State created by the Constitution, rebellious elements in Ceará , Paraíba and Pernambuco attempted to secede from Brazil and unite in what became known as the Confederation of the Equator . Pedro I unsuccessfully sought to avoid bloodshed by offering to placate
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#17327657460821332-399: A flurry of orders, fired reputed grafters and incompetents, fraternized with the troops, and generally shook up military and civilian administration." He was already on his way back to Rio de Janeiro when he was told that Maria Leopoldina had died following a miscarriage. Unfounded rumors soon spread that purported that she had died after being physically assaulted by Pedro I. Meanwhile,
1443-570: A head of state. His remains were reinterred in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil , along with those of Maria Leopoldina and Amélie, in the city of São Paulo. Years later, Neill Macaulay said that "[c]riticism of Dom Pedro was freely expressed and often vehement; it prompted him to abdicate two thrones. His tolerance of public criticism and his willingness to relinquish power set Dom Pedro apart from his absolutist predecessors and from
1554-533: A head when Pedro I, on the grounds of inappropriate conduct, dismissed Bonifácio. Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even exile his political enemies. For months Bonifácio's enemies had worked to win over the Emperor. While Pedro I was still Prince Regent, they had given him the title "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" on 13 May 1822. They also inducted him into Freemasonry on 2 August and later made him grand master on 7 October, replacing Bonifácio in that position. The crisis between
1665-522: A man tributes appropriate for the divinity, I know that my blood is the same color as that of the Negroes." The Emperor's efforts to appease the Liberal Party resulted in very important changes. He supported an 1827 law that established ministerial responsibility . On 19 March 1831, he named a cabinet formed by politicians drawn from the opposition, allowing a greater role for the parliament in
1776-542: A model by granting land to his freed slaves there. Pedro I also professed other advanced ideas. When he declared his intention to remain in Brazil on 9 January 1822 and the populace sought to accord him the honor of unhitching the horses and pulling his carriage themselves, the then-Prince Regent refused. His reply was a simultaneous denunciation of the divine right of kings , of nobility's supposedly superior blood and of racism: "It grieves me to see my fellow humans giving
1887-642: A mother, and by his aio (supervisor) friar António de Arrábida, who became his mentor. Both were in charge of Pedro's upbringing and attempted to furnish him with a suitable education. His instruction encompassed a broad array of subjects that included mathematics, political economy , logic, history and geography. He learned to speak and write not only in Portuguese , but also Latin and French . He could translate from English and understood German . Even later on, as an emperor, Pedro would devote at least two hours of each day to study and reading. Despite
1998-519: A naval commander who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s, remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself." His letters to Pedro II were often couched in language beyond the boy's reading level, and historians have assumed such passages were chiefly intended as advice that the young monarch might eventually consult upon reaching adulthood. While in Paris,
2109-637: A ruler, he respected the Constitution: he did not tamper with elections or countenance vote rigging, refuse to sign acts ratified by the government, or impose any restrictions on freedom of speech. Although within his prerogative, he did not dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and call for new elections when it disagreed with his aims or postpone seating the legislature. Liberal newspapers and pamphlets seized on Pedro I's Portuguese birth in support of both valid accusations (e.g., that much of his energy
2220-425: A talent for drawing and handicrafts, applying himself to wood carving and furniture making. In addition, he had a taste for music, and under the guidance of Marcos Portugal the prince became an able composer (later creating Brazil's Independence Anthem ). He had a good singing voice, and was proficient with several musical instruments (including piano , flute and guitar ), playing popular songs and dances. Pedro
2331-444: A treaty with Brazil on 29 August 1825 in which it recognized Brazilian independence. Except for the recognition of independence, the treaty provisions were at Brazil's expense, including a demand for reparations to be paid to Portugal, with no other requirements of Portugal. Compensation was to be paid to all Portuguese citizens residing in Brazil for the losses they had experienced, such as properties which had been confiscated. John VI
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#17327657460822442-609: A wider conflict that enveloped the Iberian Peninsula in a struggle between proponents of liberalism and those seeking a return to absolutism . Pedro I died of tuberculosis in September 1834, just a few months after he and the liberals had emerged victorious. He was hailed by both contemporaries and posterity as a key figure who helped spread the liberal ideals that allowed Brazil and Portugal to move from absolutist regimes to representative forms of government. Pedro
2553-419: A year. However, once he learned that a betrothal had finally been arranged, the Emperor ended his relationship to Domitila. She returned to her native province of São Paulo on 27 August, where she remained. Days earlier, on 2 August, the Emperor had been married by proxy to Amélie of Leuchtenberg . He was stunned by her beauty after meeting her in person. The vows previously made by proxy were ratified in
2664-531: Is a Portuguese general who will uphold your rights and restore your crown." In tears, his daughter embraced him. Pedro and his army sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the Azores , the only Portuguese territory that had remained loyal to his daughter. After a few months of final preparations they embarked for mainland Portugal, entering the city of Porto unopposed on 9 July. His brother's troops moved to encircle
2775-420: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages liberator [REDACTED] Look up liberator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Liberator or The Liberators may refer to: Literature [ edit ] The Liberators (Suvorov book) , a 1981 book by Victor Suvorov The Liberators (comic) ,
2886-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pedro I of Brazil Dom Pedro I (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil , where he was known as " the Liberator ". As King Dom Pedro IV , he reigned briefly over Portugal , where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "
2997-644: Is for the good of all and the general happiness of the Nation, I am willing. Tell the people that I am staying." The date became known as the Dia do Fico . Avilez again mutinied and tried to force Pedro's return to Portugal. This time the prince fought back, rallying the Brazilian troops (which had not joined the Portuguese in previous mutinies), militia units and armed civilians. Outnumbered, Avilez surrendered and
3108-502: The Cortes dissolved the central government in Rio de Janeiro and ordered Pedro's return. This was perceived by Brazilians as an attempt to subordinate their country again to Portugal—Brazil had not been a colony since 1815 and had the status of a kingdom . On 9 January 1822, Pedro was presented with a petition containing 8,000 signatures that begged him not to leave. He replied, "Since it
3219-499: The Cortes , John VI and his family departed for Portugal on 26 April, leaving behind Pedro and Maria Leopoldina. Two days before he embarked, the King warned his son: "Pedro, if Brazil breaks away, let it rather do so for you, who will respect me, than for one of those adventurers." At the outset of his regency, Pedro promulgated decrees that guaranteed personal and property rights. He also reduced government expenditure and taxes. Even
3330-582: The Night of the Bottle Fight ( Portuguese : Noite das Garrafadas ), the Portuguese retaliated and turmoil gripped the streets of the national capital. On 5 April, Pedro I fired the Liberal cabinet, which had only been in power since 19 March, for its incompetence in restoring order. A large crowd, incited by the radicals, gathered in Rio de Janeiro downtown on the afternoon of 6 April and demanded
3441-663: The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina ), a small band declared Brazil's southernmost province of Cisplatina to be independent in April 1825. The Brazilian government at first perceived the secession attempt as a minor uprising. It took months before a greater threat posed by the involvement of the United Provinces, which expected to annex Cisplatina, caused serious concern. In retaliation,
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3552-673: The 1911 libel conviction of Edward Mylius Liberators , a 2009 novel by James Wesley Rawles, from the Patriots series Film [ edit ] The Liberator (film) , a 2013 film The Liberators , a 1987 television film first aired on The Disney Sunday Movie The Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II , a 1992 documentary Television [ edit ] Episodes [ edit ] "La Liberatora", Fantasy Island season 5, episode 5b (1981) "The Liberator", Fireside Theatre season 8, episode 20 (1956) "The Liberator", Hallmark Hall of Fame season 3, episode 29 (1954) "The Liberator", Planet of
3663-705: The 1960s-era Honeywell 200 computer Consolidated B-24 Liberator , a United States heavy bomber of World War II era Thorn EMI Liberator , a laptop-type portable word processor produced in the mid-1980s USS Liberator , several ships "Liberator", nickname of the Harley-Davidson WLA Liberator , a spacecraft in the British science-fiction television series Blake's 7 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Liberator Liberation (disambiguation) Liberatore (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
3774-567: The 1960s-era Honeywell 200 computer Consolidated B-24 Liberator , a United States heavy bomber of World War II era Thorn EMI Liberator , a laptop-type portable word processor produced in the mid-1980s USS Liberator , several ships "Liberator", nickname of the Harley-Davidson WLA Liberator , a spacecraft in the British science-fiction television series Blake's 7 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Liberator Liberation (disambiguation) Liberatore (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
3885-514: The Apes season 13 (1974) "The Liberators", Court Martial episode 5 (1966) "The Liberators", Espionage episode 21 (1964) "The Liberators", The Rebel season 2, episode 16 (1961) Shows [ edit ] The Liberator (miniseries) , a 2020 Netflix miniseries Media [ edit ] The Liberator (newspaper) (1831–1865), an American abolitionist newspaper The Liberator (magazine) (1918–24), an American monthly communist periodical Liberator (magazine) ,
3996-552: The Brazilian Imperial House or in the Portuguese Royal House, Pedro assumed the title of Duke of Braganza on 15 June, a position that once had been his as heir-apparent to Portugal's crown. Although the title should have belonged to Maria II's heir-apparent, which he certainly was not, his claim was met with general recognition. On 1 December, his only daughter by Amélie, Maria Amélia ,
4107-687: The Duke of Braganza met and befriended Gilbert du Motier, Marquis of Lafayette , a veteran of the American Revolutionary War who became one of his staunchest supporters. With limited funds, Pedro organized a small army composed of Portuguese liberals, like Almeida Garrett and Alexandre Herculano , foreign mercenaries and volunteers such as Lafayette's grandson, Adrien Jules de Lasteyrie. On 25 January 1832, Pedro bade farewell to his family, Lafayette and around two hundred well-wishers. He knelt before Maria II and said: "My lady, here
4218-951: The Empire declared war in December, triggering the Cisplatine War . The Emperor traveled to Bahia province (located in northeastern Brazil ) in February 1826, taking along his wife and daughter Maria. The Emperor was warmly welcomed by the inhabitants of Bahia. The trip was planned to generate support for the war-effort. The imperial entourage included Domitila de Castro (then-Viscountess and later Marchioness of Santos), who had been Pedro I's mistress since their first meeting in 1822. Although he had never been faithful to Maria Leopoldina, he had previously been careful to conceal his sexual escapades with other women. However, his infatuation for his new lover "had become both blatant and limitless", while his wife endured slights and became
4329-469: The Equator , a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's northeast . A secessionist rebellion in the southern province of Cisplatina in early 1825, and the subsequent attempt by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to annex it, led the Empire into the Cisplatine War . In March 1826, Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II . The situation worsened in 1828 when
4440-537: The General Assembly. Only then, and "upon the presentation of a petition to him in Portugal by an official delegation of the Brazilian parliament" would he consider accepting. During the war, the Duke of Braganza mounted cannons, dug trenches, tended the wounded, ate among the rank and file and fought under heavy fire as men next to him were shot or blown to pieces. His cause was nearly lost until he took
4551-766: The Nation whose laws allow slavery. It is a cancer that devours its morality." After a long and painful illness, Pedro died at 14:30 on 24 September 1834. As he had requested, his heart was placed in Porto's Lapa Church and his body was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza . The news of his death arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 20 November, but his children were informed only after 2 December. Bonifácio, who had been removed from his position as their guardian, wrote to Pedro II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes." Upon
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4662-486: The Portuguese Cortes wished to enslave and persecute us. As of today our bonds are ended. By my blood, by my honor, by my God, I swear to bring about the independence of Brazil. Brazilians, let our watchword from this day forth be 'Independence or Death! ' " The prince was acclaimed Emperor Dom Pedro I on his 24th birthday, which coincided with the inauguration of the Empire of Brazil on 12 October. He
4773-488: The Restorationists wanted to use him as a tool to facilitate their own rise to power, and frustrated Antônio Carlos by making several demands, to ascertain whether the Brazilian people, and not merely a faction, truly wanted him back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The people's will would have to be conveyed through their local representatives and his appointment approved by
4884-932: The Soldier King ". Born in Lisbon , Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina , and thus a member of the House of Braganza . When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke
4995-432: The abdication document to a messenger, he said: "Here you have my act of abdication, I'm returning to Europe and leaving a country that I loved very much, and still love." At dawn on the morning of 7 April, Pedro, his wife, and others, including his daughter Maria II and his sister Ana de Jesus, were taken on board the British warship HMS Warspite . The vessel remained at anchor off Rio de Janeiro, and, on 13 April,
5106-676: The assassins of Julius Caesar Libertadores , the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, nicknamed "the Liberator" Saint Liberator (died 121), Christian martyr Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), known as "El Libertador" in Spanish 14th Armored Division (United States) , nicknamed "The Liberators" 5th Infantry Division (Philippines) , nicknamed "Liberator" Liberators (American band) Liberator (band) ,
5217-618: The breadth of Pedro's instruction, his education proved lacking. Historian Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa said that Pedro "was without a shadow of doubt intelligent, quick-witted, [and] perspicacious." However, historian Roderick J. Barman relates that he was by nature "too ebullient, too erratic, and too emotional". He remained impulsive and never learned to exercise self-control or to assess the consequences of his decisions and adapt his outlook to changes in situations. His father never allowed anyone to discipline him. While Pedro's schedule dictated two hours of study each day, he sometimes circumvented
5328-567: The city, beginning a siege that lasted for more than a year. In early 1833, while besieged in Porto, Pedro received news from Brazil of his daughter Paula 's impending death. Months later, in September, he met with Antônio Carlos de Andrada , a brother of Bonifácio who had come from Brazil. As a representative of the Restorationist Party, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Pedro realized that
5439-576: The crown of his niece Doña Isabella II , intervened. In this wider conflict that engulfed the entire Iberian Peninsula , the First Carlist War , the Duke of Braganza allied with liberal Spanish armies loyal to Isabella II and defeated both Miguel I and Carlos. A peace accord was reached on 26 May 1834. Except for bouts of epilepsy that manifested in seizures every few years, Pedro had always enjoyed robust health. The war, however, undermined his constitution and by 1834 he
5550-561: The days of the Constituent Assembly in 1823, and with renewed vigor in 1826 with the opening of the General Assembly (the Brazilian parliament), there had been an ideological struggle over the balance of powers wielded by the emperor and legislature in governance. On one side were those who shared Pedro I's views, politicians who believed that the monarch should be free to choose ministers, national policies and
5661-427: The death of Pedro I, the then-powerful Restorationist Party vanished overnight. A fair assessment of the former monarch became possible once the threat of his return to power was removed. Evaristo da Veiga , one of his worst critics as well as a leader in the Liberal Party, left a statement which, according to historian Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa, became the prevailing view thereafter: "the former emperor of Brazil
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#17327657460825772-434: The detriment of Portugal's. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles. As the second eldest son (though the fourth child), Pedro became his father's heir apparent and Prince of Beira upon the death of his elder brother Francisco António in 1801. Prince Dom John had been acting as regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, after she
5883-470: The direction of government. In opposition were those, then known as the Liberal Party, who believed that cabinets should have the power to set the government's course and should consist of deputies drawn from the majority party who were accountable to the parliament. Strictly speaking, both the party that supported Pedro I's government and the Liberal Party advocated Liberalism , and thus constitutional monarchy . Regardless of Pedro I's failures as
5994-535: The embalmed heart of Pedro I received military honors upon arrival in Brasília and was put on public display at the foreign ministry . It was then returned to Portugal after Brazil's independence day . As Brazilian emperor his full style and title were: "His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil". As Portuguese king his full style and title were: "His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and
6105-538: The errors of the Monarch have been attended with great benefit through their influence on the affairs of the mother country. Had he governed with more wisdom it would have been well for the land of his adoption, yet, perhaps, unfortunate for humanity." Armitage added that like "the late Emperor of the French , he was also a child of destiny, or rather, an instrument in the hands of an all-seeing and beneficent Providence for
6216-490: The fight for his daughter's claim to Portugal's crown. According to Roderick J. Barman, "[in] an emergency the Emperor's abilities shone forth—he became cool in nerve, resourceful and steadfast in action. Life as a constitutional monarch, full of tedium, caution, and conciliation, ran against the essence of his character." On the other hand, the historian remarked, he "found in his daughter's case everything that appealed most to his character. By going to Portugal he could champion
6327-473: The floor and embracing a portrait of his deceased wife, whose sad-looking ghost Pedro I claimed to have seen. Later on, the Emperor left the bed he shared with Domitila and shouted: "Get off of me! I know I live an unworthy life of a sovereign. The thought of the Empress does not leave me." He did not forget his children, orphaned of their mother, and was observed on more than one occasion holding his son,
6438-483: The former emperor transferred to and departed for Europe aboard HMS Volage . He arrived in Cherbourg-Octeville , France, on 10 June. During the next few months, he shuttled between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed, but received no actual support from either government to restore his daughter's throne. Finding himself in an awkward situation because he held no official status in either
6549-527: The forthcoming Portuguese Constitution . On 21 April, the parish electors of Rio de Janeiro met at the Merchants' Exchange to elect their representatives to the Cortes . A small group of agitators seized the meeting and formed a revolutionary government. Again, John VI and his ministers remained passive, and the monarch was about to accept the revolutionaries' demands when Pedro took the initiative and sent army troops to re-establish order. Under pressure from
6660-596: The furtherance of great and inscrutable ends. In the old as in the new world he was henceforth fated to become the instrument of further revolutions, and ere the close of his brilliant but ephemeral career in the land of his fathers, to atone amply for the errors and follies of his former life, by his chivalrous and heroic devotion in the cause of civil and religious freedom." In 1972, on the 150th anniversary of Brazilian independence, Pedro I's remains (though not his heart) were brought to Brazil—as he had requested in his will—accompanied by much fanfare and with honors due to
6771-570: The government. Lastly, he offered positions in Europe to Francisco Gomes and another Portuguese-born friend to extinguish rumors of a "secret cabinet". To his dismay, his palliative measures did not stop the continuous attacks from the Liberal side upon his government and his foreign birth. Frustrated by their intransigence, he became unwilling to deal with his deteriorating political situation. Meanwhile, Portuguese exiles campaigned to convince him to give up on Brazil and instead devote his energies to
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#17327657460826882-418: The hands of Carlota Joaquina due to her extramarital affairs. As an adult, Pedro would openly call his mother, for whom he held only feelings of contempt, a "bitch". The early experiences of betrayal, coldness and neglect had a great impact on the formation of Pedro's character. A modicum of stability during his childhood was provided by his aia (governess), Maria Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos, whom he loved as
6993-432: The immediate restoration of the fallen cabinet. The Emperor's reply was: "I will do everything for the people and nothing [compelled] by the people." Sometime after nightfall, army troops, including his guard, deserted him and joined the protests. Only then did he realize how isolated and detached from Brazilian affairs he had become, and to everyone's surprise, he abdicated at approximately 03:00 on 7 April. Upon delivering
7104-512: The military garrisons in Portugal had mutinied, leading to what became known as the Liberal Revolution of 1820 . The military formed a provisional government, supplanting the regency appointed by John VI, and summoned the Cortes —the centuries-old Portuguese parliament, this time democratically elected with the aim of creating a national Constitution. Pedro was surprised when his father not only asked for his advice, but also decided to send him to Portugal to rule as regent on his behalf and to placate
7215-461: The monarch and his former minister was felt immediately within the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly , which had been elected for the purpose of drafting a Constitution. A member of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery, alleging the existence of a major Portuguese conspiracy against Brazilian interests—insinuating that Pedro I, who had been born in Portugal,
7326-459: The monarch or by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II , and sailed for Europe. Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Faced at first with what seemed a national civil war, he soon became involved in
7437-449: The normal, legal channels. On 24 November 1826, Pedro I sailed from Rio de Janeiro to São José in the province of Santa Catarina . From there he rode to Porto Alegre , capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul , where the main army was stationed. Upon his arrival on 7 December, the Emperor found the military conditions to be much worse than previous reports had led him to expect. He "reacted with his customary energy: he passed
7548-426: The object of gossip. Pedro I was increasingly rude and mean toward Maria Leopoldina, left her short of funds, prohibited her from leaving the palace and forced her to endure Domitila's presence as her lady-in-waiting . In the meantime, his lover took advantage by advancing her interests, as well as those of her family and friends. Those seeking favors or to promote projects increasingly sought her help, bypassing
7659-465: The oppressed, display his chivalry and self-denial, uphold constitutional rule, and enjoy the freedom of action he craved." The idea of abdicating and returning to Portugal took root in his mind, and, beginning in early 1829, he talked about it frequently. An opportunity soon appeared to act upon the notion. Radicals within the Liberal Party rallied street gangs to harass the Portuguese community in Rio de Janeiro. On 11 March 1831, in what became known as
7770-528: The people of both nations, he hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal on 2 May in favor of his eldest daughter, who became Queen Dona Maria II. His abdication was conditional: Portugal was required to accept the Constitution which he had drafted and Maria II was to marry his brother Miguel. Regardless of the abdication, Pedro I continued to act as an absentee king of Portugal and interceded in its diplomatic matters, as well as in internal affairs, such as making appointments. He found it difficult, at
7881-399: The political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of
7992-507: The principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, nicknamed "the Liberator" Saint Liberator (died 121), Christian martyr Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), known as "El Libertador" in Spanish 14th Armored Division (United States) , nicknamed "The Liberators" 5th Infantry Division (Philippines) , nicknamed "Liberator" Liberators (American band) Liberator (band) ,
8103-490: The principles of absolute monarchy . By contrast, the prince was a well-known, staunch supporter of liberalism and of constitutional representative monarchy. He had read the works of Voltaire , Benjamin Constant , Gaetano Filangieri and Edmund Burke . Even his wife Maria Leopoldina remarked, "My husband, God help us, loves the new ideas." John VI postponed Pedro's departure for as long as possible, fearing that once he
8214-439: The rebels. Angry, he said: "What did the insults from Pernambuco require? Surely a punishment, and such a punishment that it will serve as an example for the future." The rebels were never able to secure control over their provinces, and were easily suppressed. By late 1824, the rebellion was over. Sixteen rebels were tried and executed, while all others were pardoned by the Emperor. After long negotiations, Portugal signed
8325-417: The respect of the troops and succeeding in reducing the impact of their more unacceptable demands. The mutiny was a thinly veiled military coup d'état that sought to turn Pedro into a mere figurehead and transfer power to Avilez. The prince accepted the unsatisfactory outcome, but he also warned that it was the last time he would yield under pressure. The continuing crisis reached a point of no return when
8436-477: The revolutionaries arrested in the Merchants' Exchange incident were set free. On 5 June 1821, army troops under Portuguese lieutenant general Jorge Avilez (later Count of Avilez) mutinied, demanding that Pedro should take an oath to uphold the Portuguese Constitution after it was enacted. The prince rode out alone to intervene with the mutineers. He calmly and resourcefully negotiated, winning
8547-492: The revolutionaries. The prince was never educated to rule and had previously been allowed no participation in state affairs. The role that was his by birthright was instead filled by his elder sister Dona Maria Teresa : John VI had relied on her for advice, and it was she who had been given membership in the Council of State . Pedro was regarded with suspicion by his father and by the king's close advisers, all of whom clung to
8658-422: The risky step of dividing his forces and sending a portion to launch an amphibious attack on southern Portugal. The Algarve region fell to the expedition, which then marched north straight for Lisbon, which capitulated on 24 July. Pedro proceeded to subdue the remainder of the country, but just when the conflict looked to be winding down to a conclusion, his Spanish uncle Don Carlos , who was attempting to seize
8769-474: The routine by dismissing his instructors in favor of activities that he found more interesting. The prince found fulfillment in activities that required physical skills, rather than in the classroom. At his father's Santa Cruz farm , Pedro trained unbroken horses , and became a fine horseman and an excellent farrier . He and his brother Miguel enjoyed mounted hunts over unfamiliar ground, through forests, and even at night or in inclement weather. He displayed
8880-492: The rulers of today's coercive states, whose lifetime tenure is as secure as that of the kings of old." Macaulay affirmed that "[s]uccessful liberal leaders like Dom Pedro may be honored with an occasional stone or bronze monument, but their portraits, four stories high, do not shape public buildings; their pictures are not borne in parades of hundreds of thousands of uniformed marchers; no '-isms' attach to their names." As part of Brazil's 200-year independence celebrations in 2022,
8991-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liberator . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberator&oldid=1248786912 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
9102-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liberator . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberator&oldid=1248786912 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
9213-438: The school newspaper of Liberal Arts and Sciences Academy in Austin, Texas Individuals and groups [ edit ] Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), Emperor of Russia, also known as Alexander the Liberator Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), Irish statesman known as "the Liberator" José de San Martín (1778–1850), known as "El Libertador" in Spanish Liberatores , the assassins of Julius Caesar Libertadores ,
9324-424: The signing of a convention in which Brazil agreed to abolish slave trade with Africa within four years. Both accords were severely harmful to Brazilian economic interests. A few months later, the Emperor received word that his father had died on 10 March 1826, and that he had succeeded his father on the Portuguese throne as King Dom Pedro IV. Aware that a reunion of Brazil and Portugal would be unacceptable to
9435-415: The very least, to keep his position as Brazilian emperor separate from his obligations to protect his daughter's interests in Portugal. Miguel feigned compliance with Pedro I's plans. As soon as he was declared regent in early 1828, and backed by Carlota Joaquina, he abrogated the Constitution and, supported by those Portuguese in favor of absolutism, was acclaimed King Dom Miguel I. As painful as
9546-503: The visits reinforced his authority. While returning from São Paulo, he received news sent on 7 September that the Cortes would not accept self-governance in Brazil and would punish all who disobeyed its orders. "Never one to eschew the most dramatic action on the immediate impulse", said Barman about the prince, he "required no more time for decision than the reading of the letters demanded." Pedro mounted his bay mare and, in front of his entourage and his Guard of Honor, said: "Friends,
9657-526: The voyage, Pedro read Virgil 's Aeneid and conversed with the ship's crew, picking up navigational skills. In Brazil, after a brief stay in the City Palace , Pedro settled with his younger brother Miguel and their father in the Palace of São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher). Although never on intimate terms with his father, Pedro loved him and resented the constant humiliation his father suffered at
9768-621: The war continued on with no conclusion in sight. Pedro I relinquished Cisplatina in August 1828, and the province became the independent nation of Uruguay . After his wife's death, Pedro I realized how miserably he had treated her, and his relationship with Domitila began to crumble. Maria Leopoldina, unlike his mistress, was popular, honest and loved him without expecting anything in return. The Emperor greatly missed her, and even his obsession with Domitila failed to overcome his sense of loss and regret. One day Domitila found him weeping on
9879-408: The war in the south resulted in Brazil's loss of Cisplatina. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Dom Miguel , Pedro I's younger brother. The Emperor's concurrent and scandalous sexual affair with Domitila de Castro tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by
9990-513: The young Pedro, in his arms and saying: "Poor boy, you are the most unhappy prince in the world." At the insistence of Pedro I, Domitila departed from Rio de Janeiro on 27 June 1828. He had resolved to marry again and to become a better person. He even tried to persuade his father-in-law of his sincerity, by claiming in a letter "that all my wickedness is over, that I shall not again fall into those errors into which I have fallen, which I regret and have asked God for forgiveness". Francis I
10101-502: Was crowned on 1 December in what is today known as the Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro . His ascendancy did not immediately extend throughout Brazil's territories. He had to force the submission of several provinces in the northern , northeastern and southern regions, and the last Portuguese holdout units only surrendered in early 1824. Meanwhile, Pedro I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated. The situation came to
10212-560: Was married by proxy to Maria Leopoldina. When she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 5 November, she immediately fell in love with Pedro, who was far more charming and attractive than she had been led to expect. After "years under a tropical sun, his complexion was still light, his cheeks rosy." The 19-year-old prince was handsome and a little above average in height, with bright dark eyes and dark brown hair. "His good appearance", said historian Neill Macaulay , "owed much to his bearing, proud and erect even at an awkward age, and his grooming, which
10323-439: Was a member of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança ) and a grandson of King Dom Peter III and Queen Dona (Lady) Maria I of Portugal , who were uncle and niece as well as husband and wife. His mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina , was the daughter of King Don Charles IV of Spain. Pedro's parents had an unhappy marriage. Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spain's interests, even to
10434-406: Was a simple man, both in habits and in dealing with others. Except on solemn occasions when he donned court dress, his daily attire consisted of white cotton trousers, striped cotton jacket and a broad-brimmed straw hat, or a frock coat and a top hat in more formal situations. He would frequently take time to engage in conversation with people on the street, noting their concerns. Pedro's character
10545-488: Was also given the right to style himself emperor of Brazil. More humiliating was that the treaty implied that independence had been granted as a beneficent act of John VI, rather than having been compelled by the Brazilians through force of arms. Even worse, Great Britain was rewarded for its role in advancing the negotiations by the signing of a separate treaty in which its favorable commercial rights were renewed and by
10656-423: Was an incorrigible womanizer. His earliest known lasting affair was with a French dancer called Noémi Thierry, who had a stillborn child by him. Pedro's father, who had ascended the throne as John VI, sent Thierry away to avoid jeopardizing the prince's betrothal to Archduchess Maria Leopoldina , daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria (formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor ). On 13 May 1817, Pedro
10767-499: Was born at 08:00 on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon , Portugal . He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara , and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. He was referred to using the honorific " Dom " ( Lord ) from birth. Through his father, Prince Dom John (later King Dom John VI ), Pedro
10878-457: Was born in Paris. He did not forget his children left in Brazil. He wrote poignant letters to each of them, conveying how greatly he missed them and repeatedly asking them to seriously attend to their educations. Shortly before his abdication, Pedro had told his son and successor: "I intend that my brother Miguel and I will be the last badly educated of the Braganza family". Charles Napier ,
10989-928: Was declared incurably insane in 1792. By 1802, Pedro's parents were estranged; John lived in the Mafra National Palace and Carlota Joaquina in Ramalhão Palace . Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their parents, whom they saw only during state occasions at Queluz. In late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family escaped from Portugal as an invading French army sent by Napoleon approached Lisbon. Pedro and his family arrived in Rio de Janeiro , then capital of Brazil , Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, in March 1808. During
11100-675: Was directed toward affairs concerning Portugal) and false charges (e.g., that he was involved in plots to suppress the Constitution and to reunite Brazil and Portugal). To the Liberals, the Emperor's Portuguese-born friends who were part of the Imperial court, including Francisco Gomes da Silva who was nicknamed "the Buffoon", were part of these conspiracies and formed a " secret cabinet ". None of these figures exhibited interest in such issues, and whatever interests they may have shared, there
11211-470: Was dying of tuberculosis . He was confined to his bed in Queluz Royal Palace from 10 September. Pedro dictated an open letter to the Brazilians, in which he begged that a gradual abolition of slavery be adopted. He warned them: "Slavery is an evil, and an attack against the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful to those who suffer in captivity than to
11322-420: Was expelled from Brazil along with his troops. During the next few months, Pedro attempted to maintain a semblance of unity with Portugal, but the final rupture was impending. Aided by an able minister, José Bonifácio de Andrada , he searched for support outside Rio de Janeiro. The prince traveled to Minas Gerais in April and on to São Paulo in August. He was welcomed warmly in both Brazilian provinces, and
11433-418: Was freed from the darkest and demeaning tyranny ... if it enjoys the benefits brought by representative government to learned peoples, it owes it to D[om]. Pedro de Alcântara, whose fatigues, sufferings and sacrifices for the Portuguese cause has earned him in high degree the tribute of national gratitude." John Armitage, who lived in Brazil during the latter half of Pedro I's reign , remarked that "even
11544-566: Was his beloved brother's betrayal, Pedro I also endured the defection of his surviving sisters, Maria Teresa , Maria Francisca , Isabel Maria and Maria da Assunção , to Miguel I's faction. Only his youngest sister, Ana de Jesus , remained faithful to him, and she later traveled to Rio de Janeiro to be close to him. Consumed by hatred and beginning to believe rumors that Miguel I had murdered their father, Pedro I turned his focus on Portugal and tried in vain to garner international support for Maria II's rights. Backed by
11655-454: Was impeccable. Habitually neat and clean, he had taken to the Brazilian custom of bathing often." The Nuptial Mass, with the ratification of the vows previously taken by proxy, occurred the following day. Seven children resulted from this marriage: Maria (later Queen Dona Maria II of Portugal ), Miguel , João , Januária , Paula , Francisca and Pedro (later Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil ). On 17 October 1820, news arrived that
11766-422: Was implicated. The Emperor became outraged by the invective directed at the loyalty of citizens who were of Portuguese birth and the hints that he was himself conflicted in his allegiance to Brazil. On 12 November 1823, Pedro I ordered the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and called for new elections. On the following day, he placed a newly established native Council of State in charge of composing
11877-430: Was in Portugal, he would be acclaimed king by the revolutionaries. On 26 February 1821, Portuguese troops stationed in Rio de Janeiro mutinied. Neither John VI nor his government made any move against the mutinous units. Pedro decided to act on his own and rode to meet the rebels. He negotiated with them and convinced his father to accept their demands, which included naming a new cabinet and making an oath of obedience to
11988-483: Was less than convinced. The Austrian emperor, deeply offended by the conduct his daughter endured, withdrew his support for Brazilian concerns and frustrated Pedro I's Portuguese interests. Because of Pedro I's bad reputation in Europe, owing to his past behavior, princesses from several nations declined his proposals of marriage one after another. His pride thus wounded, he allowed his mistress to return, which she did on 29 April 1829 after having been away nearly
12099-466: Was marked by an energetic drive that bordered on hyperactivity. He was impetuous with a tendency to be domineering and short-tempered. Easily bored or distracted, he entertained himself with dalliances with women in addition to his hunting and equestrian activities. His restless spirit compelled him to search for adventure, and, sometimes in disguise as a traveler, he frequented taverns in Rio de Janeiro's disreputable districts. He rarely drank alcohol, but
12210-611: Was no palace cabal plotting to abrogate the Constitution or to bring Brazil back under Portugal's control. Another source of criticism by the Liberals involved Pedro I's abolitionist views. The Emperor had indeed conceived a gradual process for eliminating slavery. However, the constitutional power to enact legislation was in the hands of the Assembly, which was dominated by slave-owning landholders who could thus thwart any attempt at abolition. The Emperor opted to try persuasion by moral example, setting up his estate at Santa Cruz as
12321-450: Was not a prince of ordinary measure ... and Providence has made him a powerful instrument of liberation, both in Brazil and in Portugal. If we [Brazilians] exist as a body in a free Nation, if our land was not ripped apart into small enemy republics, where only anarchy and military spirit predominated, we owe much to the resolution he took in remaining among us, in making the first shout for our Independence." He continued: "Portugal, if it
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