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The World Esperanto Youth Organization ( Esperanto : Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo , TEJO ) is an organization dedicated to supporting young Esperanto speakers around the world and promote the use of Esperanto . TEJO was founded in 1938 as the Tutmonda Junular-Organizo (World Youth Organization) and took its current name in 1952. In 1956, TEJO became the youth section of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). In 1971, the finances and administration of TEJO were fully integrated into those of UEA.

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74-622: (Redirected from Esperantists ) Person speaking or using the international language Esperanto [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "List of Esperanto speakers"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Part of

148-425: A Nobel Peace Prize and author of a textbook on Esperanto Ebenezer Howard , known for his Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. Pope John Paul II , gave several speeches using Esperanto during his career Franko Luin , Swedish type designer of Slovene nationality John E. B. Mayor , English classical scholar, gave

222-481: A "community of speakers". His original title for the language was simply "the international language" ( la lingvo internacia ), but early speakers grew fond of the name Esperanto, and began to use it as the name for the language just two years after its creation. The name quickly gained prominence, and has been used as an official name ever since. In 1905, Zamenhof published the Fundamento de Esperanto as

296-476: A Jewish ophthalmologist from Białystok , then part of the Russian Empire , but now part of Poland . According to Zamenhof, he created the language to reduce the "time and labor we spend in learning foreign tongues", and to foster harmony between people from different countries: "Were there but an international language, all translations would be made into it alone ... and all nations would be united in

370-426: A basic understanding of Esperanto. The language-learning platforms Drops , Memrise and LingQ also have materials for Esperanto. On February 22, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language. On July 25, 2016, Yandex Translate added Esperanto as a language. With about 361,000 articles, Esperanto Misplaced Pages (Vikipedio) is the 36th-largest Misplaced Pages, as measured by the number of articles, and

444-526: A certain degree isolating in character". Approximately 80% of Esperanto's vocabulary is derived from Romance languages. Typologically , Esperanto has prepositions and a pragmatic word order that by default is subject–verb–object (SVO). Adjectives can be freely placed before or after the nouns they modify, though placing them before the noun is more common. New words are formed through extensive use of affixes and compounds . Esperanto's phonology , grammar , vocabulary , and semantics are based on

518-477: A common brotherhood." His feelings and the situation in Białystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko: The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Białystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans, and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such

592-1014: A concentration camp at age 16. His drawing of the Moon was carried aboard Space Shuttle Columbia . His diary appears in Czech, Spanish, Catalan and Esperanto, and was recently published in English. Don Harlow , American Esperantist writer and webmaster of the United States Esperanto web-site. Hector Hodler , Swiss journalist, translator, organizer, and philanthropist Hans Jakob , Swiss writer Kálmán Kalocsay , Hungarian surgeon, poet, translator, and editor Lena Karpunina , Tajik Esperantist short story writer Ikki Kita , Japanese fascist author, intellectual and political philosopher Georges Lagrange , French Esperanto writer, member of Academy of Esperanto Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov , Esperantist writer and translator of

666-549: A definitive guide to the language. Later that year, French Esperantists organized with his participation the first World Esperanto Congress , an ongoing annual conference, in Boulogne-sur-Mer , France. Zamenhof also proposed to the first congress that an independent body of linguistic scholars should steward the future evolution of Esperanto, foreshadowing the founding of the Akademio de Esperanto (in part modeled after

740-672: A different location around the world. During the IJK there are concerts, presentations, excursions, and recreation, usually one week long and attended by a few hundred young people from several countries. TEJO also publishes the Pasporta Servo , which is an international hospitality network of Esperanto speakers that accept Esperanto-speaking guests. TEJO publishes Kontakto , a magazine aimed at beginners and youth. TEJO organizes several youth seminars each year. These seminars bring together an international group of young people to discuss

814-441: A few dorożkas with their horses squeezed in between. Such a sight it was. Later a few blocks were changed from Dzika Street to Dr. Zamenhofa Street and a nice monument was erected there with his name and his invention inscribed on it, to honor his memory. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language that would serve as a universal second language , to foster world peace and international understanding, and to build

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888-751: A historic speech against Esperanto reformists at the World Congress of Esperanto held at Cambridge Frank Merrick , English composer Alexander Nedoshivin , Russian tax specialist, one of the founders of the Esperanto Society at Kaunas, Lithuania William Main Page , Secretary of Edinburgh Esperanto Society, editor and author László Polgár , Hungarian chess teacher Susan Polgar , Hungarian-American chess grandmaster, taught Esperanto by her father László George Soros , Hungarian-American billionaire and son of Esperantist parents. ("Soros",

962-704: A language that could be used by an international Jewish conspiracy once they achieved world domination. Esperantists were killed during the Holocaust , with Zamenhof's family in particular singled out to be killed. The efforts of a minority of German Esperantists to expel their Jewish colleagues and overtly align themselves with the Reich were futile, and Esperanto was legally forbidden in 1935. Esperantists in German concentration camps did, however, teach Esperanto to fellow prisoners, telling guards they were teaching Italian,

1036-634: A name selected by his father to avoid persecution, means "will soar" in Esperanto.) Daniel Tammet , British autistic savant. He has stated Esperanto is one of the ten languages he speaks. Marcelle Tiard , French Esperantist who co-founded the Union of Esperantist Women. Antoon Jozef Witteryck , Belgian publisher and instructor Fredrick Brennan , founder of 8chan See also [ edit ] Esperanto culture Interhelpo Sources [ edit ] This page has been translated from

1110-1941: A series on [REDACTED] Esperanto flag Esperanto Language Grammar Phonology Orthography ( Braille ) Vocabulary Etymology History Zamenhof Proto-Esperanto Unua Libro Dua Libro La Esperantisto Fundamento de Esperanto Declaration of Boulogne Montevideo Resolution Manifesto of Rauma Manifesto of Prague Modern evolution of Esperanto Culture Esperanto movement Esperantist Esperantujo Literature Music Film La Espero Libera Folio Literatura Mondo Native speakers Libraries Pop culture references Publications Symbols Profanity Zamenhof Day Organizations and services World Esperanto Congress Akademio de Esperanto Universal Esperanto Association World Esperanto Youth Organization International Youth Congress Esperanto Youth Week World Anational Association Encyclopedia Pasporta Servo Plouézec Meetings European Esperanto Union Europe–Democracy–Esperanto Panamerican Congress Skolta Esperanto Ligo By country Austria Bulgaria China‎ Czech Republic‎ Hungary Japan Korea Malaysia Poland Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Related topics Auxiliary language Constructed language Ido Homaranismo Linguistic discrimination Wikimedia Constructed languages portal Task force Outline Esperanto Misplaced Pages ( Vikipedio ) Vikivortaro Vikicitaro Vikifontaro Vikilibroj Vikikomunejo Vikispecoj Vikinovaĵoj Vikivojaĵo v t e [REDACTED] Esperanto speakers at

1184-577: A smaller set of words. Esperanto is the most successful constructed international auxiliary language, and the only such language with a sizeable population of native speakers , of which there are perhaps several thousand. Usage estimates are difficult, but two estimates put the number of people who know how to speak Esperanto at around 100,000. Concentration of speakers is highest in Europe, East Asia, and South America. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ("Esperanto-land")

1258-476: A town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews, and so on. This

1332-418: A utopian and Esperantist cooperative called Interhelpo . Writers [ edit ] Anna Löwenstein , British Esperantist, writer, teacher Nadija Hordijenko Andrianova , Ukrainian writer and translator Maria Angelova , Bulgarian poet Ba Jin , prolific Chinese novelist and chairman of Chinese Writer Association Henri Barbusse , French writer, and honorary president of the first congress of

1406-468: A very few basic words such as cent "hundred" and post "after". World Esperanto Youth Organization TEJO is an organization for young Esperanto speakers. TEJO has individual members as well as member organizations. There are 42 member organizations, as well as 13 national organizations that TEJO has contact with but that are not members. TEJO organizes an International Youth Congress ( Internacia Junulara Kongreso ) each year in

1480-758: Is also Education@Internet, which has developed from an Esperanto organization; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the Universal Esperanto Association , has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and UNESCO , which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954. The Universal Esperanto Association collaborated in 2017 with UNESCO to deliver an Esperanto translation of its magazine UNESCO Courier ( Esperanto : Unesko Kuriero en Esperanto ). The World Health Organization offers an Esperanto version of

1554-575: Is the largest Misplaced Pages in a constructed language. About 150,000 users consult the Vikipedio regularly, as attested by Misplaced Pages's automatically aggregated log-in data, which showed that in October 2019 the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 who view the site on a mobile device instead. Esperanto has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romanic , morphologically intensively agglutinative , and to

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1628-519: Is the most widely spoken constructed language in the world. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ("Esperanto-land") is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken. Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda , a left-wing cultural association which had 724 members in over 85 countries in 2006. There

1702-449: Is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language . Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" ( la Lingvo Internacia ). Zamenhof first described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language (Esperanto: Unua Libro ), which he published under

1776-405: Is used as a name for the collection of places where it is spoken. The language has also gained a noticeable presence on the internet, as it became increasingly accessible on platforms such as Duolingo , Misplaced Pages , Amikumu and Google Translate . Esperanto speakers are often called "Esperantists" ( Esperantistoj ). Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L. L. Zamenhof ,

1850-596: The Académie Française ), which was established soon thereafter. Since then, world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars, and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic (when it was moved to an online-only event). Since the Second World War , they have been attended by an average of more than 2,000 people, and up to 6,000 people at the most. Zamenhof wrote that he wanted mankind to "learn and use ... en masse ...

1924-725: The COVID-19 pandemic ( Esperanto : pandemio KOVIM-19 ) occupational safety and health education course. All personal documents sold by the World Service Authority , including the World Passport , are written in Esperanto, together with the official languages of the United Nations : English , French , Spanish , Russian , Arabic , and Chinese . Esperanto has not been a secondary official language of any recognized country. However, it has entered

1998-579: The Gulag labour camps. Quite often the accusation was: "You are an active member of an international spy organization which hides itself under the name of 'Association of Soviet Esperantists' on the territory of the Soviet Union." Until the end of the Stalin era, it was dangerous to use Esperanto in the Soviet Union, even though it was never officially forbidden to speak Esperanto. Fascist Italy allowed

2072-489: The Indo-European group . A substantial majority of its vocabulary (approximately 80%) derives from Romance languages , but it also contains elements derived from Germanic , Greek , and Slavic languages. One of the language's most notable features is its extensive system of derivation , where prefixes and suffixes may be freely combined with roots to generate words, making it possible to communicate effectively with

2146-851: The Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. Beside his native Yiddish and (Belo)Russian, Zamenhof studied German, Hebrew, Latin, English, Spanish, Lithuanian, Italian, French, Aramaic and Volapük , knowing altogether something of 13 different languages, which had an influence on Esperanto's linguistic properties. Esperantist and linguist Ilona Koutny notes that Esperanto's vocabulary, phrase structure, agreement systems, and semantic typology are similar to those of Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. However, Koutny and Esperantist Humphrey Tonkin also note that Esperanto has features that are atypical of Indo-European languages spoken in Europe, such as its agglutinative morphology. Claude Piron argued that Esperanto word-formation has more in common with that of Chinese than with typical European languages , and that

2220-627: The Montevideo Resolution . However, Esperanto is not one of the six official languages of the UN . The development of Esperanto has continued unabated into the 21st century. The advent of the Internet has had a significant impact on the language, as learning it has become increasingly accessible on platforms such as Duolingo , and as speakers have increasingly networked on platforms such as Amikumu . With up to two million speakers, it

2294-820: The Nobel Peace Prize Parley P. Christensen , Utah and California politician Willem Drees , Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1948–1958) Heinz Fischer , President of the Republic of Austria Małgorzata Handzlik , Polish member of the European Parliament Ho Chi Minh , President of North Vietnam Jean Jaurès , French politician. He proposed to the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart in 1907

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2368-738: The Quran and many other works into Esperanto William Auld , eminent Scottish Esperanto poet and nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature Julio Baghy , poet, member of the Akademio de Esperanto and "Dad" ("Paĉjo") of the Esperanto movement Henri Barbusse , French writer, honorary president of the first congress of the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda Kazimierz Bein , "Kabe", prominent Esperanto activist and writer who suddenly left

2442-594: The Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda Louis de Beaufront , Esperantist writer Gerrit Berveling , Dutch Esperantist poet, translator and editor of the Esperanto literary review, Fonto Marjorie Boulton , British writer and poet in English and Esperanto; researcher and writer Jorge Camacho , Spanish Esperantist writer Vasili Eroshenko , Russian writer, Esperantist, linguist, and teacher Petr Ginz , native Esperanto speaking boy who wrote an Esperanto-Czech dictionary but later died in

2516-1101: The United Nations Reinhard Selten , German economist and winner of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics because of his work on game theory. He has authored two books in Esperanto on that subject. Leonardo Torres Quevedo , Spanish engineer, mathematician and inventor. Yrjö Väisälä , Finnish astronomer, discovered asteroids 1421 Esperanto and 1462 Zamenhof John C. Wells , British phonetician and Esperanto teacher Wladimir Köppen , Russian geographer of German descent Marcel Minnaert , Belgian astronomer who worked in Utrecht Seok Joo-myung , Korean ecologist who studied and identified native butterflies of Korea Claude Roux , French lichenologist and mycologist Others [ edit ] Baháʼí Faith adherents, many of whom have been involved with Esperanto (see Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language ). Lidia Zamenhof

2590-599: The first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw on July 26, 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades; at first, primarily in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years before the world congresses, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals. Zamenhof's name for

2664-640: The 1920s as the heyday of the Esperanto movement. During this time, Anarchism as a political movement was very supportive of both anationalism and the Esperanto language. Fran Novljan was one of the chief promoters of Esperanto in the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia . He was among the founders of the Croatian Prosvjetni savez (Educational Alliance), of which he was the first secretary, and organized Esperanto institutions in Zagreb . Novljan collaborated with Esperanto newspapers and magazines, and

2738-558: The 1970s Esperanto was used as the basis for Defense Language Aptitude Tests. Beginning in 1908, there were efforts to establish the world's first Esperanto state in Neutral Moresnet , which at the time was a Belgian – Prussian condominium in central-western Europe. Any such efforts came to an end with the beginning of World War I and the German invasion of Belgium , voiding the treaty which established joint sovereignty over

2812-547: The 2008 International Youth Congress An Esperantist ( Esperanto : esperantisto ) is a person who speaks, reads or writes Esperanto . According to the Declaration of Boulogne , a document agreed upon at the first World Esperanto Congress in 1905, an Esperantist is someone who speaks Esperanto and uses it for any purpose. List [ edit ] Important Esperantists [ edit ] Muztar Abbasi , Pakistani scholar, patron in chief of PakEsA, translated

2886-686: The Akademio de Esperanto Georges Lagrange , French Esperantist writer John Edgar McFadyen , Scottish theologist and linguist Frederic Pujulà i Vallès , pioneer of Esperanto in Spain Sándor Szathmári , leading figure of Esperanto literature Anna Tuschinski , prominent Esperantist in the Free City of Danzig ; "Mother of Esperanto" L. L. Zamenhof , Polish ophthalmologist , inventor of Esperanto Politicians [ edit ] Joseph Stalin , General Secretary of

2960-666: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union , was said to have studied Esperanto by Leon Trotsky , though he later killed many Esperantists Kazimierz Badowski , member of the Communist Party of Poland , promoted Esperanto as part of the Trotskyism movement Richard Bartholdt , U.S. Representative from Missouri Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood , one of the architects of the League of Nations , awarded

3034-676: The Esperanto League of Israel Bertalan Farkas , Hungarian cosmonaut Louis Lumière , French inventor of cinema, said: "The use of Esperanto could have one of the happiest consequences in its effects on international relations and the establishment of peace." Fran Novljan , contributed to the promotion of Esperanto in Yugoslavia . Wilhelm Ostwald , German Nobel laureate for his seminal work in chemical catalysis Mark Pallen , British microbiologist Claude Piron , Esperantist, psychologist, and linguist, translator for

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3108-450: The Esperanto movement without explanation Émile Boirac , French writer and first president of the Esperanto language committee (later the Akademio de Esperanto) Antoni Grabowski , Polish chemical engineer , the father of Esperanto poetry Lou Harrison , American composer of Esperanto music and translator of Sanskrit texts into Esperanto Julia Isbrücker , Dutch Esperantist Boris Kolker , Esperantist scholar and key member of

3182-1300: The Foxrook ; transcription on Tolkien i Esperanto ; the text begins with "PRIVATA KODO SKAŬTA" (Private Scout Code) ^ "Johano Paŭlo la 2a kaj Esperanto" . www.ikue.org . Retrieved 2024-01-26 . ^ Who Supports Esperanto? Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine External links [ edit ] 100 eminentaj esperantistoj "100 eminent Esperantists" (eo) Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Germany 2 Czech Republic 2 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Esperanto_speakers&oldid=1256756522 " Categories : Esperanto Esperantists Lists of people by language Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from June 2023 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Esperanto-language text Esperanto Esperanto ( / ˌ ɛ s p ə ˈ r ɑː n t oʊ / , /- æ n t oʊ / )

3256-721: The Soviet Union Mauro Nervi , Italian poet in the Esperanto language Edmond Privat , Swiss author, journalist, university professor, and movement activist João Guimarães Rosa , Brazilian novelist, short story writer and diplomat Cezaro Rossetti , Scottish Esperantist writer Magda Šaturová , Slovak translator who authored multiple Esperanto-Slovak dictionaries. Lazër Shantoja , Albanian catholic saint, writer and translator René de Saussure , Swiss writer and activist Tivadar Soros , Hungarian Jewish doctor, lawyer, author and editor W. T. Stead , well-known philanthropist, journalist and pacifist who

3330-663: The abolition of Classical Chinese, and supported the substitution of Spoken Chinese with Esperanto Kenji Miyazawa , Japanese poet and author of children's literature . Author of Night on the Galactic Railroad (銀河鉄道の夜). Scientists [ edit ] Daniel Bovet , Italian pharmacologist and winner of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, learned Esperanto as a first language Sidney S. Culbert , American linguist and psychologist Isaj Dratwer , Polish-Jewish bacteriologist and former president of

3404-633: The article fr:Espérantiste on the French Misplaced Pages , accessed on June 13, 2006. Information on William Thomas Stead from the Esperanto Vikipedio article. References [ edit ] ^ Esperanto en Perspektivo , pp. 475 and 646, 1974. ^ Smith, Arden R. (2006). "Esperanto" . In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment . Routledge. p. 172. ISBN   978-0-415-96942-0 , and Book of

3478-527: The decision. However, two years later, the League recommended that its member states include Esperanto in their educational curricula. The French government retaliated by banning all instruction in Esperanto in France's schools and universities. The French Ministry of Public Instruction said that "French and English would perish and the literary standard of the world would be debased". Nonetheless, many people see

3552-401: The education systems of several countries, including Hungary and China. Esperanto was also the first language of teaching and administration of the now-defunct International Academy of Sciences San Marino . The League of Nations made attempts to promote the teaching of Esperanto in its member countries, but the resolutions were defeated (mainly by French delegates, who did not feel there

3626-439: The language learning platform Duolingo launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers On March 25, 2016, when the first Duolingo Esperanto course completed its beta-testing phase, that course had 350,000 people registered to learn Esperanto through the medium of English. By July 2018, the number of learners had risen to 1.36 million. On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only

3700-602: The language of one of Germany's Axis allies . In Imperial Japan , the left wing of the Japanese Esperanto movement was forbidden, but its leaders were careful enough not to give the impression to the government that the Esperantists were socialist revolutionaries, which proved a successful strategy. After the October Revolution of 1917, Esperanto was given a measure of government support by

3774-486: The language was simply Internacia Lingvo ("International Language"). December 15, Zamenhof's birthday, is now regarded as Zamenhof Day or Esperanto Book Day. The autonomous territory of Neutral Moresnet , between what is today Belgium and Germany, had a sizable proportion of Esperanto-speaking citizens among its small, diverse population. There was a proposal to make Esperanto its official language. However, neither Belgium nor Germany had surrendered their claims to

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3848-429: The language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible. The United States Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto, to be used from the 1950s until the 1970s in war games by mock enemy forces . A field reference manual, FM 30-101-1 Feb. 1962, contained the grammar, English-Esperanto-English dictionary, and common phrases. In

3922-762: The new communist states in the former Russian Empire and later by the Soviet Union government, with the Soviet Esperantist Union being established as an organization that, temporarily, was officially recognized. In his biography on Joseph Stalin , Leon Trotsky mentions that Stalin had studied Esperanto. However, in 1937, at the height of the Great Purge , Stalin completely reversed the Soviet government's policies on Esperanto; many Esperanto speakers were executed, exiled or held in captivity in

3996-1144: The number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course), which as of October 2022 stands at 299,000 learners. On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform and which as of April 2021 has a further 176,000 students. A third Esperanto course, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta-testing phase on May 14, 2018, and as of April 2021, 220,000 people are using this course and 155,000 people in May 2022. A fourth Esperanto course, taught in French, began its beta-testing phase in July 2020, and as of March 2021 has 72,500 students and 101,000 students in May 2022. As of October 2018, Lernu! , another online learning platform for Esperanto, has 320,000 registered users, and nearly 75,000 monthly visits. 50,000 users possess at least

4070-438: The number of Esperanto features shared with Slavic languages warrants the identification of a Slavic-derived stratum of language structure that he calls the "Middle Plane". Esperanto typically has 22 to 24 consonants (depending on the phonemic analysis and individual speaker), five vowels, and two semivowels that combine with the vowels to form six diphthongs . (The consonant /j/ and semivowel /i̯/ are both written ⟨j⟩, and

4144-535: The petitions... About the same time, in the middle of the block marched a huge demonstration of people holding posters reading "Learn Esperanto", "Support the Universal language", "Esperanto the language of hope and expectation", "Esperanto the bond for international communication" and so on, and many "Sign the petitions". I will never forget that rich-poor, sad-glad parade and among all these people stood two fiery red tramway cars waiting on their opposite lanes and also

4218-440: The proposal with only one voice against, the French delegate, Gabriel Hanotaux . Hanotaux opposed all recognition of Esperanto at the League, from the first resolution on December 18, 1920, and subsequently through all efforts during the next three years. Hanotaux did not approve of how the French language was losing its position as the international language and saw Esperanto as a threat, effectively wielding his veto power to block

4292-526: The proposed language as a living one". The goal for Esperanto to become a global auxiliary language was not Zamenhof's only goal; he also wanted to "enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not; in other words, the language is to be directly a means of international communication". After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto, as well as writing original prose and verse,

4366-521: The pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto . Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes". Within the range of constructed languages, Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" (imitating existing natural languages) and a   priori (where features are not based on existing languages). Esperanto's vocabulary , syntax and semantics derive predominantly from languages of

4440-404: The region, with the latter having adopted a more aggressive stance towards pursuing its claim around the turn of the century, even being accused of sabotage and administrative obstruction to force the issue. The outbreak of World War I would bring about the end of neutrality, with Moresnet initially left as "an oasis in a desert of destruction" following the German invasion of Belgium. The territory

4514-498: The stress on the second i , but when the word is used without the final o ( famili’ ), the stress remains on the second i : [fa.mi.ˈli] . The 23 consonants are: There is some degree of allophony: A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position (as in stranga , "strange") and five in medial position (as in ekssklavo , "former slave"). Final clusters are uncommon except in unassimilated names, poetic elision of final o , and

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4588-563: The suspicion of many states. Repression was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany , Francoist Spain up until the 1950s, and the Soviet Union under Stalin , from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist". In his work, Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler specifically mentioned Esperanto as an example of

4662-506: The territory. The Treaty of Versailles subsequently awarded the disputed territory to Belgium, effective January 10, 1920. The self-proclaimed micronation of Rose Island , on an artificial island near Italy in the Adriatic Sea , used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. Another micronation, the extant Republic of Molossia , near Dayton, Nevada , uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English. On May 28, 2015,

4736-400: The uncommon consonant /dz/ is written with the digraph ⟨dz⟩, which is the only consonant that does not have its own letter.) Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress is always on the second-to-last vowel in proper Esperanto words, unless a final vowel o is elided , a phenomenon mostly occurring in poetry. For example, familio "family" is [fa.mi.ˈli.o] , with

4810-653: The use of Esperanto for the information diffused by the Brussels Office of the organization. Franz Jonas , President of the Republic of Austria, Secretary of the Austrian Laborist Esperantist League and founder of Internacio de Socialistaj Esperantistoj ("International of Socialist Esperantists") Graham Steele , Canadian lawyer, author, and former politician Josip Broz Tito , head of state of Yugoslavia Alexander Dubček , head of state of Czechoslovakia . He grew up on

4884-577: The use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some tourist material in the language. During and after the Spanish Civil War , Francoist Spain suppressed anarchists , socialists and Catalan nationalists for many years, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive, but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was again tolerated. In 1954, the United Nations  — through UNESCO  — granted official support to Esperanto as an international auxiliary language in

4958-426: The world. A group of people had organized and sent letters to the government asking to change the name of the street where Dr. Zamenhof lived for many years when he invented Esperanto, from Dzika to Zamenhofa. They were told that a petition with a large number of signatures would be needed. That took time so they organized demonstrations carrying large posters encouraging people to learn the universal language and to sign

5032-630: Was a Baháʼí. Several leading Baháʼís have spoken Esperanto, most notably the Son of Baháʼu'lláh , ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (see John Esslemont ). Rudolf Carnap , German-born philosopher. Onisaburo Deguchi , one of the chief figures of the Oomoto religious movement in Japan and president of the Universala Homama Asocio ("Universal Human-love Association") Alfred Hermann Fried , recipient of

5106-476: Was a need for it). The Chinese government has used Esperanto since 2001 for an Esperanto version of its China Internet Information Center . China also uses Esperanto in China Radio International , and for the internet magazine El Popola Ĉinio . The Vatican Radio has an Esperanto version of its podcasts and its website. In the summer of 1924, the American Radio Relay League adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language, and hoped that

5180-527: Was aboard the Titanic when it sank. Þórbergur Þórðarson (Thorbergur Thortharson), Icelandic writer and Esperantist J. R. R. Tolkien . Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer and philosopher, who claimed he learned how to write Esperanto after two hours of study Julian Tuwim , Polish poet and translator. Vladimir Varankin , Russian writer Jules Verne , French author, incorporated Esperanto into his last unfinished work The Barsac Mission . Qian Xuantong , Chinese writer and linguist who pushed for

5254-406: Was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil. It was invented in 1887 and designed so that anyone could learn it in a few short months. Dr. Zamenhof lived on Dzika Street, No. 9, which

5328-572: Was formally annexed by Prussia in 1915, though without international recognition. After the war, a great opportunity for Esperanto seemingly presented itself, when the Iranian delegation to the League of Nations proposed that the language be adopted for use in international relations following a report by a Japanese delegate to the League named Nitobe Inazō , in the context of the 13th World Congress of Esperanto, held in Prague . Ten delegates accepted

5402-402: Was just around the corner from the street on which we lived. Brother Afrum was so impressed with that idea that he learned Esperanto in a very short time at home from a little book. He then bought many dozens of them and gave them out to relatives, friends, just anyone he could, to support that magnificent idea for he felt that this would be a common bond to promote relationships with fellow men in

5476-702: Was the author of the Esperanto textbook Internacia lingvo esperanto i Esperanto en tridek lecionoj . In 1920s Korea , socialist thinkers pushed for the use of Esperanto through a series of columns in The Dong-a Ilbo as resistance to both Japanese occupation as well as a counter to the growing nationalist movement for Korean language standardization. This lasted until the Mukden Incident in 1931, when changing colonial policy led to an outright ban on Esperanto education in Korea . Esperanto attracted

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