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44-614: The Ethiopian Somali Democratic League ( ESDL ) was a political party in the Somali Region of Ethiopia . It was the ruling EPRDF 's regional partner from 1994 to 1998. The ESDL was formed in 1994 through the merger of ten clan-based political parties from the region, including the Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front , at a meeting in Hurso . In the subsequent 1995 elections , the ESDL won

88-517: A series of military reprisals against the rebel group ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front . Until its first-ever district elections in February 2004, Zonal and woreda administrators and village chairmen were appointed by the Regional government. Senior politicians at the Regional level nominated their clients to the local government positions. In the 2004 local elections, each woreda elected

132-590: A council including a spokesman, vice-spokesman, administrator, and vice-administrator. These councils have the responsibility of managing budgets and development activities within their respective districts. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Somali Region has a total population of 4,439,147, consisting of 2,468,784 men and 1,970,363 women; urban residents numbered 621,210 or 14% of

176-465: A landslide victory in the 1995 elections by securing 76 of 139 seats in the regional parliament, and 15 of the 23 seats in the federal parliament allotted to the Somali Region. Despite receiving the support of the EPRDF, and initially from the non- Ogaden clans of Somali Isaaq , Issa and Gadabursi , the ESDL failed to provide effective administration because of a number of interrelated reasons. One

220-686: A large part of the pre-1995 provinces of Hararghe , Bale and Sidamo . The population is predominantly Somali , and there have been attempts to incorporate the area into a Greater Somalia . In the 1977, Somalia invaded Ethiopia, igniting the Ogaden War , which Somalia lost due to timely military intervention from the Soviet Union and its ally Cuba . Despite this defeat, local groups still tried either to become part of Somalia or independent. The 2007 Abole oil field raid , in which 72 Chinese and Ethiopian oilfield workers were killed, has led to

264-836: A new president, Mohammed Ma'alin Ali , from the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF). The party's disorder led federal authorities to order the remnants of the ESDL to merge with moderate members of the ONLF. In June 1998, both groups elected 35 members to represent them at the founding convention of the new Somali People's Democratic Party . Somali Region The Somali Region ( Somali : Deegaanka Soomaalida , Amharic : ሱማሌ ክልል , romanized :  Sumalē Kilil , Oromo : Naannoo somaalee, Arabic : المنطقة الصومالية ), also known as Soomaali Galbeed ( lit.   ' Western Somalia ' ) and officially

308-798: A pact in December 1984 agreeing to cease hostilities along the border. Following renewed hostilities in the Ogaden with an August 1982 border clash, Ethiopia and Somalia signed a peace treaty in 1988. With the start of the Somali Civil War , the vision of uniting the various historically and predominantly Somali-inhabited areas of the Horn of Africa into a Greater Somalia was temporarily sidelined. Thousands of refugees have been granted political asylum in Kenya. Talk of pan-Somali unification movements for

352-545: A united country inhabited by all the Somalis in their "Horn of Africa" areas. Pan-Somalism refers to the vision of reunifying these areas to form a single Somali nation. The pursuit of this goal has led to conflict: Somalia engaged after World War II in the Ogaden War with Ethiopia over the Somali Region , and supported Somali insurgents against Kenya. In 1946 the Somali Youth League selected Harar as

396-825: A very warm acclamatio from these leaders. Tripodi, Paolo. "The Colonial Legacy in Somalia" In August 1940 Mussolini boasted to a group of Somalis in Rome that with the conquest of British Somalia (that he annexed to Italian Somalia) nearly all the Somali people were united, fulfilling their dream of a union of all Somalis. In September 1940 he even announced to the Somali people in Italy of having created an Italian Grande Somalia inside his Italian Empire . Indeed, in early World War II, Italian troops invaded British Somaliland and ejected

440-485: A war over control of the predominantly Somali Ogaden region. In 1978 and with the help of Soviet and Cuban troops, Ethiopian troops drove back the Somali army from the Ogaden, effectively marking the end of the Ogaden War . In 1981, Siad Barre visited Nairobi , and asserted that Somalia was suspending its claim on the North Eastern Province (NFD). Improved relations with Kenya led to the signing of

484-487: Is headed by the Chief Administrator of Somali Regional State. The current Chief Administrator is Mustafa Muhummed Omer (Cagjar) , elected on 22 August 2018. A Vice President of Somali Region succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president. The current vice president is Adam Farah Ibrahim . The other offices in the executive branch cabinet are

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528-519: Is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected. The highest-ranking court, the Somali Supreme Court, is Somali's "court of last resort". A Seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from

572-660: The Dir primarily inhabit the northern Sitti zone, Awbare and Gursum woreda in Fafan zone. The Habr Awal , Garhajis , Arap and Habr Je'lo clans of the Isaaq clan family inhabit the northern part of the region bordering Somaliland. The Arap primarily inhabit the Fafan zone making up the majority in Harshin woreda as well as making up a significant portion of the population of

616-715: The Gursum, Somali (woreda) woreda as well as the lucrative towns of dhagahle and Laanqayr. The Garhajis and Habr Je'lo make up the majority of Awaare and Misrak Gashamo woredas in Jarar zone with a significant presence in the Danot woreda. Subclans of the Hawiye inhabit the western and southern areas of the region, with Degodia being majority in Liben and significant presence in some regions . Karanle and Sheekhaal present in

660-893: The Northern Frontier District (NFD) in Kenya and the Ogaden region in Ethiopia were placed under the control of neighboring states, despite the pre-independence unification efforts of Somali nationalists . The post-independence governments of the Somali Republic (1960-1969) and the Somali Democratic Republic (1969-1991) expended significant effort towards the unification of the NFD and French Somaliland with Somalia, however their primary focus

704-499: The Scramble for Africa at the end of the 19th century, Somali inhabited territories were partitioned between imperial powers. The unification of these territories became a focal objective of an independent Somalia . Referred to as 'Greater Somalia', these regions at the outset of Somali independence encompassed British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland , which had successfully merged into a single nation in 1960. French Somaliland ,

748-413: The Somali Civil War and the splintering of Somalia into various autonomous polities, the concept of Greater Somalia has seen a sharp decline in support, with some Somali diaspora communities advocating for autonomy or independence rather than a full fledged union. Since the beginning of the 20th century the concept of Greater Somalia started to be developed with the birth of the nation of Somalia, as

792-544: The Somali Regional State , is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia . Its territory is the largest after Oromia Region . The regional state borders the Ethiopian regions of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa to the west, as well as Djibouti to the north, Somalia to the northeast, east and south; and Kenya to the southwest. Jijiga is the capital of the Somali Region. The capital

836-536: The Somali Republic , began in 1963 in an ethnic Oromo and Somali district, Elekere , then part of Bale province , instigated by the Oromo founder of the United Liberation Forces of Oromia , Waqo Gutu . The Bale revolt , a peasant revolt stemming from issues involving land, taxation, class, and religion, raged in the province for several years until a number of developments took the energy out of

880-774: The British. Benito Mussolini annexed the conquered area to the Italian Somalia and added even the area of Moyale and Buna near the Jubaland in eastern Kenya (with some southern borders of French Somalia ). Mussolini told to a group of Somali clan leaders in September 1940 that Italy has realized their dream of a "Greater Somalia", conquering the British Somalia and areas of Kenya around Moyale. Also some southern borders of French Somalia were united. He received

924-458: The British. However, Britain retained administration of most of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District . Italians even did a tentative to occupy French Somaliland in summer 1940. However the British regained control of British Somaliland in the spring of 1941, and conquered Italian Somaliland and the Somali Region. In 1945, the Potsdam conference was held, where it

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968-510: The Italians 94,050 square kilometers of the Jubaland protectorate , which was situated in present-day southwestern Somalia. This was Italy's reward for allying itself with Britain in its war against Germany. The treaty was honored, and in 1924, Britain ceded Jubaland. In 1926, the northern half of Jubaland was incorporated into Italian Somaliland, and was later re-dubbed Oltre Giuba by

1012-463: The Italians. Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD). After its conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Italy also annexed the Huwan region. In this way Italian Somaliland, with capital Mogadishu , was enlarged once more. In early World War II , Italian troops invaded British Somaliland and ejected

1056-517: The Region was 95.67% Somali , 0.70% Amhara , 2.25% Oromo ; all other ethnic groups made up 1.38% of the population. According to the CSA, as of 2004 , 38.98% of the total population had access to safe drinking water , of whom 21.32% were rural inhabitants and 77.21% were urban. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Somali as of 2005 include the following: 71.8% of

1100-504: The Regional Health Bureau, Educational Bureau, and 18 other officials. 15 Days 4 Months 10 Months 3 Months, 1 Months 9 Months 1 Months There are three levels of the Somali region judiciary . The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters. The intermediate-level court system

1144-764: The Somali Region had a total of 1,459,720 cattle (representing 10.19%% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 1,463,000 sheep (20.66%), 1,650,970 goats (50.02%), 1,291,550 donkeys (30.66%), 5,3165,260 camels (96.2%), 154,670 poultry of all species (0.5%), and 5,330 beehives (0.12%). For nomadic inhabitants, the CSA provided two sets of estimates, one based on aerial surveys and the other on more conventional methodology: West from Addis Ababa , Awash 572 km via Harar and Jijiga to Degehabur Somali Regional State has 3 international airport and 2 commercial airports. The international airports are Jijiga Airport , Gode Airport , and Kabri Dar Airport , The 2 commercial airports are Dolo Airport , and Shilavo Airport . The executive branch

1188-473: The Somali lands that it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. The first armed conflict following the independence and unification of the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland territories, known collectively as

1232-527: The Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Somali Region to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back

1276-742: The courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the Chief of Soamli Supreme Court Abdullahi Saed Omar. The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 269 members. Somali is represented by Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Somali Region is subdivided into eleven administrative zones and Six Special administrative zones: The zones are themselves subdivided into districts . 7°26′19″N 44°17′49″E  /  7.4387305°N 44.2968750°E  / 7.4387305; 44.2968750 Greater Somalia During

1320-586: The future capital of Greater Somalia and subsequently sent delegates to the United Nations office in Mogadishu to reveal this proposal. Italians occupied the Benadir in 1890 and soon started to enlarge their Somalia italiana ( Italian Somaliland ): they created their colony in the first years of the 20th century. During World War I , Britain secretly reached an agreement with Italy to transfer to

1364-426: The inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 22% and for women 9.8%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 57 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life. The region is home to almost all major Somali clan families. The Issa , Gadabuursi and Jaarso subclans of

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1408-736: The interior as well as the major towns of Jijiga , Gode , Kebridehar . The Harti as well as the Leelkase clans inhabit the Dollo zone where they make up the majority while the Marehan clan inhabit the Shilavo woreda and the Liben zone. Somali as a primary language is spoken by 95.89% of the inhabitants. All other languages spoken together make up 4.11%. 98.74% of the population are Muslim , All other religions together made up 1.26%. The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in

1452-414: The majority of those who voted "no" were Somalis who were strongly in favor of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi . Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali who campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, wound up as Djibouti's first president post-independence (1977–1991). Between 1977 and 1978, Somalia and Ethiopia waged

1496-462: The militants, as well as the decision of Somali Prime Minister Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal to focus his country's resources on economic development. Rebels began to surrender to the Ethiopian government at the end of 1969; Waqo Gutu, who had been the foremost of the insurgents, was surrounded with his command of barely 200 men in Arana by the Ethiopian army in February 1970 and surrendered. Pacification

1540-728: The moment took a backseat, as the Republic splintered into a few autonomous smaller regional or clan-based governing zones. The northern regions of the Somali Republic, which previously was a British protectorate , declared independence as the Republic of Somaliland in 1991, shattering the dream of a greater Somalia now that the two regions that previously united split apart. Though there was no unified government and thus no formal policy towards irredentism, individual militia leaders clashed with Ethiopian troops between 1998 and 2000. In late 2006, Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys , head of

1584-514: The population, while rural residents numbered 3,817,937. With an estimated area of 327,068 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 20.9 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 1, 685,986 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 6.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 6 and rural households 6.5 people. There are 8 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 212,967 refugees from Somalia, located in Somali Region. In

1628-404: The previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 3,383,165, of which Somalis made up 3,236,667. There were 1,846,417 were males and 1,537,748 were females. The urban residents of the Somali Region numbered 492,710 households, with an average of 6.6 persons per household; a high sex ratio of 120 males to 100 females was reported. As of 1997, the ethnic composition of

1672-427: The regional executive committee attempted to remove Regional President Id Tahir from office. The Ethiopian federal government declared this act was a coup, and demanded Id Tahir be reinstalled. Although the regional parliament was not consulted about the sacking of the president it refused to accept the pressure of the federal government, and instead sacked both the president and the entire executive committee, and elected

1716-628: The western areas bordering the Oromia region and the Hawadle and Habar Gidir subclans are present in the Shabelle zone. The closely related Samaale subclan of Garre are also present in the Liben zone and Dawa zone where they make up the majority. Various subclans of the Darod clan family primarily inhabit the central and eastern parts of the region, with the Ogaden and Jidwaq inhabiting

1760-413: Was complete by the next year. Djibouti gained its independence in 1977, but a referendum was held in 1958 on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960 to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favor of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined "yes" vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. However,

1804-486: Was decided not to return Italian Somaliland to Italy. The UN opted instead in 1949 to grant Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland for a period of ten years, after which time the region would be independent. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably "protected" by British treaties with

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1848-639: Was formerly Gode , until Jijiga became the capital in 1995 on account of political considerations. The Somali regional government is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the State Supreme Court. What is now the Somali Region was part of the conquests of Menelik II in the late 19th century. The Somali Region formed

1892-618: Was insurmountable internal divisions and a lack of party discipline; this prevented regular meetings of not only the different organs of the party, but even the regional parliament. Asnake Kefale Adegehe reports he learned from sources in Jijiga that Eid Daahir Farah, the Regional president, avoided convening regular sessions of the regional parliament out of fear that, were the parliament allowed to meet, that body would have sacked him and his cabinet. The ESDL finally collapsed in October 1997 when

1936-473: Was the Ogaden region, which had been occupied by Ethiopia since Menelik's invasions in the 1890s. From 1960 and onwards, Somalis in Ethiopia seeking their self-determination have waged several insurgencies with the support of neighboring Somalia, escalating into several major interstate conflicts including the Ogaden War in Ethiopia and the Shifta War in Kenya. However, following of breakout of

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