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92-514: European Humanities University ( Belarusian : Еўрапейскі гуманітарны ўніверсітэт , romanized :  Eurapeyski humanitarny universitet (ЕГУ/EHU), Lithuanian : Europos humanitarinis universitetas (EHU), Russian: Европейский гуманитарный университет , romanized:  Evropeyskiy gumanitarnyy universitet (ЕГУ/EGU)) is a private, non-profit liberal arts university founded in Minsk , Belarus , in 1992. Following its forced closure by

184-700: A Doctorate in Philosophy jointly with Vytautas Magnus University and the Lithuanian Culture Research Institute . EHU offers low residence programs and courses via Moodle . Upon completion of distance courses free listeners are awarded with an ECTS . High-residence students are also eligible to participate in Erasmus+ and Campus Europae student mobility programs with more than 50 partner universities throughout Europe. EHU provides tuition fee waivers for Belarusian students on

276-481: A Minister. Ministries are the structures that allow the ministers to manage the fields assigned to them. Ministries are established as public legal persons and are financed from the state budget. There are 14 ministries in Lithuania: Government agencies are established to participate in the shaping of a policy and to implement such policy. Government agencies are public legal bodies financed from

368-578: A majority secret ballot, express no-confidence in them. When more than half of the ministers are changed, the Government must seek a renewed mandate from the Seimas or resign. The government of the Republic of Lithuania consists of the prime minister and the ministers. The prime minister represents the Government and heads its activities. When the prime minister is not available or unable to hold office,

460-486: A number of names, both contemporary and historical. Some of the most dissimilar are from the Old Belarusian period. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages , especially Ukrainian , Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways. The phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants , depending on how they are counted. When

552-467: A number of radical changes. A fully phonetic orthography was introduced. One of the most distinctive changes brought in was the principle of akanye (Belarusian: а́канне ), wherein unstressed "o", pronounced in both Russian and Belarusian as /a/ , is written as "а". The Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet was convened in 1926. After discussions on the project,

644-517: A perception that Belarusian was a "rural" and "uneducated" language. However, the census was a major breakthrough for the first steps of the Belarusian national self-awareness and identity, since it clearly showed to the Imperial authorities and the still-strong Polish minority that the population and the language were neither Polish nor Russian. The rising influence of Socialist ideas advanced

736-468: A sitting is signed by the prime minister and the Minister of the corresponding branch of the Government. The prime minister and the ministers are also entitled to attend the sittings of the Seimas, its Committees, Commissions and parliamentary groups, and to convey their opinion on the issues under consideration. The prime minister and the ministers may not hold any other offices (except being members of

828-520: A study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home, while Belarusian is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians (others speak a mixture of Russian and Belarusian, known as Trasianka ). Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Nevertheless, there are no Belarusian-language universities in Belarus. The Belarusian language has been known under

920-555: Is declared as a "familiar language" by about 316,000 inhabitants, among them about 248,000 Belarusians, comprising about 30.7% of Belarusians living in Russia. In Ukraine , the Belarusian language is declared as a "native language" by about 55,000 Belarusians, which comprise about 19.7% of Belarusians living in Ukraine. In Poland , the Belarusian language is declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 40,000 inhabitants According to

1012-399: Is found in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akanje , the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, which exists in both Russian and Belarusian. Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩ , whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩ , according to what the "underlying" phoneme is (determined by identifying the related words where

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1104-400: Is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall quite similar to Russian grammar . Belarusian orthography, however, differs significantly from Russian orthography in some respects, due to the fact that it is a phonemic orthography that closely represents the surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying morphophonology . The most significant instance of this

1196-501: Is rarely used. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its modern form was adopted in 1959, with minor amendments in 1985 and 2008. It was developed from the initial form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich (first printed in Vilnius , 1918), and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk - Vilnius region. Historically, there have been several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar. Belarusian grammar

1288-568: Is the 18th since the restoration of independence on 11 March 1990. Kazimiera Prunskienė became the first Prime Minister of newly independent Lithuania, appointed by the Supreme Council on 17 March 1990, although the law governing the mandate of the government was only adopted on the 22 March. Her government resigned less than a year later and was followed by those of Albertas Šimėnas , Gediminas Vagnorius , Aleksandras Abišala . These early governments were primarily occupied with ensuring

1380-600: Is the highest governing body of the university that brings together organizations that reestablished EHU in Lithuania after its closure in Minsk. These include the Eastern Europe Studies Centre (Lithuania), Open Society Foundations (USA) and Eurasia Foundation (USA). The Governing Board is responsible for the strategic direction, finances, and functioning of the university. Starting January 6, 2020

1472-571: Is the usual conventional borderline between the Ruthenian and Modern Belarusian stages of development. By the end of the 18th century, (Old) Belarusian was still common among the minor nobility in the eastern part, in the territory of present-day Belarus, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereafter GDL). Jan Czeczot in the 1840s had mentioned that even his generation's grandfathers preferred speaking (Old) Belarusian. According to A. N. Pypin,

1564-613: The Belarusian Democratic Republic , Belarusian was used as the only official language (decreed by Belarusian People's Secretariat on 28 April 1918). Subsequently, in the Byelorussian SSR , Belarusian was decreed to be one of the four (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish) official languages (decreed by Central Executive Committee of BSSR in February 1921). A decree of 15 July 1924 confirmed that

1656-594: The Government of the Republic of Lithuania ( GRL ), is the cabinet of and exercising executive power in Lithuania. Among other responsibilities, it executes laws and resolutions of the parliament, the Seimas , and the decrees of the President , manages state property and, together with the president, executes the foreign policy of the country. The Government also has the right of legislative initiative, puts together

1748-689: The Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats (TS-LKD), Liberal Movement (LRLS), and Freedom Party (LP). The 18th cabinet of Lithuania was approved by the President of Lithuania on December 7, 2020. The approval of the Government Program and the swearing-in of the Government in the Parliament of Lithuania was held on December 11, 2020. The following ministers are members of the Šimonytė Cabinet: The current government of Lithuania

1840-766: The Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also been written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet (Łacinka / Лацінка), the Belarusian Arabic alphabet (by Lipka Tatars ) and the Hebrew alphabet (by Belarusian Jews ). The Glagolitic script was used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century. There are several systems of romanization of Belarusian written texts. The Belarusian Latin alphabet

1932-550: The Russian Academy of Sciences refused to print his submission, on the basis that it had not been prepared in a sufficiently scientific manner. From the mid-1830s ethnographic works began to appear, and tentative attempts to study the language were instigated (e.g. Shpilevskiy's grammar). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, based on the folk language, initiated by the works of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich . See also : Jan Czeczot , Jan Barszczewski . At

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2024-509: The "soft sounding R" ( мякка-эравы ) and "strong akanye " ( моцнае аканне ), and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the "hard sounding R" ( цвёрда-эравы ) and "moderate akanye" ( умеранае аканне ). The West Polesian dialect group is separated from the rest of the country by the conventional line Pruzhany – Ivatsevichy – Tsyelyakhany – Luninyets – Stolin . There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among

2116-431: The 1897 Russian Empire census , about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian (then known as White Russian). The end of the 19th century, however, still showed that the urban language of Belarusian towns remained either Polish or Russian. The same census showed that towns with a population greater than 50,000 had fewer than a tenth Belarusian speakers. This state of affairs greatly contributed to

2208-472: The Belarusian authorities in 2004, EHU relocated to Vilnius (Lithuania) and thus continues its operations as a private university. EHU offers high-residence and low-residence undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degree programs in the field of humanities and social sciences . The university has been headquartered in Vilnius , Lithuania , since authorities expelled it from Belarus in 2004. The university intends to return to Minsk. From 1992 to 2004 EHU

2300-562: The Belarusian grammar. In 1915, Rev. Balyaslaw Pachopka had prepared a Belarusian grammar using the Latin script. Belarusian linguist S. M. Nyekrashevich considered Pachopka's grammar unscientific and ignorant of the principles of the language. But Pachopka's grammar was reportedly taught in an unidentified number of schools, from 1918 for an unspecified period. Another grammar was supposedly jointly prepared by A. Lutskyevich and Ya. Stankyevich, and differed from Tarashkyevich's grammar somewhat in

2392-458: The Belarusian language was spoken in some areas among the minor nobility during the 19th century. In its vernacular form, it was the language of the smaller town dwellers and of the peasantry and it had been the language of oral folklore. Teaching in Belarusian was conducted mainly in schools run by the Basilian order . The development of Belarusian in the 19th century was strongly influenced by

2484-706: The Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish languages had equal status in Soviet Belarus. In the BSSR, Tarashkyevich's grammar had been officially accepted for use in state schooling after its re-publication in unchanged form, first in 1922 by Yazep Lyosik under his own name as Practical grammar. Part I , then in 1923 by the Belarusian State Publishing House under the title Belarusian language. Grammar. Ed. I. 1923 , also by "Ya. Lyosik". In 1925, Lyosik added two new chapters, addressing

2576-522: The Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages. Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to Ukrainian . The modern Belarusian language was redeveloped on the base of the vernacular spoken remnants of the Ruthenian language , surviving in the ethnic Belarusian territories in the 19th century. The end of the 18th century (the times of the Divisions of Commonwealth )

2668-554: The Commission had actually prepared the project for spelling reform. The resulting project had included both completely new rules and existing rules in unchanged and changed forms, some of the changes being the work of the Commission itself, and others resulting from the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), re-approved by the Commission. Notably, the use of the Ь (soft sign) before

2760-663: The Conference made resolutions on some of the problems. However, the Lyosik brothers' project had not addressed all the problematic issues, so the Conference was not able to address all of those. As the outcome of the conference, the Orthographic Commission was created to prepare the project of the actual reform. This was instigated on 1 October 1927, headed by S. Nyekrashevich, with the following principal guidelines of its work adopted: During its work in 1927–29,

2852-488: The Constitution and laws of Lithuania. The Government has the responsibility to administer the affairs of the country, ensure its security and public order. It executes laws and resolutions of the Seimas as well as the decrees of the president. The government coordinates the activities of the ministries and other subordinate institutions, establishes, abolishes and controls government agencies, and submits proposals to

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2944-419: The East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group. To some extent, Russian, Ukrainian , and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility . Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as Ruthenian (13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descended from what is referred to as Old East Slavic (10th to 13th centuries). In

3036-410: The Government and its programme to the Seimas for consideration. The Government receives its mandate after the Seimas gives assent to its programme in a majority vote. The Government is responsible to the Seimas for its activities. Likewise, the ministers are responsible to the Seimas and the president. The Government presents to the Seimas an annual report on its activities and reports to the Seimas on

3128-421: The Government appoints representatives to the municipalities to monitor whether the municipalities comply with the Constitution and laws of Lithuania and the orders of the Government. The prime minister is appointed by the president, with the assent of the Seimas. Likewise, the ministers are proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president. Within 15 days of the appointment, the prime minister presents

3220-540: The Government is headed by the Chancellor of the Government. Giedrė Balčytytė has served as the Chancellor since December 2020. On November 24, 2020 Ingrida Šimonytė was appointed the prime minister of the 18th government of the Republic of Lithuania since the restoration of independence in 1990. The Government was formed after the elections to Seimas in October 2020 and the subsequent coalition agreement between

3312-595: The Government of Lithuania granted EHU the official status of a Lithuanian university. After the mass protests of the Belarusian presidential election of 2010 , many EHU students and teachers were imprisoned by the KDB . The university said it would work with students to help them in their education despite the circumstances. In academic year 2020/21 EHU serves around 680 mostly Belarusian students, offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs and promoting research in

3404-407: The Government or the prime minister, when the prime minister resigns or dies, or when a new government is formed after the elections to the Seimas. If the Seimas expresses no-confidence in the Government, the Government may propose to the president to hold a new election to the Seimas. The president of Lithuania accepts the resignation of individual ministers. Ministers must resign when the Seimas, in

3496-497: The Homeland Union and Lithuanian Christian Democrats , with Gediminas Vagnorius appointed as the prime minister for the second time. In spring 2009, the Government survived the vote of no-confidence in the Seimas, but resigned shortly thereafter, with the popular then-mayor of Vilnius Rolandas Paksas appointed to the post of Prime Minister. His government lasted only 5 months, before he publicly renounced and refused to sign

3588-717: The Information and Resource Center on the European Integration and others. In 2002 it was one of the first universities to join European University Foundation - Campus Europae . On July 24, 2004, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus revoked university's license for the provision of educational services, claiming the campus was unsuitable for classes. The university was forced to terminate its operations. The actions of

3680-567: The Law on Higher Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania. EHU Students' Union is a full member of the Lithuanian National Union of Students . EHU's Doctor Honoris Causa degree is conferred upon scholars, statesmen, public, religious, and political figures of the Republic of Belarus and other countries to honor their accomplishments in humanities and social sciences, university education and culture; their contributions to

3772-632: The Rector of EHU. An accomplished scholar with a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Warsaw, Professor Rybinski is a seasoned academic administrator with more than 20 years of management experience, including three years as Rector of Narxoz University in Almaty, Kazakhstan and five years as Rector of Vistula University in Warsaw, Poland. The Senate is a collegiate academic consulting body, operating on

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3864-498: The Russian language and literature department of St. Petersburg University, approached the board of the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva with a proposal that a Belarusian linguist be trained under his supervision in order to be able to create documentation of the grammar. Initially, the famous Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič was to be entrusted with this work. However, Bahdanovič's poor health (tuberculosis) precluded his living in

3956-417: The Seimas to establish and abolish ministries. The government disposes of the property of the state and establishes procedures for its management and use. The Government, along with the Seimas and the president, has the right of legislative initiative in Lithuania. The government prepares draft laws and presents them to the Seimas for consideration. The government also prepares a draft budget and submits it to

4048-476: The Seimas), may not be employed in business, commercial and other private establishments or enterprises, and may not receive any remuneration other than the salary for their respective Government offices. The members of the Government can, however, receive remuneration for creative activities. The Office of the Government supports the Government in performing Government's and Prime Minister's functions. The Office of

4140-466: The Seimas. The current Government started its work since November 21 and is headed by Gintautas Paluckas as the prime minister. The government is based on a coalition of the Social Democrats, Political Party "Nemuno Aušra" and Democratic Union "Vardan Lietuvos". The Government of the Republic of Lithuania exercises executive power in Lithuania. The powers of the Government are defined by

4232-484: The Seimas. The Government executes the budget approved by the Seimas. In foreign affairs, the government establishes diplomatic ties and maintains relations with foreign states and international organizations. The Government shares the responsibility for managing the foreign affairs of the country with the president. The Government proposes and the president approves Lithuania's diplomatic representatives to foreign states and international institutions. In local government,

4324-468: The South-Western. In addition, there is a transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group and the separate West Polesian dialect group. The North-Eastern and the South-Western dialects are separated by a hypothetical line Ashmyany – Minsk – Babruysk – Gomel , with the area of the Middle Belarusian dialect group placed on and along this line. The North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by

4416-545: The all-Russian " narodniki " and Belarusian national movements (late 1870s–early 1880s) renewed interest in the Belarusian language (See also: Homan (1884) , Bahushevich , Yefim Karskiy , Dovnar-Zapol'skiy , Bessonov, Pypin, Sheyn, Nasovič). The Belarusian literary tradition was also renewed ( see also : F. Bahushevich ). It was in these times that F. Bahushevich made his famous appeal to Belarusians: "Do not forsake our language, lest you pass away" (Belarusian: Не пакідайце ж мовы нашай, каб не ўмёрлі ). The first dictionary of

4508-512: The authorities provoked a mass protest next day; about two hundred students and faculty defended their right to study and work in EHU. In 2005 EHU reestablished its activity in Lithuania with the support of the Government of Lithuania , European Commission , the Nordic Council of Ministers , and support by European countries and international foundations. On March 10, 2006, EHU was granted

4600-653: The basis of academic merits and thanks to the support of the university donors. Additionally there are stipends available for Belarusian undergraduate high-residence students at the ratio 1 stipend per 10 students. EHU conducts research in humanities and social sciences and supports the research activities of its faculty and students by maintaining research centers, laboratories, and institutes: EHU research centers conduct research activities, organize scientific conferences, publish scientific journals (Journal of Constitutionalism and Human Rights, Journal of philosophical and cultural studies). The General Assembly of Part-Owners

4692-584: The beginning of the 1860s, both the Russian and Polish parties in Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the upcoming conflicts was shifting to the peasantry, overwhelmingly Belarusian. So a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and written in Belarusian; notably, the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist, anti-Eastern Orthodox "Manifesto" and the first newspaper Mužyckaja prauda ( Peasants' Truth ) (1862–1863) by Konstanty Kalinowski , and anti-Polish, anti-Revolutionary, pro-Orthodox booklets and poems (1862). The advent of

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4784-487: The beneficiary of a potentially fraudulent reimbursement scheme. Starting October 3, 2016 Jørgen Jørgensen (Denmark) served as University's Acting Rector. In academic year 2016/17 EHU started implementation of the brand new liberal arts-inspired Core Curriculum, which was designed with an assistance of the Bard College network. On March 1, 2018, former Minister of Education of Bulgaria Professor Sergei Ignatov

4876-496: The climate of St. Petersburg, so Branislaw Tarashkyevich , a fresh graduate of the Vilnya Liceum No. 2 , was selected for the task. In the Belarusian community, great interest was vested in this enterprise. The already famous Belarusian poet Yanka Kupala , in his letter to Tarashkyevich, urged him to "hurry with his much-needed work". Tarashkyevich had been working on the preparation of the grammar during 1912–1917, with

4968-495: The coalition. New Union then joined the Government together with Social Democratic Party of Lithuania , with former president Algirdas Brazauskas as the prime minister. Algirdas Brazauskas became the first Prime Minister of Lithuania to remain in power after the election to Seimas in 2004 , forming the minority 13th Government with New Union and Labour Party . The Government resigned in May 2006, citing difficulties in working with

5060-417: The combinations "consonant+iotated vowel" ("softened consonants"), which had been previously denounced as highly redundant (e.g., in the proceedings of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926)), was cancelled. However, the complete resolution of the highly important issue of the orthography of unstressed Е ( IE ) was not achieved. Government of Lithuania The Government of Lithuania , officially

5152-550: The development of democracy and the realization of the principles of the rule of law; and their contribution to the development of culture and promotion of intercultural dialog. EHU Honorary Doctors are: Belarusian language Before Belarus gained independence in 1991, the language was known in English as Byelorussian or Belorussian , or alternatively as White Russian . Following independence, it became known as Belarusian , or alternatively as Belarusan . As one of

5244-466: The diplomatic recognition and economic support for the new country and managing tensions with the Soviet Union . Following the first election to the Seimas , Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania formed the government headed by Bronislovas Lubys , a prominent industrialist, who headed the government until the first presidential election and was followed by Adolfas Šleževičius . His government

5336-538: The educational system. The Polish and Russian languages were being introduced and re-introduced, while the general state of the people's education remained poor until the very end of the Russian Empire. In summary, the first two decades of the 19th century had seen the unprecedented prosperity of Polish culture and language in the former GDL lands, and had prepared the era of such famous Polish writers as Adam Mickiewicz and Władysław Syrokomla . The era had seen

5428-526: The effective completion of the Polonization of the lowest level of the nobility, the further reduction of the area of use of contemporary Belarusian, and the effective folklorization of Belarusian culture. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century "there began a revival of national pride within the country ... and a growth in interest [in Belarusian] from outside". Due both to the state of

5520-427: The emancipation of the Belarusian language even further ( see also: Belarusian Socialist Assembly , Circle of Belarusian People's Education and Belarusian Culture , Belarusian Socialist Lot , Socialist Party "White Russia" , Alaiza Pashkevich , Nasha Dolya ). The fundamental works of Yefim Karsky marked a turning point in the scientific perception of Belarusian. The ban on publishing books and papers in Belarusian

5612-415: The execution of the budget. Upon the request of the Seimas, the Government or individual ministers must give an account of their activities. The Government is also obliged to inform the public about their activities through the internet and other media, or through meetings with the people. The Government returns its mandate to the president after the Seimas elections or the elections of the president, or upon

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5704-399: The first Belarusian census in 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of the population). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of Belarusians declared it their "mother tongue". Other sources, such as Ethnologue , put the figure at approximately 3.5 million active speakers in Belarus. In Russia , the Belarusian language

5796-467: The foreign speakers' task of learning these paradigms; on the other hand, though, it makes spelling easier for native speakers. An example illustrating the contrast between the treatment of akanje in Russian and Belarusian orthography is the spelling of the word for "products; food": Besides the standardized lect , there are two main dialects of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and

5888-558: The help and supervision of Shakhmatov and Karskiy. Tarashkyevich had completed the work by the autumn of 1917, even moving from the tumultuous Petrograd of 1917 to the relative calm of Finland in order to be able to complete it uninterrupted. By the summer of 1918, it became obvious that there were insurmountable problems with the printing of Tarashkyevich's grammar in Petrograd: a lack of paper, type and qualified personnel. Meanwhile, his grammar had apparently been planned to be adopted in

5980-598: The humanities and social sciences. About two-thirds of EHU's students attend via online programs and reside in Belarus. About one-third attend courses on campus in Vilnius. Teaching languages – Belarusian , Russian, some courses are taught in English, German and French. EHU ranks second among private universities in Lithuania. It is a member of the European Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences . The university

6072-823: The modern Belarusian language authored by Nasovič was published in 1870. In the editorial introduction to the dictionary, it is noted that: The Belarusian local tongue, which dominates a vast area from the Nioman and the Narew to the Upper Volga and from the Western Dvina to the Prypiac and the Ipuc and which is spoken by inhabitants of the North-Western and certain adjacent provinces, or those lands that were in

6164-650: The new membership of the Governing Board has been appointed for the 3-years term. The composition of the Governing Board: Prof. Anatoli Mikhailov is a scholar in the field of German philosophy , who founded EHU in Minsk in 1992 and served as Rector until September 30, 2014. Starting October 2014 Prof. Mikhailov serves as EHU President. On April 3, 2023, the General Assembly of Part-Owners appointed Professor Krzysztof Rybinski to be

6256-462: The nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be phonetically distinct in the modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script , which was first used as an alphabet for

6348-445: The opposition. Gediminas Kirkilas served as the prime minister until the next election to the Seimas in 2008 . The coalition of Homeland Union, Liberal Movement , Liberal and Centre Union and the short-lived National Resurrection Party formed the 15th government of Lithuania , with Andrius Kubilius as the prime minister for the second time. Despite the deep economic crisis and taking unpopular decisions, his Government became

6440-528: The orthography of compound words and partly modifying the orthography of assimilated words. From this point on, Belarusian grammar had been popularized and taught in the educational system in that form. The ambiguous and insufficient development of several components of Tarashkyevich's grammar was perceived to be the cause of some problems in practical usage, and this led to discontent with the grammar. In 1924–25, Lyosik and his brother Anton Lyosik prepared and published their project of orthographic reform, proposing

6532-470: The overall quality of education and research at the university. In 2015 EHU announced the results of an international rector's search, which involved 19 candidates from seven countries. On April 3 Prof. G. David Pollick (US) was appointed as Rector. In the same year university Senate endorsed Magna Charta Universitatum . In summer 2016 Prof. G. David Pollick resigned from the university's Rector position following an audit by Deloitte that revealed him to be

6624-527: The parity representation basis of the two academic departments of the university. According to the Statutes, the Senate is responsible for assessing the quality of studies, research and art activities. Chair of the Senate is Prof. Aliaksandr Puptsau. Students' Union is an autonomous student self-government body, operating as a legal entity, which represents EHU students internally and externally, as according to

6716-422: The particularities of different Belarusian dialects. The scientific groundwork for the introduction of a truly scientific and modern grammar of the Belarusian language was laid down by the linguist Yefim Karsky. By the early 1910s, the continuing lack of a codified Belarusian grammar was becoming intolerably obstructive in the opinion of uniformitarian prescriptivists. Then Russian academician Shakhmatov , chair of

6808-567: The past settled by the Kryvic tribe , has long attracted the attention of our philologists because of those precious remains of the ancient Ruthenian language that survived in that tongue. In 1891, in the preface to the Belarusian Flute , Francišak Bahuševič wrote, "There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!" According to

6900-458: The people's education and to the strong positions of Polish and Polonized nobility, it was only after the 1880s–1890s that the educated Belarusian element, still shunned because of "peasant origin", began to appear in state offices. In 1846, ethnographer Pavel Shpilevskiy prepared a Belarusian grammar (using the Cyrillic alphabet) on the basis of the folk dialects of the Minsk region. However,

6992-523: The political conflict in the territories of the former GDL, between the Russian Imperial authorities, trying to consolidate their rule over the "joined provinces", and the Polish and Polonized nobility, trying to bring back its pre-Partitions rule (see also Polonization in times of Partitions ). One of the important manifestations of this conflict was the struggle for ideological control over

7084-428: The president may charge one of the ministers to substitute for the prime minister for no more than 60 days. A minister heads his respective ministry, resolving issues belonging to the competence area of the ministry and discharging other functions provided for by law. Ministers act directly subordinate to the prime minister. Another member of the Government, appointed by the prime minister, may temporarily substitute for

7176-551: The privatization agreement for Mazeikiu Nafta oil refinery, resigning as a result. Andrius Kubilius served as the prime minister from November 1999 until the next election to Seimas in October 2000 . The election resulted in Rolandas Paksas, now part of Liberal Union of Lithuania , serving as the prime minister for the second time. His government, formed together with New Union (Social Liberals) , lasted only seven months before being brought down by disagreements within

7268-441: The resignation of the Government. The return of the mandate after the elections of the president is largely ceremonial and allows the newly elected head of state to verify that the Government still has the confidence of the Seimas. The Government is obliged to resign when the Seimas twice declines to give its assent to the programme of the newly formed Government, when the Seimas, in a majority secret ballot, expresses no-confidence in

7360-605: The resolution of some key aspects. On 22 December 1915, Paul von Hindenburg issued an order on schooling in German Army-occupied territories in the Russian Empire ( Ober Ost ), banning schooling in Russian and including the Belarusian language in an exclusive list of four languages made mandatory in the respective native schooling systems (Belarusian, Lithuanian , Polish , Yiddish ). School attendance

7452-411: The state budget and presents it to the Seimas for approval. The Government consists of the prime minister , who is the head of government , and 14 government ministers . The prime minister is appointed by the president, with the assent of the Seimas. The prime minister then forms the rest of the cabinet, with the assent of the president, and the Government and its programme are subject to approval by

7544-499: The state budget. Government agencies and institutions accountable to the government are: The Government resolves the affairs of state at its sittings by adopting resolutions by majority vote of all the members of the Government. The Auditor General may also participate in the sittings of the Government. Minutes are taken and audio recordings are made of Government sittings, however, the government sittings have not been universally publicly broadcast. A Government resolution adopted in

7636-617: The status of a private Lithuanian university . The first EHU undergraduate class in Vilnius completed its studies in 2009. On June 5, 2012, EHU celebrated its 20th anniversary in Vilnius Town Hall . On June 14, 2013, EHU was awarded an Atlantic Council Freedom Award for unwavering commitment to democracy in Belarus by providing Belarusian students with a free and democratic environment to pursue their education . In 2014 EHU completed faculty reform, which aimed at providing better working conditions for faculty and to strengthening

7728-675: The university. Operating in Lithuania, EHU is involved in the Bologna process and conducts the academic process according to the standards of the European Higher Education Area . Upon successful completion of degree studies at EHU, university graduates are awarded European Union-recognized diplomas. The university's academic year begins on October 1. Academic departments: EHU offers following high-residence and low-residence undergraduate programs: Master's programs in blended learning mode: Since 2011, EHU offers

7820-421: The vowel is being stressed or, if no such words exist, by written tradition, mostly but not always conforming to etymology). This means that Belarusian noun and verb paradigms, in their written form, have numerous instances of alternations between written ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , whereas no such alternations exist in the corresponding written paradigms in Russian. This can significantly complicate

7912-437: The workers' and peasants' schools of Belarus that were to be set up, so Tarashkyevich was permitted to print his book abroad. In June 1918, he arrived in Vilnius , via Finland. The Belarusian Committee petitioned the administration to allow the book to be printed. Finally, the first edition of the "Belarusian grammar for schools" was printed ( Vil'nya , 1918). There existed at least two other contemporary attempts at codifying

8004-842: Was a non-state establishment of undergraduate and post-graduate education in Belarus. In 2004, due to government opposition, EHU was forced to terminate its activities in Belarus. However, thanks to political, administrative, and financial support from the European Union , the Nordic Council of Ministers , the Governments of Lithuania , other European countries, and the United States, NGOs and foundations like MacArthur Foundation , Carnegie Corporation of New York , and others, EHU resumed its operation in Vilnius , Lithuania and opened bachelor's and master's degree programs for Belarusian students in autumn 2005. In March 2006

8096-559: Was appointed rector. Starting from May 3, 2018, EHU Campus is located in the former Augustinian monastery of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Vilnius Old Town. During the AY 2020/21 Opening Ceremony, former president candidate and leader of the Belarusian opposition Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya made a keynote address to EHU students. On April 3, 2023, Professor Krzysztof Rybinski became Rector of

8188-574: Was established in Minsk in 1992. At that time it comprised eight schools and provided education with 13 programs in humanities , foreign and classical languages, and IT. EHU was a basis for the establishment of research centers and institutes in Belarus: the Institute of German Studies , the Center for Economic and Social Research , the center for Gender Studies , the center for Civic Education ,

8280-472: Was mainly preoccupied with ensuring the monetary stability of the country, following years of high inflation. Šleževičius was forced to resign in February 1996, amid a row regarding a deposit he had withdrawn from a local bank just days before its collapse. Laurynas Stankevičius was appointed in his stead. The 1996 parliamentary election was won by the Homeland Union . The government was formed by

8372-584: Was not made mandatory, though. Passports at this time were bilingual, in German and in one of the "native languages". Also at this time, Belarusian preparatory schools, printing houses, press organs were opened ( see also: Homan (1916) ). After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, the Belarusian language became an important factor in political activities in the Belarusian lands ( see also: Central Council of Belarusian Organisations , Great Belarusian Council , First All-Belarusian Congress , Belnatskom ). In

8464-462: Was officially removed (25 December 1904). The unprecedented surge of national feeling in the 20th century, especially among the workers and peasants, particularly after the events of 1905, gave momentum to the intensive development of Belarusian literature and press (See also: Nasha Niva , Yanka Kupala , Yakub Kolas ). During the 19th and early 20th century, there was no normative Belarusian grammar. Authors wrote as they saw fit, usually representing

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