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76-534: The FEHA is the principal California statute prohibiting employment discrimination covering employers, labor organizations , employment agencies, apprenticeship programs and any person or entity who aids, abets, incites, compels, or coerces the doing of a discriminatory act. It prohibits employment discrimination based on race or color; religion ; national origin or ancestry, physical disability ; mental disability or medical condition; marital status; sex or sexual orientation ; age, with respect to persons over

152-473: A Caliph) on their way to Guerrero, Mexico where they played a future role in the wars of independence . Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain , putting ashore in Monterey . Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. Such depictions appeared on many European maps well into

228-459: A Spanish navigator." The name most likely derived from the mythical island of California in the fictional story of Queen Calafia , as recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo . Queen Calafia's kingdom was said to be a remote land rich in gold and pearls, inhabited by beautiful Black women who wore gold armor and lived like Amazons , as well as griffins and other strange beasts. Abbreviations of

304-598: A commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush . From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail , California Trail , Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California. The early government of the newly independent Mexico

380-576: A free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians", were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American masters under the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians . One of these de facto slave auctions was approved by the Los Angeles City Council and occurred for nearly twenty years. There were many massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed by settlers for their land. Between 1850 and 1860,

456-624: A modest home which in the 1960s cost $ 25,000 would cost half a million dollars or more in urban areas by 2005. More people commuted longer hours to afford a home in more rural areas while earning larger salaries in the urban areas. Speculators bought houses, expecting to make a huge profit in months, then rolling it over by buying more properties. Mortgage companies were compliant, as people assumed prices would keep rising. The bubble burst in 2007–8 as prices began to crash. Hundreds of billions in property values vanished and foreclosures soared, as financial institutions and investors were badly hurt. In

532-469: A part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769. In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever alter both

608-748: A short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento . Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for admission to statehood . On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 , California became a free state and September   9 a state holiday . During the American Civil War (1861–1865), California sent gold shipments eastward to Washington in support of

684-612: A state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only

760-621: Is Sacramento . The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. Two-thirds of the nation's earthquake risk lies in California. The Central Valley , a fertile agricultural area, dominates the state's center. The large size of

836-526: Is the home of Hollywood , the oldest and one of the largest film industries in the world, profoundly influencing global entertainment. The San Francisco Bay and the Greater Los Angeles areas are seen as the centers of the global technology and U.S. film industries, respectively. The Spaniards gave the name Las Californias to the peninsula of Baja California (in modern-day Mexico). As Spanish explorers and settlers moved north and inland,

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912-431: Is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the seventh-largest country subdivision in the world. [REDACTED] The area of Alaska is 18% of the area of the United States and equivalent to 21% of the area of the contiguous United States . [REDACTED] The second largest state, Texas , has only 40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska. [REDACTED] Rhode Island

988-418: Is the smallest state by total area and land area. [REDACTED] San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined. [REDACTED] Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage. [REDACTED] Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has

1064-504: The Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles, he convinced each side that they had no reason to be fighting each other. As a result of Marsh's actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States. In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during

1140-652: The Bear Flag Revolt . Afterward, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide , who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders. The California Republic

1216-715: The California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop an efficient system of public education. Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 9% of US armaments produced during World War II , ranking third behind New York and Michigan . California easily ranked first in production of military ships at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and

1292-566: The Graham Affair , which was resolved in part with the intercession of Royal Navy officials. One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh . After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the soil, and other reasons to settle there, as well as

1368-553: The Indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity. Under its new American administration, California's first governor Peter Hardeman Burnett instituted policies that have been described as a state-sanctioned policy of elimination of California's indigenous people. Burnett announced in 1851 in his Second Annual Message to the Legislature: "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between

1444-616: The Presidio of San Diego , the first religious and military settlements founded by the Spanish in California. By the end of the expedition in 1770, they would establish the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on Monterey Bay. After the Portolà expedition, Spanish missionaries led by Father-President Serra set out to establish 21 Spanish missions of California along El Camino Real ("The Royal Road") and along

1520-774: The Route 66 . From 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 90% non-Hispanic white. To meet the population's needs, engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts ; the Oroville and Shasta Dams ; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built. The state government adopted

1596-527: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the annexed Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah . The even more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as

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1672-673: The coast of California were the members of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Cabrillo was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza , the Viceroy of New Spain , to lead an expedition up the Pacific coast in search of trade opportunities; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island . Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of

1748-544: The 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization by the Spanish Empire . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War . The California gold rush started in 1848 and led to social and demographic changes, including depopulation of Indigenous tribes. The western portion of Alta California

1824-513: The 18th century. The Portolá expedition of 1769–70 was a pivotal event in the Spanish colonization of California, resulting in the establishment of numerous missions, presidios , and pueblos . The military and civil contingent of the expedition was led by Gaspar de Portolá , who traveled over land from Sonora into California, while the religious component was headed by Junípero Serra , who came by sea from Baja California . In 1769, Portolá and Serra established Mission San Diego de Alcalá and

1900-491: The 1992 Rodney King riots. California was the hub of the Black Panther Party , known for arming African Americans to defend against racial injustice. Mexican, Filipino, and other migrant farm workers rallied in the state around Cesar Chavez for better pay in the 1960s and 70s. During the 20th century, two great disasters happened: the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain

1976-679: The 2010 census, unlike previous years, as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands. References [ edit ] ^ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates" . census.gov . 2010 . Retrieved December 2, 2023 . ^ "Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts" , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2007 . ^ "United States Summary: 2000, Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF) . United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 1 (Table 1). Archived from

2052-403: The 21st century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred. From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its recorded history. The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive. One of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in the United States occurred in California on January 26, 2020. A state of emergency was declared in

2128-507: The Beautiful quarters Snowiest places Symbols Tallest buildings Temperature extremes Time zones [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Commons [REDACTED] Portals Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=1256009828 " Categories : United States geography-related lists Lists of subdivisions of

2204-522: The California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco . The first Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587, when Filipino sailors arrived in Spanish ships at Morro Bay . Coincidentally the descendants of the Muslim Caliph Hasan ibn Ali in formerly Islamic Manila and had converted, then mixed Christianity with Islam, upon Spanish conquest, transited through California (Named after

2280-526: The California coast, 16 sites of which having been chosen during the Portolá expedition. Numerous major cities in California grew out of missions, including San Francisco ( Mission San Francisco de Asís ), San Diego ( Mission San Diego de Alcalá ), Ventura ( Mission San Buenaventura ), or Santa Barbara ( Mission Santa Barbara ), among others. Juan Bautista de Anza led a similarly important expedition throughout California in 1775–76, which would extend deeper into

2356-534: The California government in 2022. These groups were also diverse in their political organization, with bands, tribes, villages, and, on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms , such as the Chumash , Pomo and Salinan . Trade, intermarriage, craft specialists, and military alliances fostered social and economic relationships between many groups. Although nations would sometimes war, most armed conflicts were between groups of men for vengeance . Acquiring territory

California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-443: The California state government paid around 1.5   million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias with the stated purpose of protecting settlers, however these militias perpetrated numerous massacres of indigenous people. Indigenous people were also forcibly moved to reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from

2508-517: The FEHA sometimes applies different and less stringent standards for meeting the criteria related to harassment, discrimination, and retaliation . California law and the FEHA also allow for the imposition of punitive damages when a corporate defendant's officers, directors or managing agents engage in harassment, discrimination, or retaliation, or when such persons approve or consciously disregard prohibited conduct by lower-level employees in violation of

2584-624: The San Francisco Bay Area. Due to the hiring opportunities California offered during the conflict, the population multiplied from the immigration it received due to the work in its war factories, military bases, and training facilities. After World War II, California's economy expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War . Stanford University began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay instead of leaving

2660-497: The U.S. Army. In the 20th century, thousands of Japanese people migrated to California. The state in 1913 passed the Alien Land Act , excluding Asian immigrants from owning land. During World War II, Japanese Americans in California were interned in concentration camps; in 2020, California apologized. Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of transcontinental highways like

2736-454: The Union . However, due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army, such as the "California 100 Company" , were unofficially associated with the state of California due to a majority of their members being from California. At

2812-563: The age of 40; and pregnancy, childbirth , or related medical conditions. The FEHA also prohibits retaliation against anyone for opposing any practice forbidden by the Act or for filing a complaint, testifying, or assisting in proceedings under the FEHA. An amendment passed in 1978 requires employers to provide an unpaid job-protected leave to employees disabled by pregnancy (also known as "pregnancy disability leave") for up to four months. The legality of this statute and its consistency with federal law

2888-454: The best land in the state, were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor granted many square leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Hispanics native of California) who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become

2964-464: The best route to follow, which became known as "Marsh's route". His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military battle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. At

3040-551: The conquest include the Battle of San Pasqual and the Battle of Dominguez Rancho in Southern California, as well as the Battle of Olómpali and the Battle of Santa Clara in Northern California. After a series of defensive battles in the south, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing a censure and establishing de facto American control in California. Following

3116-535: The deadliest in U.S. history. Although air pollution has been reduced, health problems associated with pollution continue. Brown haze known as " smog " has been substantially abated after federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust. An energy crisis in 2001 led to rolling blackouts , soaring power rates, and the importation of electricity from neighboring states. Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric Company came under heavy criticism. Housing prices in urban areas continued to increase;

California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-640: The federal law, and may offer more desirable avenues to victims of harassment and discrimination. The FEHA was adopted with the stated purpose of providing effective remedies to eliminate certain types of employment discrimination. The FEHA offers protections that are similar and often more potent that those available under federal counterparts, like Title VII and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . These protections include, but are not limited to, attorney fee awards and reimbursement of certain case related expenses to prevailing plaintiffs. Additionally,

3268-7591: The 💕 This is a complete list of all 50 U.S. states , its federal district ( Washington, D.C. ) and its major territories ordered by total area, land area and water area. The water area includes inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area. Area by state, federal district or territory [ edit ] Land, water and total area by U.S. state, district or territory, sortable State / territory Total area Land area Water area sq mi km sq mi km sq mi km % [REDACTED]   Alaska 665,384 1,723,337 570,641 1,477,953 94,743 245,383 14.2% [REDACTED]   Texas 268,596 695,662 261,232 676,587 7,365 19,075 2.7% [REDACTED]   California 163,695 423,967 155,779 403,466 7,916 20,501 4.8% [REDACTED]   Montana 147,040 380,831 145,546 376,962 1,494 3,869 1.0% [REDACTED]   New Mexico 121,590 314,917 121,298 314,161 292 757 0.2% [REDACTED]   Arizona 113,990 295,234 113,594 294,207 396 1,026 0.3% [REDACTED]   Nevada 110,572 286,380 109,781 284,332 791 2,048 0.7% [REDACTED]   Colorado 104,094 269,601 103,642 268,431 452 1,170 0.4% [REDACTED]   Oregon 98,379 254,799 95,988 248,608 2,391 6,191 2.4% [REDACTED]   Wyoming 97,813 253,335 97,093 251,470 720 1,864 0.7% [REDACTED]   Michigan 96,714 250,487 56,539 146,435 40,175 104,052 41.5% [REDACTED]   Minnesota 86,936 225,163 79,627 206,232 7,309 18,930 8.4% [REDACTED]   Utah 84,897 219,882 82,170 212,818 2,727 7,064 3.2% [REDACTED]   Idaho 83,569 216,443 82,643 214,045 926 2,398 1.1% [REDACTED]   Kansas 82,278 213,100 81,759 211,754 520 1,346 0.6% [REDACTED]   Nebraska 77,348 200,330 76,824 198,974 524 1,356 0.7% [REDACTED]   South Dakota 77,116 199,729 75,811 196,350 1,305 3,379 1.7% [REDACTED]   Washington 71,298 184,661 66,456 172,119 4,842 12,542 6.8% [REDACTED]   North Dakota 70,698 183,108 69,001 178,711 1,698 4,397 2.4% [REDACTED]   Oklahoma 69,899 181,037 68,595 177,660 1,304 3,377 1.9% [REDACTED]   Missouri 69,707 180,540 68,742 178,040 965 2,501 1.4% [REDACTED]   Florida 65,758 170,312 53,625 138,887 12,133 31,424 18.5% [REDACTED]   Wisconsin 65,496 169,635 54,158 140,268 11,339 29,367 17.3% [REDACTED]   Georgia 59,425 153,910 57,513 148,959 1,912 4,951 3.2% [REDACTED]   Illinois 57,914 149,995 55,519 143,793 2,395 6,202 4.1% [REDACTED]   Iowa 56,273 145,746 55,857 144,669 416 1,077 0.7% [REDACTED]   New York 54,555 141,297 47,126 122,057 7,429 19,240 13.6% [REDACTED]   North Carolina 53,819 139,391 48,618 125,920 5,201 13,471 9.7% [REDACTED]   Arkansas 53,179 137,732 52,035 134,771 1,143 2,961 2.1% [REDACTED]   Alabama 52,420 135,767 50,645 131,171 1,775 4,597 3.4% [REDACTED]   Louisiana 52,378 135,659 43,204 111,898 9,174 23,761 17.5% [REDACTED]   Mississippi 48,432 125,438 46,923 121,531 1,509 3,907 3.1% [REDACTED]   Pennsylvania 46,054 119,280 44,743 115,883 1,312 3,397 2.8% [REDACTED]   Ohio 44,826 116,098 40,861 105,829 3,965 10,269 8.8% [REDACTED]   Virginia 42,775 110,787 39,490 102,279 3,285 8,508 7.7% [REDACTED]   Tennessee 42,144 109,153 41,235 106,798 909 2,355 2.2% [REDACTED]   Kentucky 40,408 104,656 39,486 102,269 921 2,387 2.3% [REDACTED]   Indiana 36,420 94,326 35,826 92,789 593 1,537 1.6% [REDACTED]   Maine 35,380 91,633 30,843 79,883 4,537 11,750 12.8% [REDACTED]   South Carolina 32,020 82,933 30,061 77,857 1,960 5,076 6.1% [REDACTED]   West Virginia 24,230 62,756 24,038 62,259 192 497 0.8% [REDACTED]   Maryland 12,406 32,131 9,707 25,142 2,699 6,990 21.8% [REDACTED]   Hawaii 10,932 28,313 6,423 16,635 4,509 11,678 41.2% [REDACTED]   Massachusetts 10,554 27,336 7,800 20,202 2,754 7,134 26.1% [REDACTED]   Vermont 9,616 24,906 9,217 23,871 400 1,035 4.2% [REDACTED]   New Hampshire 9,349 24,214 8,953 23,187 397 1,027 4.2% [REDACTED]   New Jersey 8,723 22,591 7,354 19,047 1,368 3,544 15.7% [REDACTED]   Connecticut 5,543 14,357 4,842 12,542 701 1,816 12.6% [REDACTED]   Puerto Rico 5,325 13,791 3,424 8,868 1,901 4,924 35.7% [REDACTED]   Delaware 2,489 6,446 1,949 5,047 540 1,399 21.7% [REDACTED]   Northern Mariana Islands 1,976 5,117 182 472 1,793 4,644 90.7% [REDACTED]   Rhode Island 1,545 4,001 1,034 2,678 511 1,324 33.1% [REDACTED]   U.S. Virgin Islands 733 1,898 134 348 599 1,550 81.7% [REDACTED]   American Samoa 581 1,505 76 198 505 1,307 86.9% [REDACTED]   Guam 571 1,478 210 543 361 935 63.2% [REDACTED]   District of Columbia 68 177 61 158 7 19 10.3%   Minor Outlying Islands 16 41 16 41 0 0 0.0%   Contiguous US 3,120,428 8,081,869 2,954,843 7,653,006 165,589 428,865 5.3%   50 States 3,796,676 9,833,342 3,531,846 9,147,436 264,834 685,907 7.0%   50 States and DC 3,796,744 9,833,519 3,531,907 9,147,594 264,841 685,926 7.0%   United States 3,805,927 9,857,306 3,535,932 9,158,022 269,995 699,284 7.1% [REDACTED] U.S. states by total area [REDACTED] U.S. states by land area [REDACTED] U.S. states by water area [REDACTED] U.S. states by water percentage [REDACTED] Alaska

3344-626: The government to adequately sustain the populations living on them. As a result, settler colonialism was a calamity for indigenous people. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo , have described the actions of the California government as a genocide , as well as the 40th governor of California Gavin Newsom . Benjamin Madley estimates that from 1846 to 1873, between 9,492 and 16,092 indigenous people were killed, including between 1,680 and 3,741 killed by

3420-459: The highest output of any U.S. state, and is led by its dairy , almonds , and grapes . With the busiest port in the country ( Los Angeles ), California plays a pivotal role in the global supply chain, hauling in about 40% of goods imported to the US. Notable contributions to popular culture , ranging from entertainment , sports , music , and fashion , have their origins in California. California

3496-410: The indigenous peoples developed complex forms of ecosystem management, including forest gardening to ensure the regular availability of food and medicinal plants . This was a form of sustainable agriculture . To mitigate destructive large wildfires from ravaging the natural environment, indigenous peoples developed a practice of controlled burning . This practice was recognized for its benefits by

3572-572: The interior and north of California. The Anza expedition selected numerous sites for missions, presidios, and pueblos, which subsequently would be established by settlers. Gabriel Moraga , a member of the expedition, would also christen many of California's prominent rivers with their names in 1775–1776, such as the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River . After the expedition, Gabriel's son, José Joaquín Moraga , would found

3648-531: The largest dam removal and river restoration project in US history was announced for the Klamath River , as a win for California tribes. Covering an area of 163,696 sq mi (423,970 km ), California is the third-largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas . California is one of the most geographically diverse states in the union and is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California , comprising

3724-844: The middle of the state lies the California Central Valley , bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east, the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's productive agricultural heartland. Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , the northern portion, the Sacramento Valley serves as

3800-401: The original (PDF) on February 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 28, 2023 . ^ "United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18) . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . ^ "World Factbook Country Comparison: Area" . The World Factbook . CIA . Archived from

3876-4206: The original on August 4, 2018 . Retrieved August 1, 2018 . v t e United States state-related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Population African American Amish Asian Birth and death rates Density Hispanic and Latino Historical Household income Immigration LGBT Non-Hispanic white Pacific Islander Spanish-speaking Educational attainment Largest cities by population Median age Most popular given names Most populous counties Net migration Populated places Population density (cities) Race/ethnicity Religiosity Irreligion Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Credit ratings Employment rates Exports and imports Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Median home prices Median wages Millionaire households Minimum wages Poverty rates R&D spending Sales taxes Savings rate Socioeconomic factors Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Botanical gardens Carbon dioxide emissions Parks National Natural Landmarks National Wildlife Refuges Nature centers Electricity ( Renewable ) Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Bays Beaches Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Highest cities Islands Lakes Mountains Regions Volcanoes Government Agriculture commissioners Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Congressional districts Members Counties Alphabetical List Courts Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Politics by state or territory Political party strength State auditors State legislators Alabama–Missouri Montana–Wyoming State senators State secretaries of state State speakers State chief justices State presidents pro tempore State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Statewide elected executive officials Health Changes in life expectancy, 1985–2010 Fertility rates Hospitals Human Development Index American Human Development Index Life expectancy Infant mortality rates Obesity rates Road deaths Smoking History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies Museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Firearms death rates Gun Violence Homicide Rate Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same-sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self-representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Violent Crime Rate Miscellaneous Abbreviations Airports Bus transit systems Casinos Cemeteries Demonyms Flags Hotels Insignia Coats of arms License plates Malls Mottos Newspapers Nicknames Numbered highways Quarters 50 states District of Columbia and territories America

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3952-414: The population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000. The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin . In 1849,

4028-695: The process usually begins with the victim filing a complaint of discrimination with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing. California California is a state in the Western United States , lying on the American Pacific Coast . It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to

4104-733: The pueblo of San Jose in 1777, making it the first civilian-established city in California. During this same period, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the northern coast of California. In 1812, the Russian-American Company established a trading post and small fortification at Fort Ross on the North Coast . Fort Ross was primarily used to supply Russia's Alaskan colonies with food supplies. The settlement did not meet much success, failing to attract settlers or establish long term trade viability, and

4180-469: The races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." As in other American states, indigenous peoples were forcibly removed from their lands by American settlers , like miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as

4256-403: The region known as California , or Las Californias , grew. Eventually it included lands north of the peninsula, Alta California , part of which became the present-day U.S. state of California. A 2017 state legislative document states, "Numerous theories exist as to the origin and meaning of the word 'California, ' " and that all anyone knows is the name was added to a map by 1541 "presumably by

4332-401: The rights or safety of the plaintiff or others. The California Court of Appeals opinion in the landmark sexual harassment case of Weeks. v. Baker & McKenzie is a good example of how the FEHA works to protect employees in California. Settlements in FEHA cases can actually be quite complex and require complex negotiations. Whether seeking an investigation under FEHA or a suit in court,

4408-468: The south. With nearly 39   million residents across an area of 163,696 square miles (423,970 km ), it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest by area, and most populated subnational entity in North America . Prior to European colonization , California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America . European exploration in

4484-654: The state as part of the Gold Rush or to seek work. Even though the Chinese proved indispensable in building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah, perceived job competition with the Chinese led to anti-Chinese riots in the state, and eventually the US ended migration from China partially as a response to pressure from California with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act . Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule, California's original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which

4560-521: The state on March 4, 2020, and remained in effect until Governor Gavin Newsom ended it in February 2023. A mandatory statewide stay-at-home order was issued on March 19, 2020, which was ended in January 2021. Cultural and language revitalization efforts among indigenous Californians have progressed among tribes as of 2022. Some land returns to indigenous stewardship have occurred. In 2022,

4636-430: The state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains . Droughts and wildfires are an ongoing issue. California's economy is the largest of any U.S. state, with a $ 4.0 trillion gross state product as of 2024 . It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. California's agricultural industry has

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4712-515: The state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Middle Easterns, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California gold rush . By the time of California's application for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870,

4788-522: The state's name include CA, Cal., Calif., Califas , and US-CA . California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America . Historians generally agree that there were at least 300,000 people living in California prior to European colonization. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct ethnic groups , inhabiting environments ranging from mountains and deserts to islands and redwood forests. Living in these diverse geographic areas,

4864-620: The state, and develop a high-tech region, now known as Silicon Valley . As a result of this, California is a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the US center of agricultural production. Just before the Dot Com Bust , California had the fifth-largest economy in the world. In the mid and late twentieth century, race-related incidents occurred. Tensions between police and African Americans, combined with unemployment and poverty in inner cities, led to riots, such as

4940-511: The ten southernmost counties, and Northern California , comprising the 48 northernmost counties. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south (with which it makes up part of The Californias region of North America , alongside Baja California Sur ). In

5016-566: The third-largest water area and seventh-largest water area percentage. See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Geography portal [REDACTED] United States portal List of Canadian provinces and territories by area List of European countries by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes [ edit ] ^ Areas were not published in

5092-407: The time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years later, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. California was then reachable from the eastern States in a week's time. Much of the state

5168-570: The transition from Spanish colonial rule to independent Mexican rule. In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave the Mexican Empire (which included California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico, which shortly after independence became a republic. The missions , which controlled most of

5244-545: The watershed of the Sacramento River , while the southern portion, the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River . Both valleys derive their names from the rivers that flow through them. With dredging, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several inland cities to be seaports . List of U.S. states and territories by area From Misplaced Pages,

5320-544: Was abandoned by 1841. During the War of Mexican Independence , Alta California was largely unaffected and uninvolved in the revolution, though many Californios supported independence from Spain , which many believed had neglected California and limited its development. Spain's trade monopoly on California had limited local trade prospects. Following Mexican independence, California ports were freely able to trade with foreign merchants. Governor Pablo Vicente de Solá presided over

5396-552: Was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere. In the nineteenth century, a large number of migrants from China traveled to

5472-607: Was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both internal and with the central Mexican government. During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836–1842. The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by Anglo-American residents of California, including Isaac Graham . In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to

5548-714: Was not usually the purpose of these small-scale battles. Men and women generally had different roles in society. Women were often responsible for weaving, harvesting, processing, and preparing food, while men for hunting and other forms of physical labor. Most societies also had roles for people whom the Spanish referred to as joyas , who they saw as "men who dressed as women". Joyas were responsible for death , burial , and mourning rituals , and they performed women's social roles. Indigenous societies had terms such as two-spirit to refer to them. The Chumash referred to them as 'aqi. The early Spanish settlers detested and sought to eliminate them. The first Europeans to explore

5624-502: Was short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay in 1846 and began the U.S. military invasion of California , with Northern California capitulating in less than a month to the United States forces. In Southern California, Californios continued to resist American forces. Notable military engagements of

5700-399: Was then organized and admitted as the 31st state in 1850 , as a free state , following the Compromise of 1850 . The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 19 million and 10 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most ; California's capital

5776-801: Was upheld by the Supreme Court in California Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Guerra (1987). After the passage of the federal Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , pregnant employees in California also became eligible to receive temporary disability insurance benefits under the California State Disability Insurance program. Various individual states within the United States have anti-discrimination laws which sometimes differ from federal law ; these laws are provided in addition to

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