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64-727: The academy was formed by presidential decree on August 24, 1992 on the foundation of the Higher School of the KGB , and is located in Michurinsky Prospekt, Moscow , Russia. It consists of the Institute of Cryptography, Telecommunications and Computer Science (Институт криптографии, связи и информатики, ИКСИ) and the Institute for Operational Training (Институт подготовки оперативного состава, ИПОС) in various facilities. Colonel General Viktor Ostroukhov has been Head of

128-429: A political party while in office. In 2012, commenting on stepping down from the post of United Russia party leader, Vladimir Putin said "The constitution doesn't forbid the president to be a member of any party, but in the spirit of how our political life has evolved, a president is first and foremost a consolidating figure for all the political forces of the country, for all citizens". National transport services for

192-696: A compromise, or the Duma insists on passing the bill as is , the veto of the Federation Council can be overridden, if two thirds of the Duma's constitutional composition vote in favor of the bill. The State Duma and the Federation Council usually meet separately. Joint sessions are organized when: In the mid 2000s it was suggested that the Parliamentary centre of the State Duma and Federation Council be combined into one building. In 2012,

256-473: A decree "On some social guarantees of persons holding public positions of the Russian Federation and the position of federal public servants." 15 June 1999 went to President Yeltsin's decree on amendments and additions to the previous decree. On 11 November 1999 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the implementation of the amended decree of 15 June 1999. On 31 December 1999, the day of

320-482: A draft law is considered by the Federation Council, which has fourteen days to place the bill on its calendar. The Federation Council cannot make changes in bills passed by the Duma and can either approve or reject them. If the Federation Council rejects a bill passed by the State Duma, the two chambers must form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation. If two chambers cannot reach

384-455: A new requirement preventing a presidential candidate from ever having foreign citizenship or a foreign residence permit was introduced. The Russian constitution limits the number of terms a president can serve to two terms. Previously, the constitution only limited the president to two consecutive terms, allowing a former president to seek re-election after sitting out one complete term. However, following constitutional changes in 2020, this

448-409: A political party with no parliamentary representation is 100,000, down from 2 million before amendments to the law. Terms were extended from four to six years in 2008, during Dmitry Medvedev 's administration. The president is elected in a two-round system every six years, with a two consecutive term limitation. If no candidate wins by an absolute majority in the first round, a second election round

512-586: A symbol of the Russian Presidency. The Presidential Fanfare is a composition played exclusively for the President of Russia, when they enter a place or an event. As the guarantor of the Constitution and the entire system of constitutional law, the president ensures that the constitutions, laws and regulations of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation be in full compliance with

576-405: Is held between two candidates with the most votes. The last presidential election was in 2024 , and the next is in 2030. The inauguration of the president of Russia is conducted six years after the previous inauguration (since 2000, on 7 May). If the president is chosen in an early election, they are scheduled to take the oath thirty days after the announcement of the results. Before executing

640-630: Is the Senate building (also known as 1st building) in the Moscow Kremlin complex. Also the president can use the Grand Kremlin Palace (used for official ceremonies and meetings). Previously, the president also could use the so-called 14th Administrative Corpus Building (the reserve residence), but in 2016 it was demolished. Since 2000 the current home residence of the president is Novo-Ogaryovo ( Russian : Ново-Огарёво ). It

704-753: Is the State Duma . The assembly was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, replacing the former Supreme Soviet of Russia . It is located in Moscow . The Chairman of the Federation Council is the third most important position after the President and the Prime Minister . In the case that both the President and the Prime Minister are incapacitated, the Speaker of

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768-757: Is the executive head of state of Russia . The president is the chair of the Federal State Council and the supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces . It is the highest office in Russia. The modern incarnation of the office emerged from the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the RSFSR, becoming

832-529: The 2003 elections , the Federal Assembly has been referred to by analysts and observers as being a rubber stamp institution . As the Russian legislature, all laws must be voted in the Federal Assembly before they are signed into law. All bills, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma. Upon adoption by a majority of the full State Duma membership,

896-697: The All-Russian Constituent Assembly , elected later that year, planned on establishing a democratic presidential or semi-presidential federal republic , proclaiming the Russian Democratic Federal Republic (RDFR) in January 1918. The president of the RDFR would have been the head of state, elected for a one-year term by a majority vote in parliament involving the deputies of both chambers. Due to

960-561: The Federal Protective Service until the president's death. A spouse who remarries or divorced from president is no longer eligible for Federal Protective Service protection. Federal Assembly (Russia) Other parties and vacancies (42) Other parties (102) The Federal Assembly is the bicameral national legislature of Russia . The upper house is the Federation Council , and the lower house

1024-619: The KGB Higher School was named after Dzerzhinsky. During the 1960s to 1980s, graduates took part in countering foreign intelligence services and conducting operational and combat activities. In 1995, the Higher School of the KGB was renamed the FSB Academy. President of Russia The President of the Russian Federation (Russian: Президент Российской Федерации , romanized : Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii )

1088-853: The Prime Minister (Chairman of the Government), deciding the issue of confidence in the Government, appointment and dismissal of the Governor of the Central Bank , appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber, appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights , proclamation of amnesty , advancing of charges against the President for his impeachment and others. Since

1152-569: The presidential standard on the empennage instead of the flag of Russia . In the spring of 2013 a helipad was constructed in the Moscow Kremlin . According to the chief of the Kremlin Property Agency construction of a helicopter pad for the president cost 200 million rubles (about $ 6.4 mln). The helipad is located in the Kremlin's Tainitsky Garden close to exterior walls. On 16 August 1995, President Boris Yeltsin signed

1216-790: The prime minister , Vladimir Putin has enjoyed high approval ratings amongst the Russian public. During his eight years in office, the Russian economy bounced back from crisis, seeing the country's GDP increase sixfold (72% in PPP ), poverty cut more than half and average monthly salaries increase from $ 80 to $ 640, or by 150% in real rates. At the same time, his conduct in office has been questioned by domestic dissenters, as well as foreign governments and human rights organizations, for his handling of internal conflicts in Chechnya and Dagestan , his record on internal human rights and freedoms, his relations with former Soviet republics , and his relations with

1280-463: The 1993 Russian Constitution remains in force today. The constitution establishes Russia as a semi-presidential system which separates the president of Russia from the government of Russia which exercises executive power. In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill their duties, those duties shall be temporarily delegated to the prime minister of Russia , who becomes acting president of Russia . The powers of

1344-619: The Academy from 2007 until 2019. It was then directed by Colonel General Yevgeny Sysoyev and since 2022 it has been directed by Lieutenant General Nikolay Vladimirovich Plotnikov. The Presidium of the VChK (The first security service of the Soviet Russia ) decided to establish a special institute for operational training. The first course began in April 1921. In 1922 the course was renamed

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1408-553: The Armed Forces. Furthermore, several articles of the Defence Statute enable the president to order a general or partial mobilization of the military, announce martial law , oversee the war industry and make regulations. A 2020 military doctrine governs the use of Russian nuclear arms ; it allows the president to launch atomic weapons in response to WMD or ballistic missile strikes, attacks that threaten

1472-464: The Constitution, the president exercises their right to submit draft legislation , as well as the right to sign bills into law or to veto them. The president has the right to suspend laws and regulations issued by executive bodies of Russia's constituent territories if such laws and regulations contravene the Constitution, federal laws or international obligations of the Russian Federation, or violate human and civil rights and liberties, pending

1536-687: The Higher Courses of the State Political Directorate (GPU). In May 1930 Moscow created higher schools for basic and advanced training of secret agents; on June 4, 1930 the school was known as the Central School of OGPU. July 14, 1934, after the formation of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs , the former OGPU Central School was renamed the Central School of General Directorate for State Security (GUGB) of

1600-710: The NKVD. On March 21, 1939 the Central School of GUGB NKVD was reorganized as the Graduate School of the NKVD. By the early 1940s, every third head of the Soviet security organs was a graduate of the course. During the Great Patriotic War , the school trained more than seven thousand security officers who organized the fight against Nazi Germany . By Resolution of the Council of Ministers on August 2, 1962

1664-549: The Presidential website, the emblem is placed inside the Kremlin and is used only on certain occasions. The standard is a square version of the Russian flag , charged in the center with the Russian coat of arms. Golden fringe is added to the standard. Copies of the standard are used inside their office, at the Kremlin, other state agencies, and while the president is traveling in a vehicle inside Russia. A 2:3 ratio version of

1728-488: The Russian Federation include the title of Hero of the Russian Federation , Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation as well as orders, medals, emblems and honorary titles. New state honors and awards can be established by the president, who also presents these honors to the recipients in an official ceremony. A Commission for State Honors, which works on a voluntary basis, helps the president to objectively assess potential recipients. The primary working president's residence

1792-543: The Russian SFSR with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president. However, Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after a series of economic and political crises in Russia in the 1990s. The Yeltsin era was marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. By the time he left office, Yeltsin had an approval rating of two percent by some estimates. Throughout his presidential terms and into his second term as

1856-479: The Russian president and the presidential state car are provided by the Special Purpose Garage (SPG). The SPG is a unit within the Federal Protective Service . Air transport services for the president are provided by the airline company Rossiya Airlines . The presidential aircraft uses the same colour scheme as standard Rossiya aircraft, except for the use of the Russian coat of arms or

1920-404: The bounds of the authority granted to the head of state by the Constitution and other laws, the president also shapes the basic domestic policy guidelines by issuing legal regulations and through organizational and regulatory activity, such as issuing decrees and executive orders. Each year the president is required to make an Address to the Federal Assembly regarding the situation in the country and

1984-667: The chairman of Gazprom 's board of directors , a post he had held, for the second time, since 2000. On 10 December 2007, he was informally endorsed as a candidate for the forthcoming presidential elections by the most prominent Russian political party , United Russia , and officially endorsed on 17 December 2007. Medvedev's candidacy was supported by outgoing president Vladimir Putin and pro-presidential parties . As technocrat and political appointee , Medvedev – Putin's former chief of staff and one-time rival to Sergey Ivanov – had never held elective office before 2009. Medvedev chose Putin as his prime minister; in 2012, Putin ran for

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2048-460: The competition, which were not resolved when the contest was conducted a second time. Financing issues caused complications. Originally, the Parliamentary center was to be funded by private investors, who would in turn receive ownership of a building currently belonging to the State Duma and the Federation Council, as well as permits to tear it down and replace the building with their own development projects (such as hotels). An objection to this plan

2112-608: The country's Constitution and federal laws. The president is highly active in appointing top officials in the country. They nominate candidates for official state positions, who must ultimately be appointed based on parliamentary vote. The president submits nominations to the Federation Council , the upper house of the parliament , for judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court , as well as for prosecutor general of Russia . A proposal to relieve

2176-584: The dissolution of the assembly by the Bolsheviks and establishment of their one-party dictatorship , no person was ever elected to this office. Boris Yeltsin came to power with a wave of high expectations not long before the Soviet Union's collapse . In May 1990, he was elected as chairman of the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR) –

2240-435: The event of their resignation or permanent incapacity for health reasons to exercise the powers belonging to them and their family: Beginning in 1999, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the government. All former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 are protected by

2304-478: The first non-Communist Party member to be elected into a major Soviet political role. He played a crucial role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union which saw the transformation of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation. Following a series of scandals and doubts about his leadership, violence erupted across Moscow in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis . As a result, a new constitution was implemented and

2368-627: The flag is used when the President is at sea. This is the most used symbol to denote the presence of the Russian President. The President also has a special copy of the Russian Constitution that is used during the inauguration. This copy has a hard, red cover with gold lettering. An image of the Russian coat of arms appears in silver. The special copy is kept in the Presidential Library. These insignia and

2432-403: The form of a circle. A golden wreath is used to connect the cross with the rest of the chain. There are 17 "links" in the emblem, with nine consisting of the Russian coat of arms. The other eight consist of a rosette, also bearing the motto "Benefit, Honor and Glory." At the inauguration of Vladimir Putin, the emblem was placed on a red pillow, positioned on the left side of the podium. According to

2496-464: The highest state office – and thus became the head of state. As a result of the creation of the post of President of the Soviet Union , the Union republics also began to introduce the post of President. To do this, a referendum was held in the Russian SFSR, in which 71% of voters voted for the creation of the post of President, elected in direct elections. On 12 June 1991 Yeltsin was elected president of

2560-418: The idea was supported by President Dmitry Medvedev . Reasons cited for the construction of a new building included the cramped nature of the parliament members' current offices, the remote locations of these offices split across ten locations in Moscow , and the desire of the government to move the bodies away from the city centre to reduce traffic congestion. Various areas of Moscow were examined to serve as

2624-465: The integrity of the nuclear arsenal, and attacks that may jeopardise the country as a whole. An important ceremonial role of the president is awarding state awards. State Awards of the Russian Federation are the highest form of official recognition given to individuals for service to the nation in the fields of defense, state-building, economics, science, culture, art, education, health care, public safety, rights advocacy and charity. The state awards of

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2688-567: The internal and foreign policy of the state. The president is invested with extensive rights to implement the state's foreign policy. The president determines Russia's position in international affairs , along with the prime minister and the government of the federation, and represents the state in international relations, conducts negotiations and signs ratification documents. The president appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of Russia to foreign states and international organizations . These appointments are preceded by consultations with

2752-629: The new parliamentary center: Kutuzovsky Avenue , Frunzenskaya Embankment , " Moscow City ", Tushino airfield , Krasnaya Presnya Street, Moskvoretskaya Embankment , Muzeon Park of Arts and the Sofia Embankment. In September 2014, the Mnyovniki floodplain was selected, a decision which was protested by ecologists. The design of the new building was to be decided on the basis of an architectural competition. The parliamentarians, however, disagreed on aesthetic decisions between candidates in

2816-423: The people. Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and removal from office . In all cases when the president is unable to perform their duties, their powers are temporarily transferred to the prime minister until the new president takes office. After the oath of office has been taken by the elected president, these following insignia are handed over to

2880-466: The powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath: I swear in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation to respect and safeguard the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the State, to faithfully serve

2944-491: The presidency include: execution of federal law, appointing federal ministers, and members of the judiciary, and negotiating treaties with foreign powers. The president also has the power to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances. The president also appoints the prime minister, who directs domestic policy of the Russian Federation alongside

3008-454: The presidency, won, and appointed Medvedev as prime minister. A presidential candidate must be a citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old, has permanently resided in Russia for at least 25 years and does not have and has never previously had foreign citizenship or a foreign residence permit. Following constitutional amendments in 2020, the requirement of permanent residence in Russia increased from 10 years to 25 years and

3072-442: The president in the sphere of legal activities and in their interaction with the parliament include calling elections to the State Duma, dissolving the State Duma in certain cases, and calling a referendum . Under the Constitution, the president is not empowered to determine the full range of short-, middle-, and long-term objectives and targets of domestic policy, but only its basic guidelines. In practice, they determine it with

3136-407: The president. The president is elected directly through a popular vote to a six-year term. Previously, the Constitution established a term limit for the presidency restricting the officeholder to serve no more than two consecutive terms. However, this limitation has since been overhauled in large part due to the constitutional amendments that were ratified in 2020. One of the amendments passed reset

3200-519: The president. These devices are used to display the rank of their office and are used on special occasions. The first insignia that is issued is the chain of office with an emblem. The central emblem is the red cross of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" , with arms in equal size, charged with the Russian coat of arms . On the reverse of the cross, the words "Benefit, Honor and Glory" appear in

3264-402: The presidential election. The election day is the second Sunday of the month and the presidential electoral constituency is the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole. Each faction in the State Duma , the lower house of the Russian parliament has the right to nominate a candidate for the presidential elections. The minimum number of signatures for a presidential candidate fielded by

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3328-448: The prime minister and the government of the federation. They are to be implemented both by the president themself and by the government of Russia within the bounds of their authority. The president's fundamental positions on domestic policy issues are expressed in their written decisions regarding draft federal constitutional laws and draft federal laws, as well as their letters explaining the reasons for rejecting draft federal laws. Within

3392-482: The procedure were established by the presidential decree 1138 from 5 August 1996, and modified by decree 832 from 6 May 2000. In the new decree the special copy of the Constitution was removed as the third symbol of the Russian Presidency; the other two symbols remained intact because they were and are regulated by separate decrees. Nonetheless, the special copy of the Constitution still exists and serves for inauguration purposes only without being officially presented as

3456-462: The prosecutor general of their duties must also be submitted to the Federation Council. The president submits to the State Duma , the lower house of parliament, nominations for appointment to the office of the chairperson of the Central Bank , and likewise submits to the State Duma any proposal to relieve the chairperson of the Central Bank of their duties. Under the procedure stipulated by

3520-519: The resignation of Boris Yeltsin, the president issued a decree "On guarantees of the Russian Federation President, stop exercising their powers, and their family," and the eponymous federal law was adopted by 25 January 2001. This law establishes the legal, social and other guarantees of the Russian Federation's president, stops the execution of its powers in connection with the expiration of their term of office or in advance in

3584-535: The resolution of the issue in an appropriate court. The president can issue by-laws by decree , so long as such decrees are not in contradiction with existing laws (both local and federal), Russia's international agreements or the Russian Constitution. The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances. Other powers of

3648-478: The respective committees or commissions of the two houses of the Federal Assembly. The president signs international treaties . The president of Russia bears ultimate authority over the Russian Armed Forces as "Supreme Commander-in-Chief ", a role established by Article 87 of the Constitution. In this capacity, the president issues military directives, makes defence policy and appoints the High Command of

3712-406: The so-called oligarchs: Russian businessmen with a high degree of power and influence within both the Russian government and economy. This was seen by the Kremlin as a series of anti-Russian propaganda attacks orchestrated by western opponents and exiled oligarchs . Medvedev was appointed as first deputy prime minister on 14 November 2005. Formerly Vladimir Putin's chief of staff , he was also

3776-474: The terms of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev , allowing either to serve as president for a full two terms regardless of their previous terms. In all, three individuals have served four presidencies spanning six full terms. In May 2012, Vladimir Putin became the fourth president; he was re-elected in March 2018 and in March 2024 for two consecutive six-year terms. After the fall of monarchy in 1917,

3840-476: The territory of Russia, appointment of elections of the President , impeachment of the President, appointment of judges of higher courts of Russia , appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of Russia , appointment and dismissal of Deputy Chairman and half of the auditors of the all Accounts Chamber and others. The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: consent to the appointment of

3904-466: The upper house of the Russian parliament becomes Acting President of Russia . The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes: approval of changes in borders between federal subjects of Russia , approval of the presidential decree on the introduction of a martial law or on the introduction of a state of emergency , deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of Russia outside

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3968-644: Was changed to two terms overall, allowing the incumbent president and former presidents to serve two more terms. The election of the president is mainly regulated by the Presidential Election Law (PEL) and the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights (BGL). The Federation Council calls the presidential elections. If it does not call a presidential election that is due, the Central Election Commission will call

4032-413: Was lodged by architectural critic Grigory Revzin, arguing that the State Duma is located in the building of the Council of Labor and Defense which was designed by Arkady Langman and built in 1935, rendering the existing State Duma building an architectural monument, which would be protected by the state and cannot be demolished. Work on the parliamentary center was to begin in 2020. However, in 2016 it

4096-406: Was planned that it would remain at the disposal of Vladimir Putin after his term ended, as Gorki-9 ( Russian : Горки-9 ) (also called Barvikha ( Russian : Барвиха ), but actually near it) had remained at the disposal of Boris Yeltsin after his retirement. Also, the president has several vacation residences outside of Moscow. None of the Russian presidents to date have ever been a member of

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