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87-734: The university shares its unusual name with the Museum Folkwang founded in 1902 by arts patron Karl Ernst Osthaus . The term Folkwang derives from Fólkvangr , the Old Norse name of a mythical meadow where the dead gather who are chosen by Freyja , the Norse goddess of love and beauty, to spend the afterlife with her. The school's founders, opera director Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg  [ de ] , stage designer Hein Heckroth and choreographer Kurt Jooss , regarded this Folkwang as

174-603: A deserter in January 1871, he managed to hide. No further details are known as documents from this period are missing. After the Paris Commune was crushed the couple returned to Paris in May 1871. Paul fils , the son of Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet was born on 4 January 1872. Cézanne's mother was kept a party to family events, but his father was not informed of Hortense for fear of risking his wrath and so as not to lose

261-729: A Cézanne painting was purchased by a museum for the first time. Hugo von Tschudi acquired Cézanne's landscape painting The Mill on the Couleuvre near Pontoise in the Durand-Ruel Gallery for the Berlin National Gallery . Cézanne's mother died on 25 October 1897. In November 1899, at the insistence of his sister, he sold the now practically deserted property "Jas de Bouffan" and moved into a small city apartment at 23, Rue Boulegon in Aix-en-Provence;

348-508: A financially tense period in which he had to ask Zola for help. But in September he relented and decided to give him 400 francs for his family. Cézanne continued to migrate between the Paris region and Provence until Louis-Auguste had a studio built for him at his home, Bastide du Jas de Bouffan , in the early 1880s. This was on the upper floor, and an enlarged window was provided, allowing in

435-596: A hut at the nearby Bibémus quarry; Bibémus became another motif for his paintings. Ambroise Vollard , an aspiring gallery owner, opened Cézanne's first one-man show in November 1895. In his gallery, he showed a selection of 50 of around 150 works that Cézanne had sent him as a package. Vollard met Degas and Renoir in 1894 when he was exhibiting a bundle of Manet in his small shop, and they exchanged Manet works for their own works with him. Vollard also established relationships with Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard , and in

522-568: A large inheritance. His mother, Anne Elisabeth Honorine Aubert (1814–1897), was "vivacious and romantic, but quick to take offence". It was from her that Cézanne got his conception and vision of life. He also had two younger sisters, Marie and Rose, with whom he went to a primary school every day. At the age of ten Cézanne entered the Saint Joseph school in Aix. Classmates were the later sculptor Philippe Solari and Henri Gasquet, father of

609-792: A legitimate son. In the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, from then on. The move reflects a new independence from the Paris-centered impressionists and a marked preference for the south, Cézanne's native soil. Hortense's brother had a house within view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire at L'Estaque. A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". Despite

696-428: A mass exhibition of this "degenerate" art—which, ironically, proved to be quite popular—and then began systematically selling the art to raise cash. Many works of art came into the possession of American and other collectors and museums. In the end, approximately 5,000 works of art deemed unsaleable were burned. The Museum Folkwang and the other museums affected have generally not tried to reclaim these works because at

783-454: A member of the Salon jury. Since each jury member had the privilege of showing a picture of one of his students, he passed off Cézanne as his student and secured his first participation at the Salon. He exhibited Portrait de M. L. A. , probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement" , 1866 ( National Gallery of Art , Washington, D.C.), although the painting

870-787: A new pictorial language through intense examination of Impressionist forms of expression. He altered conventional approaches to perspective and broke established rules of academic art by emphasizing the underlying structure of objects in a composition and the formal qualities of art. Cézanne strived for a renewal of traditional design methods on the basis of the impressionistic colour space and colour modulation principles. Cézanne's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and clearly recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. The paintings convey Cézanne's intense study of his subjects. His painting initially provoked incomprehension and ridicule in contemporary art criticism. Until

957-442: A painter I am becoming more clairvoyant to nature, but that it is always very difficult for me to realize my feelings. I cannot reach the intensity that unfolds before my senses, I do not possess that wonderful richness of colour that animates nature." On 15 October 1906, Cézanne was caught in a storm while working in the field. After working for two hours he decided to go home; but on the way he collapsed and lost consciousness. He

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1044-491: A portrait of Zola that Zola had asked for to encourage his friend, but Cézanne was unsatisfied with the result and destroyed the picture. In September 1861, disappointed by his rejection at the École, Cézanne returned to Aix-en-Provence and worked again in his father's bank. In the late autumn of 1862 he moved to Paris again. His father secured his subsistence level with a monthly sum of over 150 francs. The traditional École des Beaux-Arts rejected him again. Again Cézanne attended

1131-486: A regular course of study, having given up hope of finding Paul as his successor in the banking business. Cézanne later received an inheritance of 400,000 francs from his father, which rid him of all financial worries. Cézanne moved to Paris in April 1861. The high hopes he had set in Paris were not fulfilled, as he had applied to the École des Beaux-Arts and was turned down. He attended the free Académie Suisse , where he

1218-541: A symbol for the arts as a unified whole, rather than divided into separate classes. The Folkwangschule für Musik, Tanz und Sprechen (Folkwang School for Music, Dance, and Speech) opened in 1927 in Essen, and in 1928 a previously established school of design merged with the institution. In 1963 the Folkwang school was renamed Folkwang-Hochschule (Folkwang Academy). In 2010 the institution began offering graduate studies and

1305-402: A visit in Essen in 1932, Paul J. Sachs called the Folkwang "the most beautiful museum in the world." In 2007, David Chipperfield designed an extension, which was built onto the older building. Ernst Gosebruch  [ de ] , director of the museum in the 1920s and 1930s, and earlier directors, had made the museum's collection of modern art into one of the leading collections in

1392-621: Is additionally dated 1811, alluding to Ingres' painting Jupiter and Thetis , painted at that time and on display in the Musée Granet. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself to pursue his artistic development and left Aix for Paris in 1861. He was strongly encouraged to make this decision by Zola, who was already living in the capital at the time and urged Cézanne to abandon his hesitancy and follow him there. Eventually, his father reconciled with Cézanne and supported his choice of career, on condition that he begin

1479-601: Is that, together with the city of Essen, it is co-owner of the collections of the Folkwang Museum. The association publishes its own periodical for its members, the Folkwang newsletter . Its chairman since 2015 is Ulrich Blank . The purpose and tasks of the Folkwang Museum Association are determined in its statutes as follows: "1. The purpose of the association is to manage, expand and public

1566-696: The Mercure de France in 1907, and in 1912 they appeared in book form. From 15 October to 15 November 1904, an entire room of the Salon d'Automne was furnished with the works of Cézanne. In 1905 an exhibition was held in London, in which his work was also shown; the Galerie Vollard exhibited his works in June, and the Salon d'Automne followed in turn from 19 October to 25 November with 10 paintings. The art historian and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus , who had founded

1653-446: The Museum Folkwang in 1902, visited Cézanne on 13 April 1906 in the hope of being able to purchase a painting by the artist. His wife Gertrud probably took the last photograph of Cézanne. Osthaus described his visit in his work A Visit to Cézanne , published in the same year. Despite the later successes, Cézanne was only ever able to approach his goals. On 5 September 1906, he wrote to his son Paul: "Finally, I want to tell you that as

1740-514: The Musée du Luxembourg in 1928. It is currently in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Among the people portrayed: Odilon Redon is in the foreground on the left, listening to Paul Sérusier opposite him. Also depicted from left to right are Édouard Vuillard, the critic André Mellerio with a top hat, Vollard behind the easel, Maurice Denis, Paul Ranson , Ker-Xavier Roussel , Pierre Bonnard with a pipe, and on

1827-506: The cubist style. Cézanne's long friendly relationship with Émile Zola had by now become more distant. In 1878 the urbane, successful writer had set up a luxurious summer house in Médan near Auvers, where Cézanne had visited him repeatedly in the years 1879 to 1882 and in 1885; but his friend's lavish lifestyle made Cézanne, who lived an unassuming life, aware of his own inadequacy and caused him to doubt himself. Zola, who meanwhile regarded

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1914-545: The Académie Suisse On 31 May 1870, Cézanne was best man at Zola's wedding in Paris. During the Franco-Prussian War , Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet lived in the fishing village of L'Estaque near Marseille , which Cézanne would later visit and paint frequently, as the place's Mediterranean atmosphere fascinated him. He avoided conscription for military service. Although Cézanne had been denounced as

2001-591: The Académie Suisse, which promoted Realism . During this time he got to know many young artists, after Pissarro also Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley . In contrast to the official artistic life of France, Cézanne was under the influence of Gustave Courbet and Eugène Delacroix , who strove for a renewal of art and demanded the depiction of unembellished reality. Courbet's followers called themselves "realists" and followed his principle Il faut encanailler l'art ("One must throw art into

2088-689: The City of Essen was won by David Chipperfield (against competing designs by David Adjaye , Volker Staab , and Zaha Hadid ) in March 2007. The new building, adding 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft) to the existing museum, opened in January 2010, when Essen and the Ruhr Area became European Capital of Culture – Ruhr.2010 . The museum has collections on 19th and 20th century art, Modern art, Photography, Prints and drawings, German Posters, Ancient and Non-European art. The photographic collection

2175-736: The Eastern Bloc. The collaboration with museums in the USA was particularly close. In the early 1970s, works from the Folkwang Museum were loaned to partner museums in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Des Moines, Louisiana, Philadelphia, San Francisco and St. Louis. Paul C%C3%A9zanne Paul Cézanne ( / s eɪ ˈ z æ n / say- ZAN , UK also / s ɪ ˈ z æ n / siz- AN , US also / s eɪ ˈ z ɑː n / say- ZAHN ; French: [pɔl sezan] ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906)

2262-460: The Folkwang Museum founded by Dr. Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen together with the city of Essen 2. To make the collection permanently usable for the purposes of research and popular education. 2. In addition, the association has the general task of promoting the fine arts . 3. The association also has the task of maintaining and promoting the international status and character of the museum by supporting

2349-697: The Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk. At the request of his authoritarian father, who traditionally saw in his son the heir to his bank Cézanne & Cabassol, Paul Cézanne enrolled in the law faculty of the University of Aix-en-Provence in 1859 and attended lectures for the study of jurisprudence . He spent two years with his unloved studies, but increasingly neglected them and preferred to devote himself to drawing exercises and writing poems. From 1859, Cézanne took evening courses at

2436-495: The Impressionist technique was bringing him closer to his goal and heeded his friend's advice. Pissarro later reported: "We were always together, but still each of us kept what counts alone: our own feelings." The young painters in Paris did not see any support for their works in the Salon de Paris and therefore took up Claude Monet 's plan for their own exhibition, which had been made in 1867. From 15 April to 15 May 1874,

2523-478: The Impressionists. Another patron was the paint merchant Julien "Père" Tanguy , who supported the young painters by supplying them with paint and canvas in exchange for paintings. In March 1878, Cézanne's father found out about the long-hidden relationship with Hortense and their illegitimate son Paul through a thoughtless letter by Victor Chocquet. He then cut the monthly bill in half, and Cézanne entered

2610-620: The Les Lauves studio, he had a long, narrow gap in the wall built through which natural light could flow. That year Zola died, leaving Cézanne in mourning despite the estrangement. His health deteriorated with age. In addition to his diabetes, he suffered from depression, which manifested itself in growing distrust of his fellow human beings to the point of delusions of persecution. Despite the artist's increasing recognition, hateful press releases appeared and he received numerous threatening letters. Cézanne's paintings were not well received among

2697-589: The Museum Association, the work of the Folkwang Museum became increasingly international from the beginning 1960s. Under the direction of Paul Vogt  [ de ] as museum director (in office since 1962), works from the Folkwang Collection were loaned to outstanding museums around the world. In addition, the FMV also began to cooperate more and more closely with museums in what was then

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2784-736: The Museum Folkwang. It comprises up to 20 people, ten representatives of the city, five from the museum association and also up to five representatives from the Karl Ernst Osthaus Foundation, as well as the director of the museum ( Peter Gorschlüter since 2018) as advisory member. The chair of the board of trustees changes annually between the mayor of Essen and the chairman of the museum association. The Folkwang Museum Association has around 400 members, including legal entities (mostly companies). Its chairmen (since 1960 "first chairperson") were: With strong support of

2871-467: The Oise Valley. Pissarro, as a sensitive artist, became a mentor to the shy, irritable Cézanne, whome he was able to persuade to turn away from the darker colours, and gave him advice to "Always only paint with the three primary colours (red, yellow, blue) and their immediate deviations," and refrain from linear contouring, defining shapes from the gradation of the colour tonal values. Cézanne felt that

2958-492: The board of directors. In the early days, the board of directors had eight members (at least five according to the Articles of Association), while the executive board consisted of only three people, who at that time still had to belong to the board of directors. Cooperation with the city of Essen and the heirs of Karl Osthaus as well as the supervision of the museum's operations take place in the board of trustees (Kuratorium) of

3045-399: The category of government-controlled institutions and was therefore part of the purge. Over 1,200 works of art were removed from the museum (among others by Georges Braque , Paul Cézanne , Giorgio de Chirico , Henri-Edmond Cross , André Derain , Henri Matisse , and Edvard Munch ), part of over 17,000 works of art removed from museums throughout Germany. The Nazi government first organized

3132-466: The childhood friend as a failure, published his roman à clef L'Œuvre from the novel cycle of Rougon-Macquart in March 1886, whose protagonist, the painter Claude Lantier, did not achieve the realization of his goals and committed suicide. In order to further emphasize the parallels between fiction and biography, Zola placed the successful writer Sandoz alongside the painter Lantier in his work. Monet and Edmond de Goncourt tended to see Édouard Manet in

3219-428: The cracking and "on a hunch" had it x-rayed . Because Cézanne dated few paintings, it is believed to be the earliest firmly dated portrait by the artist. Museum curators believe it is likely a self-portrait; if so it may also be one of the earliest depictions of the artist, who was in his 20s the year he painted the still life. In the summer of 1865, Cézanne returned to Aix. Zola's debut novel La Confession de Claude

3306-502: The delay in the delivery of paint, but later on he fainted. Vallier with whom he was working called for help; he was put to bed, and he never left it. His wife Hortense and son Paul received a telegram from the housekeeper, but they were too late. He died a few days later, on 22 October 1906 of pneumonia at the age of 67, and was buried at the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence. Various periods in

3393-531: The far right Marthe Denis, the painter's wife. In 1901, Cézanne acquired a piece of land north of the city of Aix-en-Provence along the Chemin des Lauves, an isolated road on some high ground, where he had his studio built on the Chemin des Lauves in 1902 according to his needs ( Atelier de Cézanne , now open to the public). He moved there in 1903. For large-format paintings such as The Bathers , which he created in

3480-517: The father of us all". Paul Cézanne was born on 19 January 1839 at 28 rue de l'Opera in Aix-en-Provence , the son of the milliner and later banker Louis-Auguste Cézanne and Anne-Elisabeth-Honorine Aubert. His parents married on 29 January 1844, after the birth of Paul, and his sister Marie in 1841. His youngest sister Rose was born in June 1854. The Cézannes came from the commune of Saint-Sauveur (Hautes-Alpes, Occitania ). On 22 February, he

3567-490: The fictional painter described, but Cézanne found himself reflected in many details. He formally thanked him for sending the work supposedly related to him. For a long time it was thought that contact between the two childhood friends then broke off forever. Recently letters have been discovered that refute this. A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship did endure for at least some time after. On 28 April 1886, Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet were married in Aix in

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3654-465: The financial allowances that his father gave him to live as an artist. The artist received from his father a monthly allowance of 100 francs. When Cézanne's friend, the crippled painter Achille Emperaire , sought refuge with the family in Paris in 1872 due to financial hardship, he soon left his friend however "[...] it was necessary, otherwise I would not have escaped the fate of the others. I found him here abandoned by everyone. […] Zola, Solari and all

3741-544: The first group exhibition of the Société anonyme des artistes, peintres, sculpteurs, engravers , later known as the Impressionists , took place. This name derives from the title of the exhibited painting Impression soleil levant by Monet. In the satirical magazine Le Charivari , the critic Louis Leroy described the group as "Impressionists" and thus created the term for this new art movement. The place of exhibition

3828-440: The first time, but they were still “far below those for paintings by Manet, Monet or Renoir.” In 1901 Maurice Denis exhibited his 1900 large painting Hommage à Cézanne in Paris and Brussels. The subject of the picture is Ambroise Vollard's gallery, which presents a picture – Cézanne's painting Still Life with Bowl of Fruit – formerly owned by Paul Gauguin . The writer André Gide acquired Hommage à Cézanne and gave it to

3915-420: The group's second exhibition, but instead presented 16 of his works in the third exhibition in 1877, which in turn drew considerable criticism. Reviewer Louis Leroy said of Cézanne's portrait of Chocquet: "This peculiar looking head, the colour of an old boot might give [a pregnant woman] a shock and cause yellow fever in the fruit of her womb before its entry into the world." It was the last time he exhibited with

4002-439: The gutter"), formulated as early as 1849, which means that art must be brought down from its ideal height and become a matter of everyday life. Édouard Manet made the definitive break with historical painting, concerned not with analytical observation, but with the reproduction of his subjective perception and the liberation of the pictorial object from symbolic burdens. The exclusion of the works of Manet, Pissarro and Monet from

4089-557: The illness made it even more difficult for him to deal with his fellow human beings. Cézanne spent a few months in Switzerland with her and his son Paul in the hope that the troubled relationship with Hortense could be stabilized. The attempt failed, so he returned to Provence, with Hortense and Paul fils going to Paris. Financial need prompted Hortense's return to Provence but in separate living quarters. Cézanne moved in with his mother and sister. In 1891 he turned to Catholicism. In

4176-416: The late 1890s it was mainly fellow artists such as Camille Pissarro and the art dealer and gallery owner Ambroise Vollard who discovered Cézanne's work and were among the first to buy his paintings. In 1895, Vollard opened the first solo exhibition in his Paris gallery, which led to a broader examination of Cézanne's work. Both Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso are said to have remarked that Cézanne "is

4263-583: The leading photographers of the time from Germany, Austria and France were represented. The Museum Folkwang owns the copyright for the photographers Errell (Richard Levy), Germaine Krull , Helmar Lerski , Walter Peterhans , Fee Schlapper  [ Wikidata ] and Otto Steinert . The museum is supported by the Folkwang Museumsverein e.V. ( Folkwang Museum Association ), a non-profit association of citizens, patrons and companies interested in art, founded on June 1, 1922. According to

4350-512: The most carefree time of his life as the friends swam and fished on the banks of the Arc . They debated art, read Homer and Virgil and practiced writing their own poems. Cézanne often wrote his verses in Latin. Zola urged him to take poetry more seriously, but Cézanne saw it as just a pastime. He stayed there for six years, though in the last two years he was a day scholar. In 1857, he began attending

4437-475: The northern light but interrupting the line of the eaves; this feature remains. Cézanne stabilized his residence in L'Estaque. He painted with Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883. In 1881 Cézanne worked in Pontoise with Paul Gauguin and Pissarro; Cézanne returned to Aix at the end of the year. He later accused Gauguin of having stolen his "little sensation" from him and that Gauguin, on

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4524-515: The official salon, the Salon de Paris , in 1863 provoked such outrage among artists that Napoleon III had a “ Salon des Refusés ” (salon of the rejected) set up next to the official salon. Cézanne's paintings were shown in the first exhibition of the Salon des Refusés in 1863. The Salon rejected Cézanne's submissions every year from 1864 to 1869. He continued to submit works to the Salon until 1882. In that year his artist friend Antoine Guillemet became

4611-568: The other hand only painted chinoiseries . In the spring of 1882, Cézanne worked with Renoir in Aix and – for the first time – in L'Estaque , a small fishing village near Marseille , which he also visited in 1883 and 1888. One of the first two stays was The Bay of Marseille seen from L'Estaque . During the autumn of 1885 and the months that followed, Cézanne stayed in Gardanne , a small hilltop town near Aix-en-Provence, where he produced several paintings whose faceted forms were already anticipating

4698-563: The others are no longer mentioned. He's the strangest guy imaginable." From late 1872 to 1874, Cézanne lived with Hortense and their son Paul in Auvers-sur-Oise , where he met the doctor and art lover Paul Gachet , later the painter Vincent van Gogh 's doctor. Gachet was also an ambitious hobby painter and made his studio available to Cézanne. In 1872, Cézanne accepted an invitation from his friend Pissarro to work in Pontoise in

4785-572: The painter's home and workplace for a long time. The building and the old trees in the park of the property were among the artist's favorite subjects. In 1860, Cézanne obtained permission to paint the walls of the drawing room, and created the large-format murals of the four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter (today in the Petit Palais in Paris), which Cézanne ironically signed as Ingres , whose works he did not appreciate. The winter picture

4872-502: The petty bourgeoisie of Aix. In 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the auction of paintings that had been in Zola's possession and published on 9 March 1903 in L'Intransigeant a highly critical article entitled "Love for the Ugly". Rochefort describes how spectators had supposedly experienced laughing fits, when seeing the paintings of "an ultra-impressionist named Cézanne". The public in Aix

4959-613: The planned purchase of the “Château Noir” property could not be realized. He hired a housekeeper, Mme Bremond, to look after him until his death. The art market, meanwhile continued to react positively to Cézanne's works; Pissarro wrote from Paris in June 1899 about the auction of the Chocquet collection from his estate: “These include thirty-two Cézannes of the first rank [...]. The Cézannes will fetch very high prices and are already estimated at four to five thousand francs.” In this auction, market prices for Cézanne paintings were achieved for

5046-444: The presence of his parents. The connection to Hortense was not legalized out of love, as their relationship had long since broken down. Cézanne was shy of women and terrified of being touched, a trauma that stemmed from his childhood when, by his own admission, a classmate had kicked him from behind on the stairs. Rather, the marriage was intended to secure the rights of the now fourteen-year-old son Paul, whom Cézanne loved very much, as

5133-808: The region, such as the Philharmonie Essen  [ de ] , the Schauspiel Bochum , Musiktheater im Revier , the Duisburg Philharmonic , the Wuppertaler Bühnen and the Ruhrfestspiele . Undergraduate courses: Advanced programs: Faculty have included: Alumni include: Museum Folkwang Museum Folkwang is a major collection of 19th- and 20th-century art in Essen , Germany. The museum

5220-604: The same year he exhibited three of his works at the group Les XX in Brussels. The Société des Vingt, short Les XX or Les Vingt, was an association founded around 1883 by Belgian artists or artists living in Belgium, including Fernand Khnopff , Théo van Rysselberghe , James Ensor and the siblings Anna and Eugène Boch . In May 1895 he attended Monet's exhibition at the Durand-Ruel Gallery with Pissarro. He

5307-424: The same year the well-known paint dealer Père Tanguy . When Tanguy died, Vollard was able to buy works by three artists who were still unknown at the time: Cézanne, Gauguin and van Gogh. The first buyer of a Cézanne painting was Monet, followed by colleagues like Degas, Renoir, Pissarro and later art collectors. Prices for works by Cézanne rose a hundredfold and Vollard, as always, profited from his stocks. In 1897,

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5394-774: The sole heir. Hortense is said to have burned the mementos of his mother. In 1903 he exhibited for the first time at the newly established Salon d'Automne (Paris Autumn Salon). The painter and art theorist Émile Bernard first visited him for a month in February 1904 and published an article about the painter in L'Occident magazine in July. Cézanne was then working on a vanitas still life with three skulls on an oriental carpet. Bernard reported that this painting changed colour and form every day during his stay, although it appeared complete from day one. He later regarded this work as Cézanne's legacy and summed it up: "Truly, his way of working

5481-549: The statutes only later, in fact it had existed from the beginning – only interrupted during the National Socialist era. The two governing bodies of the association are the board of directors elected by the general assembly (currently 14 members, at least seven according to the articles of association) and the executive board (currently six members). This is elected by the General Assembly on the proposal of

5568-427: The statutes, its main aim is "to manage and expand the Folkwang Museum founded by Karl Ernst Osthaus together with the city of Essen and to make it permanently available for research and popular education purposes as a public collection". The association is based in Essen, where the Folkwang Museum has been located since October 1922. A special feature of the association compared to almost all other museum associations

5655-491: The strained relationship, Hortense was the person who was most often portrayed by Cézanne. From the early 1870s to the early 1890s, 26 paintings of Hortense are known. She endured the strenuous sessions motionless and patiently. In October 1886, after the death of his father, Cézanne, his mother and sisters inherited his estate, which included the Jas de Bouffan estate, so that Cézanne's financial situation became much easier. "My father

5742-587: The suitor, whose figure is believed to be a self-portrait. The exhibition proved a financial failure; the final accounts showed a deficit of over 180 francs for each of the participating artists. Cézanne's The Hanged Man's House was one of the few pictures that could be sold. The collector Count Doria bought it for 300 francs. In 1875, Cézanne met the customs inspector and art collector Victor Chocquet , who, mediated by Renoir, bought three of his works and became his most loyal collector and whose commissions provided some financial relief. Cézanne did not take part in

5829-518: The time, the removal and sale of the works of art were legal under German law. The works of art were ultimately the property of the German government, which had the legal right to dispose of them as it saw fit. A €55m reconstruction was financed by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation under its chairman Berthold Beitz . An international architectural competition organized by

5916-402: The work of the scientific staff in the field of teaching and research as well as all efforts of the museum for international cooperation in the artistic field." The purpose of the association determined in point 1 has been valid since 1922 (in the wording as quoted), the task of promoting the fine arts (analogously). The deliberate internationality of the museum and its activities was enshrined in

6003-580: The world. However, when the National Socialists came to power in Germany in the early 1930s, they instituted a government-wide purge of what they termed " degenerate art ", by which they meant abstract, cubist, expressionist, surrealist and impressionist art. In 1937, Joseph Goebbels created a commission headed by Adolf Ziegler whose mission was to purge all German government-owned museums of such "degenerate" works. The Museum Folkwang fell into

6090-523: The writer Joachim Gasquet , who was to publish his book Cézanne in 1921, a testament to the life of the artist. In 1852 Cézanne entered the Collège Bourbon in Aix (now Collège Mignet), where he became friends with Émile Zola , who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille —three friends who came to be known as "Les Trois Inséparables" (The Three Inseparables). It was probably

6177-566: The École de dessin d'Aix-en-Provence, which was housed in the art museum of Aix, the Musée Granet . His teacher was the academic painter Joseph Gibert (1806–1884). In August 1859 he won second prize in the figure studies course there. His father bought the Jas de Bouffan (House of the Wind) estate that same year. This partly derelict baroque residence of the former provincial governor later became

6264-544: Was "a mason who paints with a trowel". Cézanne in particular caused a sensation, arousing indignation and derision from the critics with his paintings such as the Landscape near Auvers and the Modern Olympia . In A Modern Olympia , created as a quote from Manet's 1863 painting Olympia , which was often reviled, Cézanne sought an even more drastic depiction and in addition to the prostitute and servant, also showed

6351-422: Was a French Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation and influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century, whose work formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and early 20th century Cubism . While his early works were influenced by Romanticism – such as the murals in the Jas de Bouffan country house – and Realism , Cézanne arrived at

6438-563: Was a brilliant man," he said in retrospect, "he left me an income of 25,000 francs." By 1888 the family was in the former manor, Jas de Bouffan, a substantial house and grounds with outbuildings, which afforded a new-found comfort. As of 2001 , this house, with much-reduced grounds, is now owned by the city and was open to the public on a restricted basis. Cézanne lived in Paris and increasingly in Aix without his family. Renoir visited him there in January 1888 and they worked together in Jas de Bouffan's studio. In 1890, Cézanne developed diabetes ;

6525-412: Was a reflection with a brush in his hand." In the memento mori still lifes that he created several times, Cézanne's increasing depression of old age was evident, which in his letters since 1896 with comments such as "life is beginning to be deadly monotonous for me" were echoed. An exchange of letters with Bernard continued until Cézanne's death; he first published his memoirs Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne in

6612-474: Was able to devote himself to life drawing. There he met Camille Pissarro , ten years his senior, and Achille Emperaire from his hometown of Aix. He often copied at the Louvre from works by old masters such as Michelangelo , Rubens and Titian . But the city remained alien to him, and he soon thought of returning to Aix-en-Provence. Initially, the friendship formed in the mid-1860s between Pissarro and Cézanne

6699-456: Was baptized in the Église de la Madeleine , with his grandmother and uncle Louis as godparents, and became a devout Catholic later in life. His father, Louis Auguste Cézanne (1798–1886), a native of Saint-Zacharie ( Var ), was the co-founder of a banking firm (Banque Cézanne et Cabassol) that prospered throughout the artist's life, affording him financial security that was unavailable to most of his contemporaries and eventually resulting in

6786-496: Was enthusiastic but later, significantly, identified 1868 as Monet's strongest period, when he was even more influenced by Courbet. With his fellow student from the Académie Suisse, Achille Emperaire, Cézanne went to the area around the village of Le Tholonet , where he lived in the "Château Noir", which is located on the Montagne Sainte-Victoire . He often took the mountains as a theme in his paintings. He rented

6873-454: Was established as an independent department in the Museum Folkwang in 1978; today it contains more than 50,000 photographs and a number of artists' estates. The Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation has been granting fellowships for contemporary German photography since 1982 in cooperation with the photographic collection of the Museum Folkwang. The museum was the site of the seminal Fotografie der Gegenwart exhibition in 1929 at which

6960-647: Was established in 1922 by merging the Essener Kunstmuseum , which was founded in 1906, and the private Folkwang Museum of the collector and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen , founded in 1902. The term Folkwang derives from the name of the afterlife meadow of the dead, Fólkvangr , presided over by the Norse goddess Freyja . Museum Folkwang incorporates the Deutsche Plakat Museum (German poster museum), comprising circa 340,000 posters from politics, economy and culture. During

7047-553: Was hung in a poorly lit spot in the top row of a secluded hall and received no attention. This was to be his first and last successful submission to the Salon. In 2022 a portrait was discovered beneath the 1865 Still Life with Bread and Eggs when the Cincinnati Art Museum 's museum's chief conservator , Serena Urry, removing the painting from an exhibit in which it had been included and examining it for potential maintenance requirements, noticed unusual patterns in

7134-439: Was outraged, and for many days, copies of L'Intransigeant appeared on Cézanne's door-mat with messages asking him to leave the town "he was dishonouring". "I don't understand the world and the world doesn't understand me, so I withdrew from the world," said old Cézanne to his coachman. When Cézanne deposited his will with a notary in September 1902, he excluded his wife Hortense from the inheritance and declared his son Paul to be

7221-416: Was published, it was dedicated to his childhood friends Cézanne and Baille. In the autumn of 1866, Cézanne executed a whole series of paintings using the palette knife technique, mainly still lifes and portraits. He spent most of 1867 in Paris and the second half of 1868 in Aix. At the beginning of 1869 he returned to Paris and met the bookbinder's assistant Marie-Hortense Fiquet , eleven years his junior, at

7308-700: Was renamed Folkwang University of the Arts. This coincided with Ruhr.2010 , the festival in which the Ruhr district was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2010. The Folkwang University unites training in music, theatre, dance, design, and scholarship, in order to encourage collaboration among the arts. Public events take place at the Folkwang University on its six in-house stages and in collaboration with cultural institutions of

7395-466: Was taken home by a passing driver of a laundry cart. Due to hypothermia , he contracted severe pneumonia . His old housekeeper rubbed his arms and legs to restore the circulation; as a result, he regained consciousness. The next day, Cézanne went out into the garden to work on his last painting, Portrait of the Gardener Vallier , and wrote an impatient letter to his paint dealer, bemoaning

7482-658: Was that of master and disciple, in which Pissarro exerted a formative influence on the younger artist. Over the course of the following decade, their landscape painting excursions together, in Louveciennes and Pontoise , led to a collaborative working relationship between equals. Zola's faith in Cézanne's future was shaken. In June he wrote to their childhood friend Baille: "Paul is still the excellent and strange fellow I knew at school. To prove that he hasn't lost any of his originality, I have only to tell you that as soon as he got here he talked about returning." Cézanne painted

7569-580: Was the studio of the photographer Nadar on Boulevard des Capucines. Pissarro pushed through Cézanne's participation despite concerns from some members who feared Cézanne's bold paintings would harm the exhibition. Cézanne was influenced by their style but his social relations with them were inept—he seemed rude, shy, angry, and given to depression. In addition to Cézanne, Renoir, Monet, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot , Edgar Degas and Pissarro, among others exhibited. Manet declined participation, for him Cézanne

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