98-466: Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev (also Ludwig Dmitriyevich ; Russian : Лю́двиг Дми́триевич Фадде́ев ; 23 March 1934 – 26 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematical physicist . He is known for the discovery of the Faddeev equations in the quantum-mechanical three-body problem and for the development of path-integral methods in the quantization of non-abelian gauge field theories , including
196-674: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
294-519: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
392-463: A diploma, First awarded 1959 ; 65 years ago ( 1959 ) Number of laureates 106 prizes to 54 laureates (as of 2019 ) Website http://www.ras.ru/about/awards/lomonosovgoldmedal.aspx [REDACTED] The Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Russian : Большая золотая медаль имени М. В. Ломоносова Bol'shaya zolotaya medal' imeni M. V. Lomonosova ), named after Russian scientist and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov ,
490-864: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Lomonosov Gold Medal Annual Russian natural sciences and humanities award [REDACTED] This article relies excessively on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Find sources: "Lomonosov Gold Medal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Award Lomonosov Gold Medal [REDACTED] Country Russia Presented by Russian Academy of Sciences Reward(s) A gold medal,
588-558: A hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
686-484: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
784-588: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
882-1460: A mathematical model of the electrical phenomena of the heart. See also [ edit ] List of general science and technology awards Prizes named after people References [ edit ] ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003 ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004 ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian) Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2021 (in Russian) ^ Lomonosov Gold Medal 2022 (in Russian) External links [ edit ] Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English) Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian) Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian) second source Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lomonosov_Gold_Medal&oldid=1253491022 " Categories : Awards established in 1959 Civil awards and decorations of Russia Civil awards and decorations of
980-622: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
1078-526: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
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#17327865872131176-539: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
1274-481: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
1372-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
1470-610: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
1568-673: Is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and
1666-794: Is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the USSR Academy of Sciences and later the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). Since 1967, two medals have been awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the academy's highest accolade. Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal [ edit ] 1959 [ edit ] Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa : cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures. 1961 [ edit ] Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov : accumulatively for works in chemistry. 1963 [ edit ] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (member of
1764-488: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
1862-624: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
1960-573: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
2058-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
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#17327865872132156-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
2254-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
2352-585: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
2450-677: Is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and
2548-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
2646-470: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
2744-1000: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
2842-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
2940-773: The Euler International Mathematical Institute , now a department of PDMI RAS. Faddeev was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1976, and was a member of a number of foreign academies, including the U. S. National Academy of Sciences , the French Academy of Sciences , the Austrian Academy of Sciences , the Brazilian Academy of Sciences , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and
3038-527: The Royal Society . He received numerous honors including USSR State Prize (1971), Dannie Heineman Prize (1975), Dirac Prize (1990), an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University , Sweden , Max Planck Medal (1996), Demidov Prize (2002 – "For outstanding contribution to the development of mathematics, quantum mechanics, string theory and solitons") and
Ludvig Faddeev - Misplaced Pages Continue
3136-1031: The State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995, 2004). He was president of the International Mathematical Union (1986–1990). He was awarded the Henri Poincaré Prize in 2006 and the Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences in 2008. Also the Karpinsky International Prize and the Max Planck Medal (German Physical Society). He also received the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2013. Faddeev also received state awards: Source: Russian language Russian
3234-584: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
3332-721: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
3430-519: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
3528-735: The Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic): for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics. 1973 [ edit ] Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry. Vladimír Zoubek (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in geology. 1974 [ edit ] Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. Angel Balevski (full member of
3626-471: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
3724-631: The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. 1975 [ edit ] Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research. Maurice Roy [ fr ; de ; ru ] (full member of the Académie française): for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications. 1976 [ edit ] Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and
3822-763: The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in biochemistry. 1987 [ edit ] Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov : for outstanding achievements in physics. John Bardeen (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1988 [ edit ] Sergei Lvovich Sobolev (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. Jean Leray (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1989 [ edit ] Nikolai Gennadievich Basov : for outstanding achievements in physics. Hans Bethe (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1993 [ edit ] Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev : for outstanding achievements in
3920-532: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
4018-607: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1980 [ edit ] Boris Yevgenevich Paton : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology. Jaroslav Kožešník (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics. 1981 [ edit ] Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov : for outstanding achievements in radiophysics , radio engineering and electronics . Pavle Savić (full member of
Ludvig Faddeev - Misplaced Pages Continue
4116-590: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
4214-623: The Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan): for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics. Hideki Yukawa (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto): for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics. 1964 [ edit ] Sir Howard Walter Florey (professor, president of
4312-526: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
4410-479: The Royal Society of Great Britain): for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine. 1965 [ edit ] Nikolai Vasilevich Belov : accumulatively for works in crystallography. 1967 [ edit ] Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics Cecil Frank Powell (professor, member of
4508-632: The Royal Society of Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles. 1968 [ edit ] Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology. István Rusznyák (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics): for outstanding achievements in medicine. 1969 [ edit ] Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics. Giulio Natta (professor, Italy): for outstanding achievements in
4606-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
4704-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
4802-1410: The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia): for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics. 1982 [ edit ] Julii Borisovich Khariton : for outstanding achievements in physics. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (professor, member of the London Royal Society): for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry. 1983 [ edit ] Andrei Lvovich Kursanov : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants. Abdus Salam (professor, Pakistan): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1984 [ edit ] Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics. Rudolf Mössbauer (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in physics. 1985 [ edit ] Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky (Soviet academician): for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics. Guillermo Haro (professor, Mexico): for outstanding achievements in astrophysics. 1986 [ edit ] Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery. Josef Říman [ cs ] (academician, Chairman of
4900-458: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
4998-590: The US National Academy of Sciences): for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry. 1978 [ edit ] Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology. Alexander Robertus Todd (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry. 1979 [ edit ] Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry. Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (full member of
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#17327865872135096-467: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
5194-447: The archaeological studies of medieval Russia. Michael Müller-Wille (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia. 2000 [ edit ] Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov : for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics. Charles Hard Townes (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to
5292-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
5390-789: The chemistry of polymers 1970 [ edit ] Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov : for outstanding studies in mathematics. Arnaud Denjoy (member of the Académie française): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 1971 [ edit ] Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics. Hannes Alfvén (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics. 1972 [ edit ] Nikoloz Muskhelishvili : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics. Max Steenbeck (full member of
5488-572: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
5586-720: The creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics. Edward N. Lorenz (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems. 2005 [ edit ] Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan : for outstanding achievements in solid state physics. Peter Hirsch (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics. 2006 [ edit ] Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics. Rodney Charles Ewing (professor, United States): for his research on
5684-827: The development of the maser and laser. 2001 [ edit ] Alexander Sergeevich Spirin : for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes. Alexander Rich (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes. 2002 [ edit ] Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya : for outstanding achievements in mathematics. Lennart Carleson (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics. 2003 [ edit ] Evgeny Chazov : for outstanding achievements in cardiology. Michael E. DeBakey (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology. 2004 [ edit ] Gury Ivanovich Marchuk : for his outstanding contribution to
5782-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
5880-454: The field of interaction of complex nuclei and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis of the existence of "stability islands" of superheavy elements. Björn Jonson (professor, Sweden): for work of a fundamental nature, which are of fundamental importance for the study of the nuclear structure and nuclear stability of exotic lightest nuclei at the boundaries of nucleon stability. 2018 [ edit ] Joseph Isaevich Gitelzon : for
5978-534: The field of nucleic acid chemistry, affinity modification of biopolymers, becoming the most important areas of pharmacology - therapeutic nucleic acids and the development of gene therapy techniques. Sidney Altman (Canada and United States): for his outstanding contribution in the field of biochemistry of nucleic acids, the discovery of the catalytic activity of the nucleic acids and the creation of new biologically active substances. 2017 [ edit ] Yuri Tsolakovich Oganesyan : for fundamental research in
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#17327865872136076-482: The field of soil science. Richard Warren Arnold (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world. 2013 [ edit ] Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev : for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles. Peter David Lax (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to
6174-402: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
6272-505: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
6370-423: The genome of higher eukaryotes. Richard John Roberts (professor, Great Britain): for his great contribution to the study of pro- and eukaryotic genomes, RNA splicing, gene identification restriction enzymes and methylases. 2022 [ edit ] Yuri Victorovich Natochin for studying the mechanism of water-salt metabolism in astronauts and ways to normalize it in stroke. Denis Noble for developing
6468-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
6566-762: The humanities. John Kenneth Galbraith (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences. 1994 [ edit ] Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis. James D. Watson (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology. 1995 [ edit ] Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg : for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics. Anatole Abragam (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics. 1996 [ edit ] Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky : for outstanding achievements in
6664-456: The influence of V. A. Fock and V. I. Smirnov ". His doctoral work on scattering theory was completed in 1959 under the direction of Olga Ladyzhenskaya . From 1976 to 2000, Faddeev was head of the St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences (PDMI RAS). He was an invited visitor to the CERN Theory Division for the first time in 1973 and made several further visits there. In 1988 he founded
6762-447: The introduction of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts (with Victor Popov ). He led the Leningrad School, in which he along with many of his students developed the quantum inverse scattering method for studying quantum integrable systems in one space and one time dimension. This work led to the invention of quantum groups by Drinfeld and Jimbo . Faddeev was born in Leningrad to a family of mathematicians. His father, Dmitry Faddeev ,
6860-450: The justification and development of the ecological direction of biophysics, which has achieved a number of outstanding fundamental and practical results, in particular in marine and laboratory studies of bioluminescence. Martin Chalfie (professor, United States): for developing new methods for bioluminescent analysis using GFP luminescent protein. 2019 [ edit ] Georgy Sergeyevich Golitsyn : for outstanding contribution to
6958-526: The mathematical theory of control and the theory of differential games . Friedrich Hirzebruch (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. 1997 [ edit ] Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov : for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals. Frank Press (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in
7056-524: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
7154-411: The nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management. 2007 [ edit ] Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak : for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics. Simon Franklin (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture. 2008 [ edit ] Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov : for outstanding contributions in the development of
7252-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
7350-461: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
7448-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
7546-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
7644-572: The physics of solid Earth. 1998 [ edit ] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn : for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history. Yosikazu Nakamura (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan. 1999 [ edit ] Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin : for achievements in
7742-414: The physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors. Paul Corkum (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. 2016 [ edit ] Dmitrii Knorre : for his outstanding contribution in
7840-459: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
7938-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
8036-479: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
8134-472: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
8232-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
8330-971: The social sciences. Hélène Carrère d’Encausse (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia. 2009 [ edit ] Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov : for outstanding contributions in the development of bioorganic chemistry . Ryōji Noyori (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of organic chemistry and catalytic asymmetric synthesis. 2010 [ edit ] Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev : for outstanding contributions in physics. Gerard 't Hooft (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics. 2011 [ edit ] Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky : for outstanding contributions in chemistry. Roald Hoffmann (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry. 2012 [ edit ] Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky : for outstanding contribution in
8428-478: The study of the physics of the earth's atmosphere and planets and the development of the theory of climate and its changes. Paul Jozef Crutzen (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contribution to chemistry atmosphere and assessment of the role of biogeochemical cycles in the climate formation. 2020 [ edit ] Sergey Petrovich Novikov : for a leading role in the revival of modern topology in our country, solving fundamental problems of topology,
8526-679: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
8624-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
8722-458: The technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR. Herman Klare (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic): for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers. 1977 [ edit ] Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics. Linus Carl Pauling (member of
8820-453: The theory of hydrodynamic solitons . 2014 [ edit ] Anatoly Derevyanko : for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture. Svante Pääbo (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics. 2015 [ edit ] Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh : for outstanding contributions to
8918-407: The theory of nonlinear waves, quantum mechanics and field theory. John Willard Milnor (professor, United States): for the discovery of non-standard smooth structures on multidimensional spheres, solving fundamental problems of topology and the theory of dynamical systems. 2021 [ edit ] Georgy Pavlovich Georgiev : for classical works on the study of the structure and expression of
9016-786: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
9114-511: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
9212-697: The world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has
9310-444: Was a well-known algebraist, professor of Leningrad University and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . His mother, Vera Faddeeva , was known for her work in numerical linear algebra. Faddeev attended Leningrad University , receiving his undergraduate degree in 1956. He enrolled in physics, rather than mathematics, "to be independent of [his] father". Nevertheless, he received a solid education in mathematics as well "due to
9408-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
9506-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
9604-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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