The Oued Fes ( Arabic : واد فاس , lit. 'River of Fes') or Fez River is a river in Morocco . It is a tributary of the Sebou River and historically the main source of water for Morocco's second largest city , Fes , after which it is named.
89-484: The river consists of a number of different streams which originate in the Saïss Plain to the south and west of Fes before joining together in the area of Fes el-Bali , the old city ( medina ) of Fes. Over the centuries the river has been split and diverted into a multitude of canals that distributed water across the city and once powered a number of historic waterwheels . These various water channels converge into
178-424: A lake , bay or ocean but joins another river (a parent river). Sometimes also called a branch or fork. A distributary , or a distributary channel , is a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel, and the phenomenon is known as river bifurcation . Distributaries are common features of river deltas , and are often found where a valleyed stream enters wide flatlands or approaches
267-403: A bed armor layer, and other depositional features, plus well defined banks due to bank erosion, are good identifiers when assessing for perennial streams. Particle size will help identify a perennial stream. Perennial streams cut through the soil profile, which removes fine and small particles. By assessing areas for relatively coarse material left behind in the stream bed and finer sediments along
356-658: A continuous aquatic habitat until they reach maturity. Crayfish and other crustaceans , snails , bivalves (clams), and aquatic worms also indicate the stream is perennial. These require a persistent aquatic environment for survival. Fish and amphibians are secondary indicators in assessment of a perennial stream because some fish and amphibians can inhabit areas without persistent water regime. When assessing for fish, all available habitat should be assessed: pools, riffles, root clumps and other obstructions. Fish will seek cover if alerted to human presence, but should be easily observed in perennial streams. Amphibians also indicate
445-470: A continuous or intermittent stream. The same non-perennial channel might change characteristics from intermittent to ephemeral over its course. Washes can fill up quickly during rains, and there may be a sudden torrent of water after a thunderstorm begins upstream, such as during monsoonal conditions. In the United States, an intermittent or seasonal stream is one that only flows for part of
534-422: A drainage network. Although each tributary has its own source, international practice is to take the source farthest from the river mouth as the source of the entire river system, from which the most extended length of the river measured as the starting point is taken as the length of the whole river system, and that furthest starting point is conventionally taken as the source of the whole river system. For example,
623-538: A flat area of marshes and wetlands located near what is now Fes el-Jdid and the modern Ville Nouvelle , before emerging at a number places. However, since the founding of Fes el-Jdid (13th century), the Oued al-Jawahir was progressively diverted and some of its old streams seem to have disappeared. The river's flow was re-engineered to provide water for the Royal Palace complex and a succession of royal gardens such as
712-404: A path into mines or other underground chambers. According to official U.S. definitions, the channels of intermittent streams are well-defined, as opposed to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the water table . An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of
801-412: A perennial stream and include tadpoles , frogs , salamanders , and newts . These amphibians can be found in stream channels, along stream banks, and even under rocks. Frogs and tadpoles usually inhabit shallow and slow moving waters near the sides of stream banks. Frogs will typically jump into water when alerted to human presence. Well defined river beds composed of riffles, pools, runs, gravel bars,
890-483: A perennial stream, fine sediment may cling to riparian plant stems and tree trunks. Organic debris drift lines or piles may be found within the active overbank area after recent high flow. Streams, headwaters, and streams flowing only part of the year provide many benefits upstream and downstream. They defend against floods, remove contaminants, recycle nutrients that are potentially dangerous as well as provide food and habitat for many forms of fish. Such streams also play
979-734: A single city in the 11th century. There were once at least six bridges, reportedly built by the Maghrawa ruler Dunas ibn Hamama in the early 11th century, before the unification of the two cities by the Almoravids later in the same century. They have since been repaired or rebuilt many times. The 14th century historian Al-Jazna'i reported that the Almoravid ruler Yusuf Ibn Tashfin (d. 1106) built six bridges, which were named Abu Tuba , Abu Barquqa , Bab al-Silsila , Sebbaghin , Kahf al-Waqqadin , and er-Remila . Many of them were destroyed in
SECTION 10
#17327726065711068-406: A slow-moving wetted channel or stagnant area. This is evidence that iron-oxidizing bacteria are present, indicating persistent expression of oxygen-depleted ground water. In a forested area, leaf and needle litter in the stream channel is an additional indicator. Accumulation of leaf litter does not occur in perennial streams since such material is continuously flushed. In the adjacent overbank of
1157-493: A straight or direct passage across it instead of the original bent entrance, in order to facilitate circulation (similar to what was later done to Bab Semmarine too). In or after 1912, another passage or archway was opened on the east side of the central arch (to the left when seen from the Old Mechouar) and was given a similar decorative outline as the western archway in order to create visual symmetry. The overall form of
1246-486: A stream as intermittent, "showing interruptions in time or space". Generally, streams that flow only during and immediately after precipitation are termed ephemeral . There is no clear demarcation between surface runoff and an ephemeral stream, and some ephemeral streams can be classed as intermittent—flow all but disappearing in the normal course of seasons but ample flow (backups) restoring stream presence — such circumstances are documented when stream beds have opened up
1335-424: A stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its base level of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream. In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve
1424-524: A thin layer called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, which together form the sheet runoff; when this water is focused in a channel, a stream is born. Some rivers and streams may begin from lakes or ponds. Freshwater's primary sources are precipitation and mountain snowmelt. However, rivers typically originate in the highlands, and are slowly created by the erosion of mountain snowmelt into lakes or rivers. Rivers usually flow from their source topographically, and erode as they pass until they reach
1513-487: A triple gateway on this side). This symmetrical arrangement is a result of modern modifications to the gate to ease circulation. The original gate had a bent entrance: from the central opening on its north (outer) side, the gate's inside passage turned 90 degrees twice and emerged at what is now the westernmost archway on the Old Mechouar side. The gate's outer facade is also its most richly decorated. The outline of
1602-627: A vital role in preserving our drinking water quality and supply, ensuring a steady flow of water to surface waters and helping to restore deep aquifers. The extent of land basin drained by a stream is termed its drainage basin (also known in North America as the watershed and, in British English, as a catchment). A basin may also be composed of smaller basins. For instance, the Continental Divide in North America divides
1691-404: Is a continuous body of surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel . Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a variety of local or regional names. Long, large streams are usually called rivers , while smaller, less voluminous and more intermittent streams are known as streamlets , brooks or creeks . The flow of a stream
1780-414: Is a large natural stream that is much wider and deeper than a creek and not easily fordable, and may be a navigable waterway . The linear channel between the parallel ridges or bars on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Also called a swale . A tributary is a contributory stream to a larger stream, or a stream which does not reach a static body of water such as
1869-565: Is controlled by three inputs – surface runoff (from precipitation or meltwater ), daylighted subterranean water , and surfaced groundwater ( spring water ). The surface and subterranean water are highly variable between periods of rainfall. Groundwater, on the other hand, has a relatively constant input and is controlled more by long-term patterns of precipitation. The stream encompasses surface, subsurface and groundwater fluxes that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls. Streams are important as conduits in
SECTION 20
#17327726065711958-536: Is initially fed by two other streams called the Oued ez-Zitoun and the Oued Bou Fekran that enter the city from the south at Bab Jdid . It is also fed by the various canals that split off from the Oued al-Jawahir to supply the city before eventually ending up in this ravine in the middle of the city. As the lowest point in the medina, the river thus acts as a collector for the city's used water. The course of
2047-441: Is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography . A brook is a stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a spring or seep . It is usually small and easily forded . A brook is characterised by its shallowness. A creek ( / k r iː k / ) or crick ( / k r ɪ k / ): In hydrography, gut is a small creek; this is seen in proper names in eastern North America from
2136-425: Is sometimes termed a "young" or "immature" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream. Meanders are looping changes of direction of a stream caused by the erosion and deposition of bank materials. These are typically serpentine in form. Typically, over time the meanders gradually migrate downstream. If some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may erode through
2225-456: Is usually called a creek and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line. There are five generic classifications: "Macroinvertebrate" refers to easily seen invertebrates , larger than 0.5 mm, found in stream and river bottoms. Macroinvertebrates are larval stages of most aquatic insects and their presence is a good indicator that the stream is perennial. Larvae of caddisflies , mayflies , stoneflies , and damselflies require
2314-964: The Almohad period at least. Of the bridges that remain today, the Qantrat Bin el-Mudun ("Bridge Between the Two Cities") is the northernmost of them, followed to the south by the Qantrat Sebbaghin ("Bridge of the Tanners"; also known as the Bridge of Gzam Ben Zakkoun) and by the Qantrat Terrafin ("Bridge of the Cobblers") just north of Place R'cif.Another bridge, the Qantrat Sidi al-'Awwad ("Bridge of Sidi al-'Awwad"),
2403-586: The Italianate architectural style which belongs to the Makina ( Dar al-Makina) , a former arms factory established by Moulay Hassan in 1886 with the help of Italian officers. Originally, this western wall was actually the large Marinid aqueduct built in 1287 to carry water to the Marinid royal gardens; the faint outline of its arches can still be seen today along the surface of the wall. The northern gate of
2492-517: The Marinid Sultanate as a separate agglomeration overlooking the nearby older city of Fes ( Fes el-Bali ; "Old Fes"). The city included the sultan's royal palace ( Dar al-Makhzen ), which has served as the residence of the rulers of Morocco during many periods and is still used on occasion by the King of Morocco today. Bab Dekkakin dates from the original Marinid foundation in 1276 and
2581-529: The Marinid royal gardens to the north of the city. The towers may have been intended partly to protect both the aqueduct and the huge noria (waterwheel) which raised water to it and which would have been almost as tall as the towers themselves. The gate gave access to what is now the Old Mechouar square, but originally this square actually served as a fortified bridge over the Oued Fes . At its south end
2670-618: The Mosara Gardens of the Marinids (now disappeared) and the 19th-century Jnan Sbil Gardens (still extant), before continuing towards Fes el-Bali, where it is distributed across an extensive network of man-made streams and canals which end up at the Oued Bou Khrareb. Oued Bou Khrareb (or sometimes Oued el-Kbir ) is the usual name given to the main urban course of the river through the middle of Fes el-Bali. This river
2759-676: The Oued Bou Khrareb which runs through the middle of the old city and historically divided the Qarawiyyin and Andalusiyyin quarters. After the river leaves the city it runs eastwards for a short distance before joining the Sebou River. The various branches and sections of the river, including many of the man-made canals, also have their own names. The river begins at Ras al-Ma ("Head of the Water"), 12 kilometres southwest of
Oued Fes - Misplaced Pages Continue
2848-595: The Oued Fejjalin , the Oued el-Hamiya , the Sakiyyat el-Abbasa , and the Oued Shrashar . Most of these then split off into other canals as they progress through the city. Within each network, water channels that supplied water for drinking and washing were kept separate from those that were used to evacuate waste. The Oued Fejjalin is one of the most important divisions. It passes through the north part of
2937-551: The Tala'a Kebira and Tala'a Seghira areas. One of the canals still passes through courtyard of the Bou Inania Madrasa today. Other distributor structures, of smaller size and complexity, were located throughout this network and other networks in order to further regulate water distribution. As for the Oued el-Hamiya, it splits from the other major branches at Jnan Sbil before dividing into more branches which mostly supply
3026-691: The Tombigbee River basin. Continuing in this vein, a component of the Mississippi River basin is the Ohio River basin, which in turn includes the Kentucky River basin, and so forth. Stream crossings are where streams are crossed by roads , pipelines , railways , or any other thing which might restrict the flow of the stream in ordinary or flood conditions. Any structure over or in a stream which results in limitations on
3115-761: The Zenata emir Dunas ibn Hamama between 1037 and 1049 and then further elaborated by the Almoravid emir Yusuf ibn Tashfin between 1069 (the Almoravid conquest of Fes) and 1106. From the west, the Oued al-Jawahir flows eastward along the northern edge of Fes el-Jdid, passing through the Bab Bou Jat Mechouar , through the Dar al-Makina (a former arms factory), and then beneath the Old Mechouar near Bab Dekkakin before re-emerging on its eastern side, on
3204-713: The coastal plains around a lake or an ocean . They can also occur inland, on alluvial fans , or where a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its confluence with a larger stream. Common terms for individual river distributaries in English-speaking countries are arm and channel . There are a number of regional names for a stream. A stream's source depends on the surrounding landscape and its function within larger river networks. While perennial and intermittent streams are typically supplied by smaller upstream waters and groundwater, headwater and ephemeral streams often derive most of their water from precipitation in
3293-480: The velocity of the stream. A perennial stream is one which flows continuously all year. Some perennial streams may only have continuous flow in segments of its stream bed year round during years of normal rainfall. Blue-line streams are perennial streams and are marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line. The word "perennial" from the 1640s, meaning "evergreen," is established in Latin perennis, keeping
3382-416: The water cycle , instruments in groundwater recharge , and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone . Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction , streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity . The study of streams and waterways in general
3471-469: The Bou Khrareb also forms the historical boundary between the Qarawiyyin and Andalus quarters of the city, which were originally two separate cities ( al-'Aliya and Madinat Fas ) in their early history before being joined together by the Almoravids in the 11th century. Much of the Oued Bou Khrareb's course, from Bab Jdid to Place R'cif , is now hidden beneath a modern road for car traffic (one of
3560-553: The Jnan Sbil Gardens and through the Dar al-Beida Palace , before splitting into more branches. One branch goes south but has mostly disappeared today. The other, the Oued el-Lemtiyyin, continues northeastwards toward the Bou Jeloud area and supplied the northern parts of the city. Just after it enters the city walls, the water of the Oued el-Lemtiyyin is collected by a large distributor structure located adjacent to
3649-577: The Marinids in the 14th century. The Terrafin or al-Tarrafin bridge, originally named Qantrat Bab al-Silsila, is found on the northern edge of Place R'cif. It is also believed to date initially from Emir Dunas in the 11th century, while María Marcos Cobaleda and Dolores Villalba Sola attribute it to the Almoravid period as well. It is the only bridge in Fes to be lined with shops on both sides, similar to many medieval European bridges. The river, particularly
Oued Fes - Misplaced Pages Continue
3738-840: The Mid-Atlantic states (for instance, The Gut in Pennsylvania, Ash Gut in Delaware, and other streams) down into the Caribbean (for instance, Guinea Gut , Fish Bay Gut , Cob Gut , Battery Gut and other rivers and streams in the United States Virgin Islands , in Jamaica (Sandy Gut, Bens Gut River, White Gut River), and in many streams and creeks of the Dutch Caribbean ). A river
3827-544: The New Mechouar, across from Bab Dekkakin, known as Bab Kbibat es-Smen ("Gate of the Butter Niche"), also dates from this 1886 construction, though another gate called Bab Segma once stood near here and its name is still used as a toponym for the area. Bab Dekkakin itself was restored and modified in 1884, in the reign of Sultan Moulay Hassan. In particular, the gate's central arch was opened up to provide
3916-424: The Old Mechouar and the northeastern gate to the Royal Palace, historically the main entrance to the palace grounds (until the construction of the new palace gates in the southwest in the 20th century). Its outer facade faces the New Mechouar. The gate is made of masonry stone and brick and set between two pairs of massive square towers that are indicative of Marinid military architecture. The interior passage of
4005-407: The Oued Bou Khrareb within the old medina, has long suffered from heavy pollution due to sewage , the activities of the nearby tanneries (which generate chemical waste), and to being sometimes used as a dumping ground by residents. Even the name Oued Bou Khrareb means "River of Filth". The increase in pollution in modern times led to locals building walls and concrete barriers to block out the smell of
4094-552: The Sebou River following its confluence with the Oued Fes. In the late 2000s, a large-scale project to rehabilitate the river system and its urban environment was begun. The project, led by architect Aziza Chaouni , included the cleaning up of the river, the renovation of its urban shoreline, the creation of open pedestrian walkways, and the renovation of existing open spaces along the river such as Place R'cif and Place Lalla Yeddouna. The proposal to improve water quality also included
4183-780: The Window") which was protected by an iron grille . A few other canals split from it as it wound its way through the district, until it finally rejoined the Bou Khrareb river shortly before its exit from the city. The canal appears to be named after the Masmuda Berber tribal confederacy that founded the Almohad movement , which suggests that it might have been constructed by the Almohads or that Masmuda families or troops were housed near it at some point. Many of these historic canals are now underground, with only some ancient toponyms hinting at former bridges that passed over them (e.g.
4272-533: The atmosphere either by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by plant evapotranspiration. By infiltration some of the water sinks into the earth and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Most precipitated water is partially bottled up by evaporation or freezing in snow fields and glaciers. The majority of the water flows as a runoff from the ground; the proportion of this varies depending on several factors, such as climate, temperature, vegetation, types of rock, and relief. This runoff begins as
4361-525: The base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meander. Typically, streams are said to have a particular elevation profile , beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders. The initial stage
4450-597: The base stage of erosion. The scientists have offered a way based on data to define the origin of the lake. A classified sample was the one measured by the Chinese researchers from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. As an essential symbol of the river formation environment, the river source needs an objective and straightforward and effective method of judging . A calculation model of river source catchment area based on critical support flow (CSD) proposed, and
4539-424: The central archway is decorated with a molding sculpted in a repeating semi-circular motif. The spandrels above this are filled with tiles painted with interlacing arabesque (vegetal or floral) patterns. All of this is in turn surrounded by a rectangular frame consisting of a band or frieze carved into a darj wa ktaf motif (a Moroccan motif roughly resembling a repeating palmette or fleur-de-lys ). Above
SECTION 50
#17327726065714628-488: The centuries. On the north side of Bab Dekkakin, the New Mechouar, larger than the old one, was created either by the Alaouite Sultan Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III) during his reign (1757-1790) or by the later Alaouite sultan Moulay Hassan (ruled 1873-1894) who is credited with expanding the palace to its current size. On the western side of New Mechouar square is a gateway in
4717-471: The city, from a hollow of lacustrine limestone , with an approximate flow of 500 litres /second. The main branch of the river skirts the northern edge of the Royal Palace grounds (the Dar al-Makhzen ) and of Fes el-Jdid before entering Fes el-Bali . This section is also known as the Oued al-Jawahir ( Arabic : واد الجواهر , lit. 'River of Pearls'). It once passed through
4806-473: The creation of wetlands (which had previously existed along the river's course) and the restoration of the river's canals. At one point the project had also proposed to end or curtail the operations of the Chouara Tanneries and relocate the tanning industry elsewhere where its pollution could be managed more safely, but in the end the tanneries were restored and left in place. The rehabilitation of
4895-438: The distribution into local neighbourhoods. The differences in the depth and elevation of the different reservoirs and channels reflected the institutionalized water agreements under which certain neighbourhoods or buildings had priority access to water, while other sites, with less priority, only received it when the water level was high enough to reach the channels and reservoirs located at higher elevations. The water entering into
4984-408: The distributor was also slowed and diverted by small dams and settling basins , as well as by the various reservoirs themselves, which thus also served as a rudimentary water treatment system by catching and filtering garbage and other physical pollution. From this distributor, the water then spread through various underground canals across the neighbourhoods located downstream, starting with those in
5073-430: The edge of the Jnan Sbil Gardens. Here it emerges from four arched openings at the bottom of the Old Mechouar's ramparts and the first major man-made division of the river take place. This division creates a number of canals (most of them subterranean) through Fes el-Bali which eventually spill back into the Oued Bou Khrareb (the name of the river's main course inside the city). There are four main historic canal divisions:
5162-427: The few that penetrates the medina). The road covers the river up to Place R'cif, a large square at the heart of the medina, and the river reemerges on the north side of square. From there the river runs northeast and exits the city between Bab Guissa and the former gate of Bab Sidi Bou Jida. Fes el-Bali has had access to plentiful water since its foundation. The current outlines of its water supply system were begun by
5251-417: The floods of 725 AH (1324 or 1325 CE) and some were subsequently rebuilt by the Marinid sultan at the time, Abu Sa'id (d. 1331). Some bridges have disappeared but their names have endured as local toponyms. A study by María Marcos Cobaleda and Dolores Villalba Sola states that two of the Almoravid bridges are still preserved. Historian Roger Le Tourneau estimated that the three main bridges today date back to
5340-707: The flow is reduced to a trickle or less. Typically torrents have Apennine rather than Alpine sources, and in the summer they are fed by little precipitation and no melting snow. In this case the maximum discharge will be during the spring and autumn. An intermittent stream can also be called a winterbourne in Britain, a wadi in the Arabic -speaking world or torrente or rambla (this last one from arabic origin) in Spain and Latin America. In Australia, an intermittent stream
5429-447: The form of rain and snow. Most of this precipitated water re-enters the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by the evapotranspiration of plants. Some of the water proceeds to sink into the earth by infiltration and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Some precipitated water is temporarily locked up in snow fields and glaciers , to be released later by evaporation or melting. The rest of
SECTION 60
#17327726065715518-489: The gate is composed of several horseshoe arch ways arranged at the thresholds of three sequential chambers. The middle chamber is open to the sky above; a defensive feature from the original gate which allowed defenders to shoot or drop projectiles on attackers inside the gate's passage. In addition to this central passage, however, are two other side passages through smaller archways on the gate's outer facade and through equal-sized archways on its inner facade (thus appearing as
5607-418: The gate, however, including the massive towers flanking it, appear to be original from the Marinid period. Up to the early 20th century, there was also a prison attached to Bab Dekkakin, where prisoners serving long sentences were kept. Today, the gate also serves as a backdrop for performances taking place inside the New Mechouar during the annual World Sacred Music Festival . The gate's inner side faces
5696-399: The huge noria which supplied the Marinid royal gardens of Mosara , measuring 26 meters in diameter and 2 meters in thickness. Only a few of these waterwheels have survived in some form, including some examples around the Jnan Sbil Gardens. The Oued Bou Khrareb is crossed by several historic bridges inside the medina, some of which were first built before the unification of the two shores into
5785-532: The lake has significant feeder rivers. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near Bukoba's Tanzanian town , is the longest feeder, though sources do not agree on which is the Kagera's longest tributary and therefore the Nile's most remote source itself. To qualify as a stream, a body of water must be either recurring or perennial. Recurring (intermittent) streams have water in the channel for at least part of
5874-683: The mainly easterly-draining Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean basins from the largely westerly-flowing Pacific Ocean basin. The Atlantic Ocean basin, however, may be further subdivided into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico drainages. (This delineation is termed the Eastern Continental Divide .) Similarly, the Gulf of Mexico basin may be divided into the Mississippi River basin and several smaller basins, such as
5963-412: The meaning as "everlasting all year round," per "over" plus annus "year." This has been proved since the 1670s by the "living years" in the sense of botany. The metaphorical sense of "enduring, eternal" originates from 1750. They are related to "perennial." See biennial for shifts in vowels. Perennial streams have one or more of these characteristics: Absence of such characteristics supports classifying
6052-619: The most picturesque, being located amidst a stretch of rocky rapids . María Marcos Cobaleda and Dolores Villalba Sola attribute it to the Almoravid period. It has a span composed of three arches but only the central one is still visible today. The Sebbaghin Bridge, also known as the Khrashfiyin Bridge (or Khrachfiyine in French transliteration ), is believed to have been originally built by Dunas ibn Hamama and restored or rebuilt by
6141-586: The movement of fish or other ecological elements may be an issue. Bab Dekkakin Bab Dekkakin or Bab Dekakene ( Arabic : باب الدكاكين , romanized : bab ad-dekakin , lit. 'gate of the benches') is a fortified and ceremonial gate in Fes , Morocco . The gate is situated between the Old Mechouar (or Vieux Méchouar ) and the New Mechouar (or Nouveau Méchouar ) on
6230-461: The name Qantrat Bou Rous along a part of Tala'a Kebira ). These canals and streams also feed a number of industries such as the historic tanneries of the city, the most famous of which are the Chouara Tanneries . A large number of waterwheels (known as noria s or sometimes as saqiyya s) were located throughout the city's water network in order to assist in water distribution or to power certain industries. Some of these were very large, such as
6319-453: The neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an oxbow lake or bayou . A flood may also cause a meander to be cut through in this way. The stream load is defined as the solid matter carried by a stream. Streams can carry sediment, or alluvium. The amount of load it can carry (capacity) as well as the largest object it can carry (competence) are both dependent on
6408-472: The northern edge of Fes el-Jdid . The gate's original name was as Bab es-Sebaa ("Gate of the Lion"), probably in reference to a carved image or motif of a lion that has since disappeared. Originally, the name "Bab Dekkakin" was actually the name of what is now the gate to the Royal Palace itself, which was formerly the main entrance to the city (originally called Bab el-Oued or Bab el-Qantara ) before
6497-596: The origin of the Nile River is the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile, but the source of the whole river system is in its upper reaches. If there is no specific designation, "length of the Nile" refers to the "river length of the Nile system", rather than to the length of the Nile river from the point where it is formed by a confluence of tributaries. The Nile's source is often cited as Lake Victoria, but
6586-524: The palace expanded to this point. Only later did the name come to designate Bab es-Sebaa. The name Bab Dekkakin means "Gate of the Benches" and is a reference to the previous existence of benches along the sides of the gate where those who were granted an audience inside the Palace would wait until called upon. Fes el-Jdid ("New Fes") was founded in 1276 by Sultan Abu Yusuf Ya'qub as the new capital of
6675-469: The relationship between CSA and CSD with a minimum catchment area established. Using the model for comparison in two basins in Tibet (Helongqu and Niyang River White Water), the results show that the critical support flow (Qc) of the housing dragon song is 0.0028 m /s. At the same time, the white water curvature is 0.0085 m /s. Besides, the critical support flow can vary with hydrologic climate conditions, and
6764-493: The river, and more recently the city authorities had begun covering the exposed parts of the river with concrete slabs, which only led to more garbage piling up on top of this. The waste of the tanning industry and other activities also led to toxic chemicals, particularly high levels of Chromium , accumulating in the soil and the water. Although it is believed that this does not affect the city's drinking water (which comes from upstream), it creates problems for sites downstream along
6853-578: The river, which has been underway since, also took place alongside broader efforts to restore the historical monuments and landmarks of the old city, mostly under the direction of the local heritage restoration agency ADER-Fes. This included the restoration of the bridges over the Bou Khrareb river, with the Terrafin and Sebbaghin/Khrashfiyin bridges being restored in the 2010s. 34°04′39″N 4°55′30″W / 34.07749°N 4.92497°W / 34.07749; -4.92497 Stream A stream
6942-425: The side of the stream or within the floodplain will be a good indicator of persistent water regime. A perennial stream can be identified 48 hours after a storm. Direct storm runoff usually has ceased at this point. If a stream is still flowing and contributing inflow is not observed above the channel, the observed water is likely baseflow. Another perennial stream indication is an abundance of red rust material in
7031-599: The south of the city (which also formed the beginning of the Bou Khrareb River) fed an entirely separate but important canal called the Oued Masmuda . This canal, further east, supplied water for most of the Andalus quarter of Fes on the southeast side of the Bou Khrareb river. It begins to the south of the city and passed through the old city walls through a culvert opening called Bab ash-Shobbak ("Gate of
7120-484: The south side of Bab Bou Jeloud gate. The structure is made of brick and rammed earth . It originally dates from the Almoravid period, although the wall on its west side is part of the Almohad city walls and some hydraulic features likely underwent modifications over the years as the city developed or the agreements regulating water distribution changed. It has three arched openings that lead into vaulted chambers under
7209-530: The southern parts of the city. One of its branches also once supplied, via an aqueduct, the Andalus quarter on the opposite shore of the Bou Khrareb river. The two last branches, Sakiyyat al-Abbasa and the Oued Shrashar, supplied the regions near Bab al-Hadid and the gardens between Fes el-Jdid and Fes el-Bali. In addition to this western network of canals coming from the Oued al-Jawahir, the streams to
7298-655: The vital support flow Qc in wet areas (white water) is larger than in semi-arid regions (heap slot). The proposed critical support flow (CSD) concept and model method can be used to determine the hydrographic indicators of river sources in complex geographical areas, and it can also reflect the impact of hydrologic climate change on river recharge in different regions. The source of a river or stream (its point of origin) can consist of lakes, swamps, springs, or glaciers. A typical river has several tributaries; each of these may be made up of several other smaller tributaries, so that together this stream and all its tributaries are called
7387-438: The wall from which the water then emerges on the other side into three open-air channels or "zones", located at different elevations. The middle zone consists of a large reservoir that feeds water into three underground canals on its eastern side. The two other zones, located on higher ground on either side of this, received lesser amounts of water but were more complex, consisting of multiple small basins and channels that regulated
7476-512: The water flows off the land as runoff, the proportion of which varies according to many factors, such as wind, humidity, vegetation, rock types, and relief. This runoff starts as a thin film called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, together constituting sheet runoff; when this water is concentrated in a channel, a stream has its birth. Some creeks may start from ponds or lakes. The streams typically derive most of their water from rain and snow precipitation. Most of this water re-enters
7565-521: The year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots. A wash , desert wash, or arroyo is normally a dry streambed in the deserts of the American Southwest , which flows after sufficient rainfall. In Italy, an intermittent stream is termed a torrent ( Italian : torrente ). In full flood the stream may or may not be "torrential" in the dramatic sense of the word, but there will be one or more seasons in which
7654-402: The year. A stream of the first order is a stream which does not have any other recurring or perennial stream feeding into it. When two first-order streams come together, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams come together, they form a third-order stream. Streams of lower order joining a higher order stream do not change the order of the higher stream. The gradient of
7743-404: Was once located further south, in an area where the river is now covered by a paved road. Traditionally, the three most important bridges were those of Bin el-Mudun , Terrafin , and Sidi al-'Awwad , each of which were located along a major thoroughfare of the Andalus quarter (the eastern shore). The Bin el-Mudun Bridge, believed to date from the time of Dunas ibn Hamama, was considered one of
7832-410: Was part of the main northern entrance to the city. Its layout was highly defensive and it originally had a bent entrance (forcing attackers to turn multiple corners when passing through it). Flanked by two pairs of tall square towers, some scholars believe that the outer towers, higher than the inner ones, were added to the gate in 1286 during the construction of the aqueduct that supplied water to
7921-502: Was the Bab el-Oued ("Gate of the River") or Bab al-Qantara ("Gate of the Bridge"), the main gate into the city itself. This southern gate later became the gate of the Royal Palace when the latter was expanded up to this point in the late 19th century, after which point the square in front of it became a mechouar . The mechouar area, much like the palace, has been modified and expanded over
#570429