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37-666: The city was founded in 1146 by a member of the Ghurid dynasty, Qutb al-Din Muhammad. The Ghurid sultanate was brought to prominence in 1150 by Ala Al-Din Husayn , al-Din Muhammad's brother, who overthrew the previous Ghaznavid dynasty and burned their capital city, Ghazna , killing up to 60,000 inhabitants. A historian of the dynasty, Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani , wrote that the remaining citizens of Ghazna, imprisoned, were used to transport building supplies to Firozkoh. Juzjani also claims that

74-530: A battle ensued at Sang-i Surakh. Sayf and Majd ad-Din Musawi were captured and later crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Baha al-Din Sam I, who shortly died of natural causes before he could avenge his murdered brothers. Ala al-Din Husayn, the younger brother of Sayf and Baha al-Din, then ascended the Ghurid throne. In order to avenge the death of his brothers, Ala al-Din, launched

111-491: A campaign against Bahram in 1150. The Ghaznavid and Ghurid armies met at Tiginabad and through the heroic efforts of Kharmil Sam-i Husain and Kharmil Sam-i Banji the Ghaznavid army was routed. Bahram rallied elements of his army at the hot springs, Jush-i Ab-i Garm, but was again routed and fled back to Ghazna . Bahram again rallied the remaining elements of his army with the addition of the city's garrison, but again his army

148-788: A military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces along the Pakistan – Afghanistan border . North Waziristan's capital is Miranshah . The area is mostly inhabited by the Dawar Tribe and the Utmanzai branch of the Darwesh Khel Waziris, who are related to Ahmedzai Waziris of South Waziristan, who live in fortified mountain villages, including Razmak, Datta Khel, Spin wam, Dosali, Shawa and Shawal. The Dawars (also known as Daurr or Daur), who live in

185-560: A prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs. Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized Firuzkuh , but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign in expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, Tukharistan , and Bamiyan , which he later divided amongst his brothers. He died in 1161, and

222-551: A regular system of land record and revenue administration for the most fertile part of the Tochi valley. After the British military operations, a Political Agent for South Waziristan was permanently appointed with its headquarters at Wanna ; another was appointed for North Waziristan with headquarters at Miranshah . Ramajan GigaKhel, Mehsud , Sub-tribe, Nano Khel, A well known mashar of Dre Maseed of his time from 1960s to 1999. In

259-666: A very difficult fight. Some of the tribesmen were veterans of the British-organised local militias that were irregular elements of the British Indian Army, and used some modern Lee–Enfield rifles against the British Indian forces sent into Waziristan. One aspect of this conflict was the effective use of air power against the Waziris and Mahsuds. This is similar to Royal Air Force tactics in suppressing

296-481: Is also believed that the ancient city was the home of a Jewish trading community, documented by inscriptions on tombstones found in the 1950s. The scholar Walter Fischel published an article reviewing the finds and establishing the connections of the Firozkoh community with other Jewish communities in early Medieval Afghanistan. The primary contemporary source describing the history, layout, and buildings of Firozkoh

333-603: Is also trying to strengthen law enforcement in the area by providing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police with weapons, bullet-proof jackets, and night-vision devices. The paramilitary Frontier Corps is to be provided with artillery and APCs . State agencies are actively exploring methods to disrupt unauthorized FM radio channels through jamming techniques. The US drone strikes programme has been responsible for numerous bombings in Waziristan, carried out with

370-745: Is mainly populated by the Mehsud, The Wolves, & Wazir Pashtun tribe , who speak the Waziri dialect of the Pashto language. The name "Waziristan" is associated with the ancestor of the Pashtun tribes, Mehsud (The Wolves) , named Wazir. Both tribes descended from him and are predominantly settled in the Waziristan region. Waziristan lies between the Kurram River and the Gomal River . It borders

407-509: Is the Tabaqāt-i Nāsirī , written by Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani . Juzjani lived in the city during his youth, but left in 1215 and did not write the work until 1260, while living in Delhi . While Juzjani is generally considered a reliable chronicler, like any source, his words must be put into context and considered a partial perspective on the city and its inhabitants. It has been proposed that

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444-593: The Frontier Crimes Regulations , which has since been repealed following the merger of FATA to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in May 2018. Taliban presence in the area has been an issue of international concern in the War on Terrorism particularly since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan . In 2014, about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from Waziristan as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb ,

481-480: The Kurram Agency in the north, Bannu in the northeast, Tank in the east, Dera Ismail Khan in the southeast, Sherani and Musakhel districts of Balochistan in the south and Khost , Paktia , and Paktika provinces of Afghanistan in the west. Waziristan is divided into two districts, North Waziristan and South Waziristan . According to the 2017 census report, the population of North Waziristan

518-695: The Minaret of Jam , in Shahrak District , Ghor Province, is the only standing remains of the city. With the war in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021, the Taliban 's hold on ancient places was broken, leaving Ghor Province open to pillagers . After the 2001 invasion, hundreds of diggers flocked to the Minaret to uncover rumored lost gold. When visited by Rory Stewart in 2002, the possible remains of

555-617: The Taliban . Waziristan is often mentioned as a haven for al-Qaeda fighters. There is speculation that some al-Qaeda leaders have found refuge in the area controlled by the Emirate, which is a staging ground for militant operations in Afghanistan . On 4 June 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative issues to control

592-586: The "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed to state security. The government decided to take a number of actions to stop the "Talibanization" and to crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and the NWFP. Due to

629-587: The Arab Revolt in Iraq in 1920 and 1921. In 1935–36, a Hindu -Muslim clash occurred over a Hindu girl of Bannu , who was abducted and forced to convert to Islam. The tribesmen rallied around Mirzali Khan, a Tori Khel Wazir, who was later given the title of "the Faqir of Ipi " by the British. Jihad was declared against the British. Mirzali Khan, with his huge lashkar (force), started a guerrilla warfare against

666-668: The British forces in Waziristan. In 1938, Mirzali Khan shifted from Ipi to Gurwek , a remote village on the Durand Line, where he declared an independent state and continued the raids against the British forces. In June 1947, Mirzali Khan, along with his allies, including the Khudai Khidmatgars and members of the Provincial Assembly, declared the Bannu Resolution . The resolution demanded that

703-684: The Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan , composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution. After the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, Mirzali Khan and his followers refused to recognise Pakistan, and launched a campaign against Pakistan . They continued their guerilla warfare against

740-459: The approval of the Pakistani government. The Wazir tribes are divided into clans governed by male village elders who meet in a tribal jirga . Socially and religiously, Waziristan is an extremely conservative area. Women are carefully guarded, and every household must be headed by a male figure. Tribal cohesiveness is also kept strong by means of the so-called Collective Responsibility Acts in

777-433: The blood of the prisoners was combined with mud to form additional building materials. Throughout the reign of subsequent Ghurid sultans, Firozkoh continued to prosper as the dynasty expanded. Firozkoh was used as a summer capital, as the leadership of the Ghurid sultanate were semi-nomadic. The city competed with Herat as a center of Ghurid art, literature, and theology. In 1199, the Ghurid sultan, Ghiyath al-Din , ordered

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814-626: The city had been heavily damaged by looters, and many of the treasures that were found had been sold in markets in Herat , Kabul , and Tehran . Ala al-Din Husayn Ala al-Din Husayn ( Persian : علاء الدین حسین) was king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161. He was one of the greatest Ghurid kings, and it was during his reign that the Ghurid dynasty rose to prominence. Sayf al Din Suri

851-663: The early stage of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan , when the Taliban started fleeing into Pakistan, the local leaders, or Maliks , began a campaign among their locals to host the foreigners. Since then, around 200 Maliks have been assassinated by the local Taliban through targeted killings . To end the Waziristan war , Pakistan signed the Waziristan Accord with chieftains from the self-styled Islamic Emirate of Waziristan on 5 September 2006. The Islamic militants in Waziristan are said to have close affiliations with

888-516: The empire to abandon the Karramiyya sect of Islam in favor of Shafi'i law. This decision was unpopular with the city's residents and led to riots. The Ghurid empire began to collapse after the successive deaths of Ghiyath al-Din in 1203 and his successor Muizz al-Din in 1206. Firozkoh remained rich for a time—Juzjani wrote that the treasury contained "400 camel loads of gold in 800 chests"—although this claim may be unreliable. In 1215, Firozkoh

925-537: The famous city of Firuzkuh . However, Sayf later quarreled with his brother Qutb, who took refuge in Ghazna , and was poisoned by the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram-Shah of Ghazna . In order to avenge his brother, Sayf marched towards Ghazna in 1148, and scored a victory at the Battle of Ghazni while Bahram fled to Kurram. Building an army, Bahram marched back to Ghazna. Sayf fled, but the Ghaznavid army caught up with him and

962-646: The main Tochi Valley, farm in the valleys below in villages including Miranshah, Hamzoni, Darpakhel, Muhammadkhel, Boya, Degan, Banda, Ngharkali, Palangzai, Mirali, Edak, Hurmaz, Mussaki, Hassukhel, Ziraki, Tapi, Issori, Haiderkhel and Khaddi irrigated by the river Tochi. They are related to the Banuchis who live in the neighboring Bannu District. The South Waziristan was a district with its district headquarters at Wanna . South Waziristan, comprising about 6,500 square kilometres (2,500 sq mi), previously

999-572: The new nation's government. He didn't surrender to the government of Pakistan throughout his life but his movement diminished after 1954 when his Commander-in-chief Mehar Dil Khan Khattak surrendered to the Pakistani authorities . Towards the end of his life, he expressed regret and said that Afghanistan deceived and used him for its political gains in the name of Islam . He also instructed his supporters that they should never help Afghanistan against Pakistan with any plots made against Pakistan. In

1036-563: The nickname, Jahānsūz (meaning the World Burner ). After having greatly expanded Ghurid power, he had gone from a tribal chief to a king of an empire, he then took the title of Sultan al-Muazzam. In 1152, he declared independence against his Seljuq overlords, and captured Balkh . He was, however, shortly defeated and captured by Ahmad Sanjar , who then aided the Ghaznavids in recapturing Ghazni . Ala al-Din Husayn remained

1073-512: The ongoing military operations against the Taliban, nearly 100,000 people have already fled to Afghanistan's Khost province to seek shelter. The UN and other aid agencies are helping more than 470,000 people who have been displaced from Pakistan's North Waziristan region due to the ongoing military operations. The Ministry of the Interior has played a large part in the information gathering for

1110-421: The operations against the militants and their institutions. The Ministry of the Interior has prepared a list of militant commanders operating in the region and they have also prepared a list of seminaries for monitoring. (Waziristan is a tribal area, and in any tribal area of Pakistan, nobody can deploy police. There are other options like frontier corps (militia) and Khasadar (local tribesmen force).) The government

1147-540: The rugged and remote region of Waziristan on British India 's northwest border with Afghanistan , mountain tribes of Muslim fighters rebelled against the British Indian Army in numerous operations. The Waziristan Revolt of 1919–1920 was sparked by the Afghan invasion of British India in 1919. Though the British made peace with the Afghans , the Waziri and Mahsud tribesmen gave the imperial (almost entirely Indian) forces

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1184-582: Was 543,254 while that of South Waziristan was 674,065. The two parts have quite distinct characteristics, though both are inhabited by the Wazir and Mahsud (or Maseed The Real wolves) tribes. They have a reputation as formidable warriors. The British entered Waziristan in 1894, when the boundary with Afghanistan , known as the Durand Line was determined. They divided Waziristan into two agencies, North Waziristan and South Waziristan; they also introduced

1221-548: Was attacked and defeated by Muhammad II of Khwarazm . However, the city rebelled against his rule when the Khwarazmenian Empire was attacked by the Mongols. Nevertheless, the Mongols laid siege to the city in 1220 before retreating at the start of winter. In 1223, the Mongols returned and forced the city's ruler, Malik Mubariz al-Din, to evacuate to Herat. The Mongols then razed the city, according to Juzjani. It

1258-673: Was king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161. When Ala al-Din's brother, Sayf al-Din Suri , ascended the throne, he divided the Ghurid kingdom among his brothers; Fakhr al-Din Masud received land near the Hari River ; Baha al-Din Sam I received Ghur ; Shihab al-Din Muhammad Kharnak received Madin; Shuja al-Din Ali received Jarmas; Ala al-Din Husayn received Waziristan ; and Qutb al-Din Muhammad received Warshad Warsh, where he built

1295-553: Was routed and the city was burned by the Ghurids. Following this defeat, Bahram fled to the Ghaznavid territories in India. Ghazna was then subjected to seven days of pillage and rapine, in which 60,000 of the city were killed. All the tombs of the Ghaznavid rulers, with the exception of Mahmud , Mas'ud and Ibrahim, were broken open and the remains burned. He also destroyed the city of Bust . From these events, Ala ad-Din Husayn gained

1332-543: Was succeeded by his son Sayf al-Din Muhammad . Waziristan Waziristan ( Pashto , Urdu : وزیرستان , lit.   ' land of the Mehsud, The Wolves, & Wazir ' ) is a mountainous region of Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The Waziristan region administratively splits among three districts: North Waziristan , Lower South Waziristan District , and Upper South Waziristan District . Waziristan region, consisted of three districts, covers around 11,585 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi) and

1369-571: Was the most volatile agency of Pakistan. Up until 2021 it was not under the direct administration of the government of Pakistan, South Waziristan was previously and indirectly governed by a political agent, who has been either an outsider or a Waziri—a system inherited from the British Raj . From January 2021 to April 2022, South Waziristan served as a district of the adjacent KPK province. In south Waziristan Agency, there are three tribes, Ahmadzai Wazir, Mahsud Wazir and Burki . Burki and Urmarh are

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