105-754: Algerians in France are people of Algerian descent or nationality living in France . People of Algerian origin account for a large sector of the total population in France. Some immigrated during colonial rule in Algeria starting in the 1920s, and large numbers chose to emigrate to France from the 1960s onwards due to political turmoil in Algeria. The 2011 Census recorded 465,849 Algerian-born people. The migration of Algerians to France happened in multiple waves: from 1913–1921, from 1922–1939, and from 1940–1954. During
210-474: A populist tone, he presented himself as the representative of the people against the "gang of four" (RPR, UDF, PS, Communist Party ), while the central theme of his campaign was "national preference". In the 1988 presidential election , Le Pen won an unprecedented 14.4% of the vote, and double the votes of 1984. In the snap 1988 legislative elections , the FN was hurt by the return two-ballot majority voting, by
315-523: A "more balanced" and "independent" French foreign policy, opposing French military intervention in Africa while supporting France leaving NATO 's integrated command. It also supports reform of the European Union (EU) and its related organisations as well as economic interventionism , protectionism , and zero tolerance for breaches of law and order . The party was founded in 1972, created by
420-480: A "national preference" for employment, impose taxes on the hiring of foreigners by French companies, and privatise Agence France-Presse . The party's time in the National Assembly effectively came to an end when Jacques Chirac reinstated the two-round system of majority voting for the next election. In the regional elections held on the same day, FN won 137 seats, and gained representation in 21 of
525-495: A "populist pep talk ". Bannon advised the party members to "Let them call you racist, let them call you xenophobes, let them call you nativists. Wear it like a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker. ... History is on our side and will bring us victory." Bannon's remarks brought the members to their feet. In January 2019, ex-Sarkozy minister Thierry Mariani and former conservative lawmaker Jean-Paul Garraud , left Les Republicains (LR) and joined
630-450: A "positive opinion" of the FN and some support for Le Pen personally. The next month, Le Pen was, for the first time, invited on a prime-time television interview programme, which he himself later deemed "the hour that changed everything". In the June 1984 European elections , the FN won 11% of the vote and ten seats, in a contest that was considered to have a low level of importance by
735-401: A 1997 by-election, where similar policies were subsequently pursued. Vitrolles' new mayor Catherine Mégret [ fr ] , who ran in place of her husband Bruno, went further in one significant measure, introducing a special 5,000- franc allowance for babies born to at least one parent of French (or EU) nationality. The measure was ruled illegal by a court, whicn also sentenced her to
840-544: A 2009 study the UNO estimated there were 45,000 Catholics and 50,000–100,000 Protestants in Algeria. A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria . Arabic and Berber serve as both official languages and national languages in Algeria. Algerian Arabic (Algerian Dziriya or Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has many Berber and French loanwords. Although French has no official status, Algeria
945-456: A French address to remain in the country, which most Algerian immigrants did have. However, officials simply didn't believe the authenticity of their identification and paperwork; thus, in the 1960s, the French government deported 5–8% of African immigrants. By 1968, there were 40,000 Africans in France. The migratory movement of Maghrebis into France is generally attributed to push factors. There
1050-744: A broad movement, ON sought to model the new party (as it earlier had sought to model itself) on the more established Italian Social Movement (MSI), which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition of the Italian hard right. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo. ON wanted to unite the various French far-right currents, and brought together "nationals" of Le Pen's group and Roger Holeindre 's Party of French Unity; "nationalists" from Pierre Bousquet 's Militant movement or François Brigneau 's and Alain Robert's Ordre Nouveau ;
1155-411: A day after the first round of the presidential election , Marine Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the party's leader in an attempt to "unite voters." In the second round of voting, Le Pen was defeated 66.1% to 33.9% by her rival Emmanuel Macron of En Marche! During the following parliamentary elections , the FN received 13.02% of the vote, a little lower than the 13.07% of
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#17327659252041260-519: A fantasy" for the National Front. The National Front received 4,712,461 votes in the 2014 European Parliament election , finishing first with 24.86% of the vote and 24 of France's 74 seats. This was said to be "the first time the anti-immigrant, anti-EU party had won a nationwide election in its four-decade history." The party's success came as a "shock" in France and the EU. On 24 April 2017,
1365-423: A major political party in France. Sources traditionally label the party as far-right . However, some media outlets have started to refer to the party as "right-wing populist" or "nationalist right" instead, arguing that it has substantially moderated from its years under Jean-Marie Le Pen. At the FN congress of 2018, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party Rassemblement National (National Rally), and this
1470-441: A monumental turning point in the rise of the FN. Le Pen protested the "media boycott" against his party by sending letters to President Mitterrand in mid-1982. Following an exchange of letters with Le Pen, Mitterrand instructed the heads of the main television channels to give equitable coverage to the FN. In January 1984, the party made its first appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity, in which 9% of respondents held
1575-416: A new system less favourable to the FN had been introduced. The party regained some of its strength from 1999, earning 9.8% of the vote and seven seats. For the 2007 presidential election , Le Pen and Mégret agreed to join forces. Le Pen came 4th in the election with 11% of the vote, and the party won no seats in the legislative election of the same year . The party's 4.3% support was the lowest score since
1680-606: A recent genetic study by Semino et al. (2004), the Haplogroup J1 associated with the diffusion of Arabs was found at 35% in Algeria , which is one of the most common haplogroups in Algeria, like the rest of the Maghreb , along with E1b1b . Recent studies on the common J1 Y chromosome suggest it arrived over 10,000 years ago in North Africa, and M81/E3b2 is a Y chromosome specific to North African ancestry, dating to
1785-466: A resurgence in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the French political party, the National Front . Jean-Marie Le Pen , the leader of the National Front, led with the slogan "Two million immigrants, two million unemployed". Le Pen is also quoted as saying "Yes, I believe in racial inequality… they do not all have the same capacity to evolve". During this time, books with black children featured on
1890-592: A serious challenger, with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election. In the event, Le Pen came 3rd in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the best showing ever in a presidential election for the FN at that time. In the 2012 legislative election , the National Front won two seats: Gilbert Collard and Marion Maréchal . In two polls about presidential favourites, conducted in April and May 2013, Marine le Pen polled ahead of president François Hollande but behind Nicolas Sarkozy . In
1995-453: A shock outcome, Le Pen outperformed Jospin (by 0.7%) in the 1st round, placing second and advancing to the runoff. This resulted in the first presidential run-off since 1969 without a leftist candidate and the first ever with a candidate from the far-right. To Le Pen's advantage, the election campaign had increasingly focused on law-and-order issues, helped by media attention on a number of violent incidents. Jospin had also been weakened due to
2100-406: A suspended prison sentence, a fine, and a two-year ban from public office. In the 1997 legislative elections , the FN polled its best-ever result with 15.3% support in metropolitan France . The result showed that the party had become established enough to compete without its leader, who had decided not to run, in order to focus on the 2002 presidential election. Although it won only one seat in
2205-669: A €10,000 fine for remarks he made in 2005 that contravened France's law against Holocaust denial . Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008. In the 2010 regional elections the FN appeared to have re-emerged on the political scene after surprisingly winning almost 12% of the overall vote and 118 seats. Jean-Marie Le Pen announced in September 2008 that he would retire as FN president in 2010. Le Pen's daughter Marine Le Pen and FN executive vice-president Bruno Gollnisch campaigned to succeed Le Pen, with Marine's candidacy backed by her father. On 15 January 2011, it
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#17327659252042310-447: Is exemplified by a piece published by the L'Aurore , a French periodical, in which it was written: " In Paris, North Africans are specialists and record makers in the nocturnal attack. The Arab is, quite precisely, the thief who waits on the corner of the road for the late passerby, whom he clubs for the sake of a watch…" – L'Aurore, 1954 In the 1960s, this sort of racial propaganda continued with
2415-531: Is free and compulsory to age 16. Modest numbers of Algerian students study abroad, primarily in France and French-speaking Canada . In 2000, the government launched a major review of the country's educational system. Figures from National Office of Statistics Algeria , United Nations Demographic Yearbook and the CIA World Factbook : Ethnic groups in Algeria Arabs make up 73.6% of
2520-532: Is the second-largest Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history . It can be regarded as the de facto co-official language of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French. In recent decades
2625-521: The 1981 presidential election , both Le Pen and Pascal Gauchon of the PFN declared their intentions to run. However, an increased requirement regarding obtaining signatures of support from elected officials had been introduced for the election, which left both Le Pen and Gauchon unable to participate. The election was won by François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party (PS), a results that brought
2730-415: The 1986 legislative elections , the FN took advantage of the new, proportional representation system and won 9.8% of the vote and 35 seats in the National Assembly. Many of these seats were filled by a new wave of "respectable" political operatives, notables , who had joined the party after its 1984 success. The RPR won a majority with smaller, centre-right parties, and thus avoided the need to deal with
2835-481: The 1999 European election , as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5.7%, and the MNR won 3.3%. The effects of the split, and competition from more moderate nationalists, resulted in their combined support being lower than the FN result of 1984. For the 2002 presidential election , opinion polls had predicted a run-off between incumbent President Chirac and Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin . In
2940-548: The French Fifth Republic as well as the first ever Muslim woman to serve as a minister in a French government, was born into a family of Turkish origin which had been established in Algeria; her brother Chérif Sid Cara was also a notable politician and doctor. Other notable French politicians of Algerian-Turkish origin include Mourad Kaouah who served as the deputy of Algiers from 1958 to 1962. Notable writers include Moroccan-born Leïla Chellabi whose father
3045-466: The French colonial years , a mostly foreign Roman Catholic community still exists, as do some Protestants . The Jewish community of Algeria , which once constituted 2% of the total population, has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel. Algeria's educational system has grown rapidly since 1962. In 2022, there were almost 11 million pupils and 2 million students. Education
3150-477: The INSEE , 64% of the French of Algerian origin who were surveyed adhered to Islam ; at the same time, 4% of the French of Algerian origin adhered to Christianity , of whom 3% were Catholics and 1% other Christians (without further specification). 32% of the French of Algerian origin declared that they had no religion. According to the same survey 89% of Algerian-born people in France adhered to Islam . Arabs form
3255-645: The National Front from 1972 to 2018 (French: Front national , [fʁɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal] , FN ), is a French far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and nationalist . It is the single largest parliamentary opposition party in the National Assembly since 2022. Its candidate was defeated in the second round in the 2002 , 2017 and 2022 presidential elections. It opposes immigration , advocating significant cuts to legal immigration , protection of French identity, and stricter control of illegal immigration . The party advocates
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3360-661: The Neolithic . A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E3b2 and J haplogroups is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East . This Neolithic origin
3465-494: The Ordre Nouveau to be the legitimate political vehicle for the far-right movement. Jean-Marie Le Pen was its founder and leader until his resignation in 2011. While its influence was marginal until 1984, the party's role as a nationalist electoral force has grown considerably. It has put forward a candidate at every presidential election but one since 1974. In the 2002 presidential election, Jean-Marie Le Pen advanced to
3570-627: The Restauration Nationale , a pro- monarchy group that supports the claim of the Count of Paris to the French throne. While Ordre Nouveau had competed in some local elections since 1970, at its second congress, in June 1972, it decided to establish a new political party to contest the 1973 legislative elections . The party was launched on 5 October 1972 under the name National Front for French Unity ( Front national pour l'unité française ), or Front National . In order to create
3675-617: The Revolutionary Communist League made public a report of Le Pen's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria. In his first participation in a presidential election, Le Pen won only 0.8% of the national vote. Following the 1974 election, the FN was obscured by the appearance of the Party of New Forces (PFN), founded by FN dissidents (largely from the ON). Their competition weakened both parties throughout
3780-459: The municipal elections held on 23 and 30 March 2014 , lists officially supported by the National Front won mayoralties in 12 cities: Beaucaire , Cogolin , Fréjus , Hayange , Hénin-Beaumont , Le Luc , Le Pontet , Mantes-la-Ville , the 7th arrondissement of Marseille , Villers-Cotterêts , Béziers and Camaret-sur-Aigues . While some of these cities were in southern France (like Fréjus) which traditionally votes more for right-wing parties than
3885-469: The political left to national power for the first time in the Fifth Republic; Mitterrand immediately dissolved the National Assembly and called a snap legislative election. With only three weeks to prepare its campaign, the FN fielded only a limited number of candidates and won only 0.2% of the national vote. The PFN was even worse off, and the election marked the effective end of competition from
3990-681: The 11th century. The majority of Algerians identify with an Arab-based identity due to the 20th century Arab nationalism . The ethnic Berbers are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles , who live in the Kabylia region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of North-East Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria. During
4095-469: The 1970s. Along with the growing influence of François Duprat and his " revolutionary nationalists ", the FN gained several new groups of supporters in the late 1970s and early 1980s: Jean-Pierre Stirbois (1977) and his " solidarists ", Bruno Gollnisch (1983), Bernard Antony (1984) and his Catholic fundamentalists, as well as Jean-Yves Le Gallou (1985) and the Nouvelle Droite . Following
4200-581: The 1981 election and only one candidate, Marine Le Pen in Pas de Calais , reached the runoff -where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent. These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party's financial problems. Le Pen announced the sale of the FN headquarters in Saint-Cloud , Le Paquebot , and of his personal armoured car. In 2008, a French court handed Le Pen a three-month suspended sentence and
4305-450: The 2012 elections. The party appeared to have suffered from a demobilisation of its voters from the previous vote. Nonetheless, eight deputies (six FN and two affiliated) were elected, the best number for the FN in a parliamentary election using a majoritarian electoral system since its creation. Marine Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly for the first time, while Gilbert Collard was re-elected. FN's 23-year-old Ludovic Pajot became
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4410-470: The 22 French regional councils. The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils, and the FN won vice-presidential posts in four regions. Le Pen's campaign for the presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election. To promote his statesmanship credentials, he made trips to South East Asia, the United States, and Africa. The management of
4515-462: The European spirit", but to reserve free movement to nationals of a European Economic Area country, excluding residents of and visitors from another Schengen country. Le Pen reached the second round of the 2017 presidential election , receiving 33.9% of the votes in the run-off and losing to Emmanuel Macron . Again in the 2022 election , she lost to Macron in the run-off, receiving 41.45% of
4620-489: The FN did not have to soften its position on "key issues." In the 1983 municipal elections , the centre-right Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed alliances with the FN in a number of towns. The most notable result came in the 20th arrondissement of Paris , where Le Pen was elected to the local council with 11% of the vote. Subsequent by-elections kept media attention on
4725-415: The FN, a rejections that now included the local level. In the 1989 European elections , the FN held on to its ten seats, winning 11.7% of the vote. In the wake of FN's electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and the fatwa against Salman Rushdie by Ayatollah Khomeini , the 1989 affaire du foulard was the first major test of the relations between
4830-410: The FN. Although FN was unable to exercise any real political influence, the party could project an image of political legitimacy. Several of its legislative proposals were controversial and had a socially reactionary and xenophobic character, among them attempts to restore the death penalty , expel foreigners who "proportionally committed more crimes than the French", restrict naturalisation, introduce
4935-540: The French Algerian population. In the 1960s, Algerians continued to attempt to immigrate to France. Many of these people obtained three month work visas, reflecting their intent to work in France for a short time period before returning home. However, the French government viewed this is as a hostile move, assuming that these immigrants intended to stay in the country permanently. Thus, the government continued to regularly deport Algerians. They were required to have
5040-494: The French electoral system, the party only won 2 of the 2,026 seats that were up for election. At the end of 2011, the National Front withdrew from the far-right Alliance of European National Movements and joined the more moderate European Alliance of Freedom . In October 2013, Bruno Gollnisch and Jean-Marie Le Pen resigned from their position in the AENM. For the 2012 presidential election , opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as
5145-487: The National Assembly, in Toulon , it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies. The FN was arguably more influential at that time than it had been in 1986 with its 35 seats. While Bruno Mégret and Bruno Gollnisch , favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre-right following the left's victory, Le Pen rejected any such "compromise." In the tenth FN national congress in 1997, Mégret stepped up his position in
5250-638: The National Rally. During a 2021 debate, Marine Le Pen was called "soft" on Islam by the Minister of the Interior in Macron's government, Gérald Darmanin . Marine Le Pen called for a "national-unity government" that would include persons such as Nicolas Dupont-Aignan , former LR officials, and souverainistes on the left, such as former economy minister Arnaud Montebourg . In the months before
5355-659: The Triumph of Democratic Liberties . In the 1950s, the French government used racism as a tool to delegitimize the efforts of African Nationalist groups. The government used tensions between different groups to depict Algerian immigrants as barbaric in propaganda campaigns. This was massively effective, negatively affecting public opinion on African immigrants. The 1953 survey by the National Institute of Demographic Studies showed that North Africans and Germans were ranked last in sympathy levels for immigrants. This impact
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#17327659252045460-520: The actress Isabelle Adjani is paternally of Algerian-Turkish origin. Demographics of Algeria Demographic features of the population of Algeria include population density , ethnicity , education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of
5565-474: The anti-Gaullist Georges Bidault 's Justice and Liberty movement; as well as former Poujadists , Algerian War veterans, and some monarchists, among others. Le Pen was chosen to be the first president of the party, as he was untainted with the militant public image of the ON and was a relatively moderate figure in the far-right. The National Front fared poorly in the 1973 legislative elections , receiving 0.5% of
5670-489: The colonial period, there was a large (15% in 1960) European population who became known as Pied-Noirs . They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin . Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. Islam is the predominant religion with 99% of the population. There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia . There were an estimated 10,000 Christians in Algeria in 2008. In
5775-413: The competition between an exceptional number of leftist parties. Nevertheless, Chirac did not even have to campaign in the second round, as widespread anti-Le Pen protests from the media and public opinion culminated on May Day in a demonstration of 1.5 million participants across France. Chirac also refused to debate with Le Pen, and the traditional televised debate was cancelled. In the end, Chirac won
5880-479: The country's total land mass. 75% of the population is urban, and urbanization continues, despite government efforts to discourage migration to the cities. 97% of the population follows Sunni Islam ; the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis from the Mozabite valley at 1.3% (see Islam in Algeria ). Christianity in Algeria constitutes about 1% of the total population. While significantly greater during
5985-486: The covers were banned. As the 1990s progressed, the National Front's influence grew. The group took political control of the French city of Toulon, and promised to deny housing to African immigrants living in the city. According to a 2023 report, the 2020 INED- INSEE surveys have stated, 91 percent of those who grew up in Muslim families claim the religion of their parents. According to the national survey of 2020 holden by
6090-529: The death of Duprat in a bomb attack in 1978, the revolutionary nationalists left the party, while Stirbois became Le Pen's deputy as his solidarists effectively ousted the neo-fascist tendency in the party leadership. A radical group split off in 1980 and founded the French Nationalist Party , dismissing the FN as becoming "too Zionist " with Le Pen being a "puppet of the Jews." The far right
6195-454: The decision by French President Charles de Gaulle to abandon his promise of holding on to the colony of French Algeria , (many frontistes , including Le Pen, were part of an inner circle of returned servicemen known as Le cercle national des combattants ). During the 1965 presidential election , Le Pen unsuccessfully attempted to consolidate the right-wing vote around presidential candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour . Throughout
6300-579: The early 1980s, the FN featured a mosaic of ideological tendencies and attracted figures who were previously resistant to the party. The party managed to draw supporters from the mainstream right, including some high-profile defectors from the RPR, the UDF, and the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP). In the 1984 European elections, eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties, while
6405-496: The first round of the 1993 legislative elections , the FN soared to 12.7% of the overall vote, but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system. In the 1995 presidential election , votes for Le Pen rose to 15% of the total. The FN won an absolute majority (and thus the mayorship) in three cities in the 1995 municipal elections : Toulon , Marignane , and Orange . Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its "national preference" policy, with
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#17327659252046510-468: The first round of the snap French legislative election with a record 33.2% of the votes. On 7 July, the RN also won the popular vote (37.06%) in the second round of the snap election, but only won the third highest number of seats. The party's ideological roots can be traced to both Poujadism , a populist , small business tax protest movement founded in 1953 by Pierre Poujade and on right-wing dismay over
6615-415: The formal campaign, launched in April 1987, was entrusted to Bruno Mégret , one of the new notables . With his entourage, Le Pen traversed France for the entire period and, helped by Mégret, employed an American-style campaign. Le Pen's presidential campaign was highly successful; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances. Using
6720-644: The government has reinforced the study of French and TV programs have reinforced use of the language. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27.4%. Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated. Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.) In
6825-423: The heavy workload required of them in France. In reality, Africans ate a variety of healthy food and balanced meals. This report further argued that these food deficiencies meant Africans were ridden with disease. Thus, African immigrants in France were required to carry around passbooks with detailed medical information, and were often randomly stopped and checked by French officials. This type of racial bias showed
6930-513: The help of public health institutes. They targeted Algerian immigrants along with other African immigrants from Mauritius, Mali and other countries. A study, published in 1963, entitled "Black workers in the Parisian region" ( Les travailleurs noirs dans la region parisienne ) , outlined reasons for why, for public health reasons, African immigrants were not beneficial for France: "They are accustomed to wearing practically nothing in Africa where
7035-540: The late 1960s and early 1970s, the French far-right consisted mainly of small, extreme movements such as Occident , Groupe Union Défense (GUD), and the Ordre Nouveau (ON). Espousing France's Catholic and monarchist traditions, one of the primary progenitors of the ideology generally promoted by FN was the Action Française , founded at the end of the 19th century, and its descendants in
7140-408: The limited campaign period, and by the departure of many notables . In the election, the party retained its 9.8% support from the previous legislative election, but was reduced to a single seat in the National Assembly. Following some anti-Semitic comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper National Hebdo in the late 1980s, some valuable FN politicians left the party. Soon, other quarrels left
7245-463: The mainstream right's. Le Pen sought the "total fusion" of the currents in the party, and warned against "crude activism." The FNJ were banned from the party later that year. The move towards the mainstream cost it many leading members and much of its militant base. In the 1974 presidential election , Le Pen failed to find a mobilising theme for his campaign, since many of its platform's major issues, such as anti-communism , were shared by most of
7350-523: The mainstream right. Other FN issues included calls for increased French birth rates, immigration reduction (although this was downplayed), establishment of a professional army, abrogation of the Évian Accords , and generally the creation of a "French and European renaissance ." Despite being the only nationalist candidate, he failed to gain the support of the whole of the far-right, as the various groups either rallied behind other candidates or called for voter abstention. The campaign further lost ground when
7455-432: The majority of Algerians living in France. The Berbers in France form a significant portion of the Algerian community in the country. Berbers in France are mostly Muslims with a Christian minority estimated numbers between 40,000-60,000. Following Algerian independence in 1962, most of Algeria's Jews, having been granted French citizenship in 1870, left with the pied-noirs . The vast majority moved to France , and
7560-532: The name change faced opposition from an already-existing party named "Rassemblement national", whose president, Igor Kurek, described it as "Gaullist and republican right": the party had previously registered its name with the National Institute of Industrial Property in 2013. On 1 June, Le Pen announced that the name change was approved by party adherents with 80.81% in favour. During that party congress, Steve Bannon , former advisor to Donald Trump before and after his 2016 election, gave what has been described as
7665-451: The national vote, although Le Pen won 5% in his Paris constituency. In 1973, the party created a youth movement, the Front national de la jeunesse (National Front of Youth; FNJ). The rhetoric used in the campaign stressed old, far-right themes and was largely uninspiring to the electorate at the time. Otherwise, its official program at this point was relatively moderate, differing little from
7770-403: The new MNR had joined the FN in the mid-1980s, in part from the Nouvelle Droite , with a vision of building bridges to the parliamentary right. Many had also been particularly influential in intellectualising the FN's policies on immigration, identity, and "national preference". Following the split, Le Pen denounced them as "extremist" and "racist". Support for the two parties was almost equal in
7875-555: The party as its rising star and a potential leader following Le Pen. Le Pen however refused to designate Mégret as his successor-elect, and instead made his wife Jany the leader of the FN list for the upcoming European election. Mégret and his faction left the FN in January 1999 and founded the National Republican Movement (MNR), effectively splitting the FN in half at most levels. Many of those who joined
7980-406: The party by softening its image and trying to frame the party as being neither right nor left. She endeavoured to extract it from its far-right roots, as well as censuring controversial members like her father, who was suspended and then expelled from the party in 2015. Following her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN grew. By 2015, the FN had established itself as
8085-433: The party without its remaining member of the National Assembly. In November 1988, general secretary Jean-Pierre Stirbois, who, together with his wife Marie-France, had been instrumental in the FN's early electoral successes, died in a car accident, leaving Bruno Mégret as the unrivalled, de facto FN deputy leader. The party only got 5% in the 1988 cantonal elections , while the RPR announced it would reject any alliance with
8190-420: The party's list also included an Arab and a Jew - although in unwinnable positions. Former collaborators were also accepted in the party, as Le Pen urged the need for "reconciliation", arguing that forty years after the war the only important question was whether or not "they wish to serve their country". The FN won 8.7% overall support in the 1985 cantonal elections , netting over 30% in some areas. For
8295-579: The party, which was for the first time able to pose as a viable component of the broader right. In a by-election in Dreux in October 1983, the FN won 17% of the vote. With the choice of defeat to the political left or dealing with the FN, the local RPR and UDF agreed to form an alliance with the FN, causing a national sensation; together, they won the second round with 55% of the vote. The events in Dreux were
8400-403: The party. The Socialists attained their best ever result with an absolute majority in the 1981 legislative election . The "socialist takeover" led to a radicalisation in centre-right, anti-communist, and anti-socialist voters. While the French party system had been dominated by polarisation and competition between the clear-cut ideological alternatives of two political blocs in the 1970s,
8505-411: The population of Algeria, Berbers make up 23.2%, Arabized Berbers make up 3%, and others constitute 0.2%. Phoenicians , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Turks as well as other ethnic groups have contributed to the ethnic makeup and genetic structure of the Algerian population. Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish
8610-452: The presidential run-off with an unprecedented 82.2% of the vote, with 71% of his votes—according to polls—cast simply "to block Le Pen". Following the presidential election, the main centre-right parties merged to form the broad-based Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The FN failed to hold on to Le Pen's support for the 2002 legislative elections , in which it got 11.3% of the vote. It nevertheless outpolled Mégret's MNR, which had fielded
8715-400: The public, which played to the party's advantage. The FN, notably, made inroads in both right-wing and left-wing constituencies, and finished 2nd in a number of towns. While many Socialists had arguably exploited the party in order to divide the right, Mitterrand later conceded that he had underestimated Le Pen. By July, 17% of opinion poll respondents held a positive opinion of the FN. By
8820-424: The rest moved to Israel . Today, most Jews in France are of Maghrebi origin . There are several thousand Algerian Turks living in France, having emigrated or descended from parents who came to the country from Algeria rather than Turkey . Some Algerians with Turkish origins have contributed to the arts, sports and politics in France. For example, Nafissa Sid-Cara , who was the first female minister to serve in
8925-544: The rest of the country, others were located in northern France, where Socialist Party had been strong until the 2010s. Following these elections, the National Front had, in cities of over 1,000 inhabitants, 1,546 and 459 councilors at two different levels of local government. The international media described the results as "historic", and "impressive", although the International Business Times suggested that "hopes for real political power remain
9030-420: The risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic. The FN's elected representatives pursued interventionist policies with regards to the new cultural complexion of their towns by directly influencing artistic events, cinema schedules, and library holdings, as well as cutting or halting subsidies for multicultural associations. The party won Vitrolles , its fourth town, in
9135-426: The same number of candidates but won a mere 1.1% support. A new electoral system of two-round voting had been introduced for the 2004 regional elections , in part in an attempt to reduce the FN's influence in regional councils. The FN won 15.1% of the vote in metropolitan France, almost the same as in 1998, but its number of councillors was almost halved due to the new system. For the 2004 European elections , too,
9240-404: The second round but finished a distant second in the runoff to Jacques Chirac . His daughter Marine Le Pen was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. She temporarily stepped down in 2017 in order to concentrate on her presidential candidacy; she resumed her leadership after the election. She headed the party until 2021, when she temporarily resigned again. A year later, Jordan Bardella
9345-411: The situation these immigrants were in was still unpleasant as a result of their employers, who took them as indentured servants. Thus, they were paid low wages and given little government aid compared to other workers. Ultimately, many of them were deported back to Africa. However, by the late 1950s, France's intake of Algerian migrants began to outnumber those being deported, resulting in a sharp uptick in
9450-464: The temperature ranges from 90 to 100 degrees, and when they arrive in Paris, especially during the cold winter, they are highly prone to catching disease like tuberculosis". This report also cited Africans' perceived diets as reason to reject them as workers. These public health officials were under the impression that Africans ate only simple foods such as rice and beans, and therefore, could not survive
9555-458: The two blocs had largely moved towards the centre by the mid-1980s. This led many voters to perceive the blocs as more or less indistinguishable, particularly after the Socialists ' "austerity turn" ( tournant de la rigueur ) of 1983, in turn inducing them to seek out to new political alternatives. By October 1982, Le Pen supported the prospect of deals with the mainstream right, provided that
9660-504: The values of the French Republic and Islam . Following that success, surveys found that French public opinion was largely negative towards Islam. In a 1989 legislative by-election in Dreux, FN candidate Marie-France Stirbois, campaigning mostly on an anti- Islamism platform, returned a symbolic FN presence to the National Assembly. By the early 1990s, some mainstream politicians began also employing anti-immigration rhetoric. In
9765-544: The votes. In the 2022 parliamentary elections , the National Rally achieved a significant increase in the number of its MPs in the National Assembly , from 7 to 89 seats. In June 2024, the party, led by its president Jordan Bardella, won the European Parliament elections in a landslide with 31.4% of the votes. This caused Macron to announce a snap election to try to garner more support for his party, Ensemble. Later that month, an RN-led right-wing coalition topped
9870-529: The war effort through working in wartime industries. While Maghrebis played a significant role in France's war effort, their contribution was ignored after the war. Rather, the French government continued their oppression in Algeria, angering North Africans in France and causing the rise of African rights groups. African rights groups include the Algerian Populist Party and the Movement for
9975-611: The years of 1947–1953, specifically, France saw a large influx of Maghrebi immigrants. Legal Algerian immigrants numbered 740,000 between these years In the 1950s, the French government began encouraging Algerian migration, as a result of pressure from businesses. This pressure was partly caused by the lack of workers in post-WWII France (Germain 23). In December 1958, they instituted the Social Action Fund, which supported African immigrants by allocating 500 million Francs towards Maghrebi immigrant shelters and housing. However,
10080-581: The youngest ever member of the French parliament. In late 2017, Florian Philippot left the FN and formed The Patriots , on the grounds that the FN had "softened" its position on leaving the EU and abandoning the Euro . At the conclusion of the 11 March 2018 party congress in Lille, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party to Rassemblement national (National Rally) while keeping the flame as its logo. The new name
10185-565: Was an Algerian Turk who obtained French citizenship; Mustapha Haciane was born in Algeria into a Turkish family and currently resides in Paris ; and Leïla Sebbar is paternally of Turkish origin through her grandmother. There are also several notable sportsman of Algerian-Turkish origin, including the former pole vaulter and Olympian Patrick Abada as well as footballers Benjamin Stambouli and Mustapha Stambouli . Numerous sources claim that
10290-409: Was announced that Marine Le Pen had received the two-thirds vote needed to become the new leader of the FN. She embarked on a project to transform the FN into a "mainstream party" by softening its xenophobic image. Opinion polls showed the party's popularity increase under Marine Le Pen, and in the 2011 cantonal elections the party won 15% of the overall vote (up from 4.5% in 2008). However, due to
10395-512: Was confirmed by a ballot of party members. Formerly strongly Eurosceptic , the National Rally changed policies in 2019, deciding to campaign for a reform of the EU rather than leaving it and to keep the euro as the main currency of France (together with the CFP franc for some collectivities). In 2021, Le Pen announced that she wanted to remain in the Schengen Area , citing "an attachment to
10500-422: Was elected as her successor. The party has seen an increase in its popularity and acceptance in French society in recent years. It has been accused of promoting xenophobia and antisemitism . While her father was nicknamed the "Devil of the Republic" by mainstream media and sparked outrage for hate speech , including Holocaust denial and Islamophobia , Marine Le Pen pursued a policy of " de-demonisation " of
10605-886: Was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005) which suggest that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East", although later papers have suggested that this date could have been as longas ten thousand years ago, with the transition from the Oranian to the Capsian culture in North Africa. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA . (Archived 2009 edition.) National Rally (France) Defunct Defunct The National Rally (French: Rassemblement national , pronounced [ʁasɑ̃bləmɑ̃ nɑsjɔnal] , RN ), known as
10710-678: Was little opportunity to move freely throughout society in Algeria, so many were motivated to migrate to France for a better life. The presence of a post-colonial economic opportunity gap when Algeria was freed after the Algerian War also contributed to the increase of Algerian immigrants. Additionally, some Maghrebis migrated to France because they would have more political freedom to protest French suppression in Algeria than they would in their home country. From 1943–1945, approximately 200,000 Maghrebis enlisted into France's armed forces. Additionally, an additional ≈100,000 Maghrebis participated in
10815-458: Was marginalised altogether in the 1978 legislative elections , although the PFN came out better off. In the first election for the European Parliament in 1979 , the PFN became part of an attempt to build a "Euro-Right" alliance of the continent's far-right parties, and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election. It fielded Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour as its primary candidate, while Le Pen called for voter abstention. For
10920-498: Was put to a vote among all party members. Rassemblement national had already been used as the name of a French party, the Rassemblement National Français , led by the radical-right lawyer Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour . His presidential campaign in 1965 had been managed by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The name had also been used by the FN previously, for its parliamentary group between 1986 and 1988 . However,
11025-517: Was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued. The Arab population of Algeria is a result of the inflow of sedentary and nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in
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