Franco-Italian , also known as Franco-Venetian or Franco-Lombard , in Italy as lingua franco-veneta " Franco-Venetan language", was a literary language used in parts of northern Italy, from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. It was employed by writers including Brunetto Latini and Rustichello da Pisa and was presumably only a written language, and not a spoken one.
22-509: Absent a standard form for literary works of the Gallo-Italic languages at the time, writers in genres including the romance employed a hybrid language strongly influenced by the French language (at this period, the group called langues d'oïl ). They sometimes described this type of literary Franco-Italian simply as French. Franco-Italian literature began to appear in northern Italy in
44-505: A Celtic substratum and a Germanic , mostly Lombardic , superstrate , Gallo-Italian descends from the Latin spoken in northern part of Italia (former Cisalpine Gaul ). The group had for part of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages a close linguistic link with Gaul and Raetia , west and north to the Alps . From the late Middle Ages , the group adopted various characteristics of
66-754: Is also more widely spoken than these two languages, thus the borders of Piedmontese have reached the western alps watershed that is the border with France. The speaking area of Ligurian or Genoese cover the territory of the former Republic of Genoa , which included much of nowadays Liguria, and some mountain areas of bordering regions near the Ligurian border, the upper valley of Roya river near Nice , in Carloforte and Calasetta in Southern Sardinia , and Bonifacio in Corsica . Emilian
88-408: Is due to their phonology. The Gallo-Italic languages differ somewhat in their phonology from one language to another, but the following are the most important characteristics, as contrasted with Italian : Dalmatian language Dalmatian or Dalmatic ( Italian : dalmatico ; Croatian : dalmatinski ) was a group of Romance varieties that developed along the coast of Dalmatia . Over
110-538: Is some debate over the proper grouping of the Gallo-Italic languages. They are sometimes grouped with Gallo-Romance, but other linguists group them in Italo-Dalmatian. Most Gallo-Italic languages have to varying degrees given way in everyday use to regional varieties of Italian . The vast majority of current speakers are diglossic with Italian. Among the regional languages of Italy, they are
132-689: Is spoken in the historical-cultural region of Emilia , which forms part of Emilia-Romagna , but also in many areas of the bordering regions, including southern Lombardy, south-eastern Piedmont, around the town of Tortona , province of Massa and Carrara in Tuscany and Polesine in Veneto, near the Po delta . With Romagnol , spoken in the historical region of Romagna , forms the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum . Gallo-Piceno ( gallo-italic of
154-708: The Italo-Dalmatian branch, both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the Gallo-Italic languages. The languages are spoken also in the departement of Alpes-Maritimes in France and in Ticino and southern Grisons , both in Switzerland , and the microstates of Monaco and San Marino . They are still spoken to some extent by the Italian diaspora in countries with Italian immigrant communities. Having
176-592: The Italo-Dalmatian languages of the south. As a result, the Gallo-Italic languages have characteristics of the Gallo-Romance languages to the northwest (including French and Franco-Provençal ), the Occitano-Romance languages to the west (including Catalan and Occitan ) and the Italo-Dalmatian languages to the north-east , central and south Italy ( Venetian , Dalmatian , Tuscan , Central Italian , Neapolitan , Sicilian ). For this there
198-601: The Republic of Ragusa , official business was conducted in Ragusan until approximately the end of the 15th century. In 1472 the Senate famously banned the use (without permission) of "Slavic" or "any language other than Ragusan or Italian" for conducting legal disputes. Another piece of evidence is a letter by Elio Lampridio Cerva (1463–1520) that mentions "I remember how, when I was a boy, old men would carry on legal business in
220-470: The province of Catania that developed large Lombard communities during this period, namely Randazzo , Paternò and Bronte . However, the Northern Italian influence in the local varieties of Sicilian are marked. In the case of San Fratello, some linguists suggested that the nowadays dialect has Provençal as its basis, having been a fort manned by Provençal mercenaries in the early decades of
242-602: The Marches or gallico-marchigiano ) is spoken in the province of Pesaro and Urbino and in the northern part of the province of Ancona ( the Marches ). Once classified as a dialect of Romagnol, now there is a debate about considering it a separated Gallo-Italic language. Varieties of Gallo-Italic languages are also found in Sicily , corresponding with the central-eastern parts of the island that received large numbers of immigrants from Northern Italy, called Lombards , during
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#1732765864733264-653: The Norman conquest (bearing in mind that it took the Normans 30 years to conquer the whole of the island). Other dialects, attested from 13th and 14th century, are also found in Basilicata , more precisely in the province of Potenza ( Tito , Picerno , Pignola and Vaglio Basilicata ), Trecchina , Rivello , Nemoli and San Costantino . Gallo-Italic languages are often said to resemble Western Romance languages like French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and in large part it
286-527: The Romance language that was called Ragusan". This was spoken in Krk ( Italian : Veglia , Dalmatian: Vikla ). It is documented from the 19th century, in large part thanks to the efforts of the linguist Matteo Bartoli and his informant Tuone Udaina . When they first met, Udaina had not spoken Vegliote in two decades and could only produce a sort of 'Dalmatianised' Venetian. As their interviews went on, he
308-589: The canton of the Grisons . Piedmontese refers to the languages spoken in the region of Piedmont and the north west corner of Liguria . Historically, the Piedmontese-speaking area is the plain at the foot of the Western Alps , and ends at the entrance to the valleys where Occitan and Franco-Provençal are spoken . In recent centuries, the language has also spread into these valleys, where it
330-547: The centuries they were increasingly influenced, and then supplanted, by Croatian and Venetian . It has not been demonstrated that Dalmatian belonged to a larger branch of Romance or even that its varieties constituted a valid genetic grouping of their own. This was spoken in Dubrovnik ( Italian : Ragusa ). Various Ragusan words are known from local documents in Latin and Venetian. One such document, for instance, records
352-568: The decades following the Norman conquest of Sicily (around 1080 to 1120). Given the time that has lapsed and the influence from the Sicilian language itself, these dialects are best generically described as Southern Gallo-Italic . The major centres where these dialects can still be heard today include Piazza Armerina , Aidone , Sperlinga , San Fratello , Nicosia , and Novara di Sicilia . Northern Italian dialects did not survive in some towns in
374-939: The first half of the 13th century, with the Livre d'Enanchet . Its vitality was exhausted around the 15th century with the Turin copy of the Huon d'Auvergne (1441). Prominent masterpieces include two versions of the Chanson de Roland , the very first version of The Travels of Marco Polo and the Entrée d'Espagne . The last original text of the Franco-Italian tradition is probably Aquilon de Bavière by Raffaele da Verona, who wrote it between 1379 and 1407 . Gallo-Italic languages The Gallo-Italic , Gallo-Italian , Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute
396-518: The majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy : Piedmontese , Lombard , Emilian , Ligurian , and Romagnol . In central Italy they are spoken in the northern Marches (Gallo-Italic of the Marches); in southern Italy in some language islands in Basilicata ( Gallo-Italic of Basilicata ) and Sicily ( Gallo-Italic of Sicily ). Although most publications define Venetian as part of
418-532: The most endangered, since in the main cities of their area ( Milan , Turin , Genoa , Bologna ) they are mainly used by the elderly. Within this sub-family, the language with the largest geographic spread is Lombard , spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy , in eastern Piedmont and western Trentino . Outside Italy it is widespread in Switzerland in the canton of Ticino , and some southern valleys of
440-465: The sounds [j i y] , as in the word [tʃol] "arse" < * [kyl] < * [ˈkulu] < CULUM . It was once thought that Vegliote, like Romanian , showed the sound-change /kt/ > /pt/ , but the only example of this is /ˈwapto/ "eight" < OCTO , which was probably affected by analogy with /ˈsapto/ "seven" < SEPTEM . From Udaina. Stress-marks have been omitted. Dalmatian would also have been spoken on major islands and in towns along
462-596: The words pen , teta , chesa , fachir and indicates the meanings 'bread', 'father', 'house', 'to do'. There are also some 14th-century texts in Ragusan, but these show extensive Croatian and Venetian influence, to the point that it is difficult to discern which if any of their features are genuinely Dalmatian. A notable feature of Ragusan was its preservation (without palatalisation ) of Latin /k/ and /ɡ/ before front vowels, which can be seen in attested forms like colchitra < Latin CULCITRA . In
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#1732765864733484-476: Was able to recall more and more Vegliote from his youth, albeit in a form still tinged by his Venetian. Like Ragusan, Vegliote did not participate in the broader Romance palatalisation of [k] and [ɡ] before front vowels. (Compare Vegliote [ɡeˈlut] "cold" and Italian [dʒeˈlato] < Latin GELATUM .) Nevertheless it appears to have undergone a later, and independent, palatalisation of [k] to [tʃ] before
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