34-797: The Friesenfeld was a Gau (territory) , in modern-day north Thuringia and south Saxony-Anhalt in the area between Allstedt and Merseburg and which bordered Hassegau . Numerous places in Friesenfeld such as Erdeborn were named in the Hersfeld Tithe Register of the Hersfeld Abbey as being obliged to pay tithes. The territory was named after Frisians who settled the area as colonists. Gau (territory) Gau ( German : [ɡaʊ] ; Dutch : gouw [ɣʌu] ; West Frisian : gea [ɡɪə] or goa [ɡoə] )
68-610: A gau is analogous with a pays of the Kingdom of France , or of Lotharingia . Old English , by contrast, has only traces of the word, which was replaced by scire (modern English shire ) from an early time, in names such as Noxga gā, Ohtga gā and perhaps in gōman, ġēman " yeoman ", which would then correspond to the Old High German gaumann . However, the Oxford English Dictionary connects
102-647: A council at Mainz . In attendance were the three archbishops of the East Frankish kingdom— Wilbert of Cologne , Liutbert of Mainz and Ratbod of Trier —and the West Frankish archbishops of Reims ( Fulk ) and Rouen (John I) along with the bishops of Beauvais and Noyon . According to Walter Ullmann , the presence of the West Franks was on account of the "barren ecclesiastical thought" of the East, and
136-512: A term for an administrative unit or jurisdiction, independent of the figure hundred. The Frankish usage contrasts with Tacitus' Germania , where a pagus was a subdivision of a tribal territory or civitas , corresponding to the Hundred, i.e. areas liable to provide a hundred men under arms, or containing roughly a hundred homesteads each, further divided into vici (villages or farmsteads). Charlemagne , by his capitulary legislation, adopted
170-525: Is a Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or current province . It was used in the Middle Ages , when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire . The administrative use of the term was revived as a subdivision during the period of Nazi Germany in 1933–1945. It still appears today in regional names, such as the Rheingau or Allgäu . The Germanic word
204-553: Is reflected in Gothic gawi (neuter; genitive gaujis ) and early Old High German gewi, gowi (neuter) and in some compound names -gawi as in Gothic (e.g. Durgawi " Canton of Thurgau ", Alpagawi " Allgäu "), later gâi, gôi , and after loss of the stem suffix gaw, gao , and with motion to the feminine as gawa besides gowo (from gowio ). Old Saxon shows further truncation to gâ, gô . As an equivalent of Latin pagus ,
238-683: The Duchy of Bavaria , and the March of Carinthia . The contemporary East Frankish Annales Fuldenses describes the kingdom being "divided in three" and Louis "acceding to the eastern part". The West Frankish Annales Bertiniani describe the extent of Louis's lands: "at the assigning of portions, Louis obtained all the land beyond the Rhine river, but on this side of the Rhine also the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz with their counties". The kingdom of West Francia went to Louis's younger half-brother Charles
272-685: The Kingdom of the East Franks ( Regnum Francorum orientalium ) was a successor state of Charlemagne 's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. It was created through the Treaty of Verdun (843) which divided the former empire into three kingdoms. The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, enforced by the Germanic - Latin language split, "gradually hardened into
306-867: The Treaty of Meersen . The short lived Middle Francia turned out to be the theatre of Franco-German wars up until the 20th century. All the Frankish lands were briefly reunited by Charles the Fat , but in 888 he was deposed by nobles and in East Francia Arnulf of Carinthia was elected king. The increasing weakness of royal power in East Francia meant that dukes of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia , Saxony and Lotharingia turned from appointed nobles into hereditary rulers of their territories. Kings increasingly had to deal with regional rebellions. In 911 Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian nobles no longer followed
340-488: The annexation of neighbouring territories by Nazi Germany in the late 1930s, a new unit of civil administration, the Reichsgau , was established. German-speaking territories annexed to Germany from 1938 were generally organised into Reichsgaue . Unlike the pre-existing Gaue , the new Reichsgaue formally combined the spheres of both party and state administration. Following the annexation of Austria in 1938,
374-659: The comitatus subdivision and appointed local rulers as deputies of the central Imperial authority. In the German-speaking lands of East Francia , the Gau formed the unit of administration of the realm during the 9th and 10th centuries and ruled by a gaugrave ( Gaugraf i.e. "gau count"). Similar to many shires in England, during the Middle Ages, many such Gaue came to be known as counties or Grafschaften ,
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#1732772362110408-574: The provinces of Prussia . Following the suppression of the political institutions of the Länder in the course of the Nazi Gleichschaltung process and the appointment of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governors) in 1933, the Gaue became the de facto administrative regions of the government and each individual Gauleiter had considerable power within his territory. With the beginning of
442-553: The Bald, and between their realms a kingdom of Middle Francia, incorporating Italy , was given to their elder brother, the Emperor Lothair I. While Eastern Francia contained about a third of the traditional Frankish heartland of Austrasia, the rest consisted mostly of lands annexed to the Frankish empire between the fifth and the eighth century. These included the duchies of Alamannia, Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia , as well as
476-638: The East Franks", in the treaty. By the 12th century, the historian Otto of Freising , in using the Carolingian terminology, had to explain that the "eastern kingdom of the Franks" ( orientale Francorum regnum ) was "now called the kingdom of the Germans" ( regnum Teutonicorum ). In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of emperor Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the Treaty of Verdun
510-547: The German 's court. Since eastern Francia could be identified with old Austrasia, the Frankish heartland, Louis's choice of terminology hints at his ambitions. Under his grandson, Arnulf of Carinthia, the terminology was largely dropped and the kingdom, when it was referred to by name, was simply Francia . When it was necessary, as in the Treaty of Bonn (921) with the West Franks, the "eastern" qualifier appeared. Henry I refers to himself as rex Francorum orientalium , "king of
544-598: The case of Zichenau ) and Upper Silesia (as in the case of the Silesian voivodeship with the counties of Oświęcim and Biała ). After the successful invasion of France in 1940, Germany re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine . The former département of Moselle was incorporated into the Gau of Saar-Palatinate, while Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin became part of the Gau Baden . Similarly, the formerly independent state of Luxembourg
578-445: The council proceeded to adopt West Frankish ideas of royal sacrality and anointing . It was "the first phase in the process of assimilation of the two halves of the Carolingian inheritance". In another church council at Tribur in 895, the prelates declared that Arnulf was chosen by God and not by men and Arnulf in turn swore to defend the church and its privileges from all its enemies. When Arnulf died in 899, his minor son, Louis IV ,
612-496: The country, briefly renamed " Ostmark " between 1938 and 1942, was sub-divided into seven Reichsgaue . These had boundaries broadly the same as the former Austrian Länder (states), with the Tyrol and Vorarlberg being merged as "Tyrol-Vorarlberg", Burgenland being divided between Styria and "Lower Danube" ( Niederdonau , the renamed Lower Austria ). Upper Austria was also renamed "Upper Danube" ( Oberdonau ), thus eliminating
646-416: The establishment of separate kingdoms", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France . The term orientalis Francia originally referred to Franconia and orientales Franci to its inhabitants, the ethnic Franks living east of the Rhine. The use of the term in a broader sense, to refer to the eastern kingdom, was an innovation of Louis
680-695: The etymology of yeoman to young instead. In the Carolingian Empire , a Gau was a subdivision of the realm, further divided into Hundreds . The Frankish gowe thus appear to correspond roughly to the civitas in other barbarian kingdoms ( Visigoths , Burgundians , or the Italian Kingdom of the Lombards ). After the end of the Migration Period , the Hundred ( centena or hunaria , Old High German huntari ) had become
714-473: The most capable successor. This kingship changed from Franks to Saxons, who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar , had to subdue other dukes and concentrated on creating a state apparatus which was fully utilized by his son and successor Otto I . By his death in July 936, Henry had prevented collapse of royal power, as
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#1732772362110748-458: The name of "Austria" ( Österreich in German) from the official map. A small number of boundary changes also took place, the most significant of which was the massive expansion of Vienna 's official territory, at the expense of "Lower Danube". Northern and eastern territory annexed from the dismembered Czechoslovakia were mainly organised as the Reichsgau of Sudetenland , with territory to
782-462: The northern and eastern marches with the Danes and Slavs. The contemporary chronicler Regino of Prüm wrote that the "different people" ( diversae nationes populorum ) of East Francia, mostly Germanic- and Slavic-speaking, could be "distinguished from each other by race, customs, language and laws" ( genere moribus lingua legibus ). In 869, Lotharingia was divided between West and East Francia under
816-458: The royal family and the kingdom. Collectively, these were known by the technical term servitium regis ("king's service"). According to the evidence of the Notitia de servitio monasteriorum , a list of monasteries and the services they owed drawn up around 817, the burden of military and monetary service was more severe in west Francia than in east Francia. Only four monasteries listed as "beyond
850-654: The south annexed to the Reichsgaue of Lower and Upper Danube. Following the Axis invasion of Poland in 1939, territories of the Pomeranian and Poznań voivodeships as well as the western half of Łódź voivodeship were reannexed to Germany as the Reichsgaue of Danzig-Westpreussen (which also incorporated the former Free City of Danzig ) and Wartheland . Other parts of Nazi-occupied Poland were incorporated to pre-existing bordering gaus of East Prussia (as in
884-403: The symbols and rituals of East Frankish kingship were created from scratch. From an early date, the East Frankish kingdom had a more formalised notion of royal election than West Francia. Around 900, a liturgy for the coronation of a king, called the early German ordo , was written for a private audience. It required the coronator to ask the "designated prince" ( princeps designatus ) whether he
918-497: The territory of a Graf ( count ) within the Holy Roman Empire . Such a count or Graf would originally have been an appointed governor , but the position generally became an hereditary vassal princedom, or fief in most of continental Europe. The term Gau was revived in German historical research in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was considered an ancient administration structure of Germanic peoples . It
952-459: The tradition of electing someone from the Carolingian dynasty as a king to rule over them and on 10 November, 911 elected one of their own ( Conrad I ) as the new king. Because Conrad I was one of the dukes, he found it very hard to establish his authority over them. Duke Henry of Saxony was in rebellion against Conrad I until 915 and struggle against Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria cost Conrad I his life. On his deathbed, Conrad I chose Henry of Saxony as
986-578: Was adopted in the 1920s as the name given to the regional associations of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Each Gau denoted an administrative region, created by a party statute dated 22 May 1926. Each Gau was headed by a Gauleiter . The original 33 Gaue were generally coterminous with the Reichstag election districts of the Weimar Republic , based on the constituent states ( Länder ) and
1020-727: Was annexed to Koblenz-Trier, and the Belgian territories of Eupen and Malmedy were incorporated into Cologne-Aachen. The medieval term Gau (sometimes Gäu ; gouw in Dutch ) has survived as (second, more generic) component of the names of certain regions – some named after a river – in Germany, Austria, Alsace , Switzerland , Belgium, South Tyrol , and the Netherlands . Notes Bibliography East Francia East Francia ( Latin : Francia orientalis ) or
1054-544: Was crowned, but not anointed, and placed under the tutelage of Archbishop Hatto I of Mainz . Louis's coronation was the first in German history. When Louis died in late September 911, Duke Conrad I, then the Duke of Franconia , was elected to replace him on 10 November and he became the first German king to receive unction. The three basic services monasteries could owe to the sovereign in the Frankish realms were military service, an annual donation of money or work, and prayers for
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1088-644: Was happening in West Francia , and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I. After Otto I was crowned as the Emperor in Rome in 962, the era of the Holy Roman Empire began. The regalia of the Carolingian empire had been divided by Louis the Pious on his deathbed between his two faithful sons, Charles the Bald and Lothair. Louis the German, then in rebellion, received nothing of the crown jewels or liturgical books associated with Carolingian kingship. Thus
1122-458: Was signed by his three sons and heirs. The division of lands was largely based on the Meuse , Scheldt , Saone and Rhone rivers. While the eldest son Lothair I kept the imperial title and the kingdom of Middle Francia , Charles the Bald received West Francia and Louis the German received the eastern portion of mostly Germanic-speaking lands: the Duchy of Saxony , Austrasia , Alamannia ,
1156-477: Was willing to defend the church and the people and then to turn and ask the people whether they were willing to be subject to the prince and obey his laws. The latter then shouted, " Fiat , fiat !" (Let it be done!), an act that later became known as "Recognition". This is the earliest known coronation ordo with a Recognition in it, and it was subsequently incorporated in the influential Pontificale Romano-Germanicum . In June 888, King Arnulf of Carinthia convened
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