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63-407: Friulano , from Friuli , may refer to: Friulano (language) Friulano (grape) Friulano (cheese) , Canadian-Italian cheese Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Friulano . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

126-524: A great deal during the course of the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between 1,200 and 1,500 mm (47–59 in) (Gorizia over 1,350 mm (53 in) and Udine over 1,400 mm (55 in)), whereas the alpine area's maximum annual rainfall is approximately 3,000 mm (120 in). The Julian Prealps is one of Italy's rainiest regions: Musi receives about 3,300 mm (130 in) of annual precipitation, sometimes even 5000 mm, and can receive 400 mm (16 in) in

189-539: A lake is hu ( 湖 ), and a lagoon is xihu ( 潟湖 ). In the French Mediterranean several lagoons are called étang ("lake"). Contrariwise, several other languages have specific words for such bodies of water. In Spanish, coastal lagoons generically are laguna costera , but those on the Mediterranean coast are specifically called albufera . In Russian and Ukrainian, those on

252-422: A regular flow of fresh water an "estuary". Davis does state that the terms "lagoon" and "estuary" are "often loosely applied, even in scientific literature". Timothy M. Kusky characterizes lagoons as normally being elongated parallel to the coast, while estuaries are usually drowned river valleys, elongated perpendicular to the coast. Coastal lagoons are classified as inland bodies of water. When used within

315-592: A series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli stayed with the Archduke of Austria (until 1543). Between 1615 and 1617 Venice and Austria again fought for the possession of the fort of Gradisca d'Isonzo . The so-called War of Gradisca ended with a return to the status quo . Beginning in 1516 the Habsburg Empire controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. In 1797,

378-519: A short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly milder micro-climate with its approximate annual average of 4 °C (39 °F). In the warmest month, July, the temperatures range between 22.5 and 24 °C (72.5–75.2 °F) along the coast and plains and between 14 and 16 °C (57–61 °F) in Val Canale. Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies

441-501: A single month. In some areas of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the flooding of many rivers. Snow is sparse in the southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days each year in Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently further to the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23 days, and Passo di Monte Croce Carnico 28 days). The following weatherbox is from Udine , the main city of Friuli. Friuli, Mandament of Portogruaro included,

504-458: Is actually the third-largest lake by area in the country. The brackish water lagoon may be thus explicitly identified as a "coastal lagoon" ( laguna costera ). In Portuguese, a similar usage is found: lagoa may be a body of shallow seawater, or a small freshwater lake not linked to the sea. Lagoon is derived from the Italian laguna , which refers to the waters around Venice ,

567-754: Is an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of water classified as estuaries . Lagoons are common coastal features around many parts of the world. Lagoons are shallow, often elongated bodies of water separated from a larger body of water by a shallow or exposed shoal , coral reef , or similar feature. Some authorities include fresh water bodies in the definition of "lagoon", while others explicitly restrict "lagoon" to bodies of water with some degree of salinity . The distinction between "lagoon" and "estuary" also varies between authorities. Richard A. Davis Jr. restricts "lagoon" to bodies of water with little or no fresh water inflow, and little or no tidal flow, and calls any bay that receives

630-800: Is bordered on the west by the Veneto region with the border running along the Livenza river, on the north by the crest of the Carnic Alps between Carnia and Austrian Carinthia , on the east by the Julian Alps , the border with Slovenia and the Timavo river, and on the south by the Adriatic Sea . The adjacent Slovene parts of the Soča / Isonzo valley from Gorizia / Nova Gorica up to Triglav and

693-885: Is inhabited by over 1,000,000 people. One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the final decades of the 19th century and ended in the 1970s. It is estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated away over a period of approximately one hundred years. According to the most recent census by AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134,936. Of these, 56.0% reside in Europe, 24.0% in South America, 10.3% in North America and 4.7% in Oceania . This data only reflects those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded from

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756-504: Is sparsely used in public life. There are some movements and political parties that advocate a more autonomous, or even an independent Friuli in line with historical borders, such as the Friuli Movement , Front Furlan , Patrie Furlane and Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan . While standard Italian is the primary official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli. Friulian

819-543: Is spoken in the provinces of Udine, Gorizia, and Pordenone. Venetian and its dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) on the western border regions (i.e. Pordenone ), sparingly in a few internal towns (i.e. Gorizia , etc.), and historically in some places along the Adriatic coast. In the southeastern part of Friuli, a Venetian transitional dialect is spoken, called Bisiaco , that has influences of both Slovene and Friulian. Slovene dialects are spoken in

882-626: The Black Sea are liman ( лиман ), while the generic word is laguna ( Лагуна ). Similarly, in the Baltic , Danish has the specific Nor  [ da ] , and German the specifics Bodden and Haff , as well as generic terms derived from laguna . In Poland these lagoons are called zalew ("bay"), in Lithuania marios ("lagoon, reservoir"). In Jutland several lagoons are known as fjord . In New Zealand

945-756: The Italia province (the Augustan region Venetia et Histria ). The city was the most important river port on the Natissa river, dominating trade between the Adriatic Sea and northern Europe (carried over the Via Iulia Augusta road). Aquileia owed its importance to the strategic position it has on the Adriatic sea and its proximity to the Alps. This location allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from

1008-661: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , the others (49.552) in the Friulian parts of the Austrian Küstenland . Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians. During World War I, Friuli was a theater of battle that had serious consequences for the civilian population, specifically the Battle of Caporetto . After World War II, the pro-devolution movement gained momentum in 1945. Friuli got entangled in

1071-523: The Māori word hapua refers to a coastal lagoon formed at the mouth of a braided river where there are mixed sand and gravel beaches, while waituna , an ephemeral coastal waterbody, is neither a true lagoon, lake nor estuary. Some languages differentiate between coastal and atoll lagoons. In French, lagon  [ fr ] refers specifically to an atoll lagoon, while coastal lagoons are described as étang  [ fr ] ,

1134-563: The Third Italian War of Independence , while eastern Friuli ( County of Gorizia and Gradisca ) remained under Austria until the end of World War I. The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the k. u. k. Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of 401,357 Friulians living in the Austrian Empire . The majority of Friulians (351,805) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to

1197-610: The Venetian Lagoon . Laguna is attested in English by at least 1612, and had been Anglicized to "lagune" by 1673. In 1697 William Dampier referred to a "Lagune or Lake of Salt water" on the coast of Mexico. Captain James Cook described an island "of Oval form with a Lagoon in the middle" in 1769. Atoll lagoons form as coral reefs grow upwards while the islands that the reefs surround subside, until eventually only

1260-722: The Vipava Valley , forming the Goriška region, may also be considered part of historic Friuli. The mountainous northern part of the region belongs to the Southern Limestone Alps . From west to east, the region's highest peaks are, in the Carnic Prealps ( Dolomiti Friulane )—the Cima dei Preti , 2,703 metres (8,868 ft), Duranno 2,652 metres (8,701 ft), and Cridola 2,581 metres (8,468 ft); in

1323-458: The Wadden Sea , have strong tidal currents and mixing. Coastal lagoons tend to accumulate sediments from inflowing rivers, from runoff from the shores of the lagoon, and from sediment carried into the lagoon through inlets by the tide. Large quantities of sediment may be occasionally be deposited in a lagoon when storm waves overwash barrier islands. Mangroves and marsh plants can facilitate

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1386-548: The "towns of the Carni" in the "country of the Carni". The Carni worshiped the deity Belenus which is attested by the most numerous votive inscriptions found in and around Aquileia . A northern mountainous area of Friuli still retains the ancient name Carnia . Beginning from the 2nd century BC, Friuli was colonized by the Romans : Aquileia was the fourth largest city of Italy during Roman imperial times, capital of Regio X of

1449-616: The 1630s, the Venetian Republic entered a relative decline, due to the enlarging horizon of European markets (reaching now from Asia to Africa to the Americas). Venice's richest families often directed financial resources into unproductive investments (specifically real estate), while there was a loss of competitiveness in industries and services. Friuli was subject to increasing fiscal pressure, and its industries and commercial activities were affected. According to some historians,

1512-631: The Carnic Alps— Peralba 2,694 metres (8,839 ft), Monte Bìvera 2,474 metres (8,117 ft) and Coglians 2,780 metres (9,120 ft); in the Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt 2,666 metres (8,747 ft), the Jôf di Montasio 2,754 metres (9,035 ft), Mangart 2,677 metres (8,783 ft), and Canin 2,587 metres (8,488 ft), which dominates the plain. Rivers flowing southwards from

1575-659: The Deacon was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the Historia Langobardorum and taught Latin grammar at Charlemagne 's court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, Paulinus , was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. After the Kingdom of Italy fell to the Franks , the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region

1638-518: The East. Julius Caesar quartered his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centers, such as Forum Iulii ( Cividale del Friuli ) and Iulium Carnicum ( Zuglio ), contributed to the increase in economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of the 5th century. In the final decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the center of one of

1701-707: The Friulian plain is mainly humid subtropical . The climate in this area is suitable for growing white wine grapes, and 2.5% of wine produced in Italy comes from this part of the region. The hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is 14 °C (57 °F), while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to 13 to 13.5 °C (55.4 to 56.3 °F; Udine 13.1 °C (55.6 °F), Pordenone 13.3 °C (55.9 °F), Gorizia 13.4 °C (56.1 °F)). Further north, in Tolmezzo,

1764-498: The Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands of the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a generalized depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent colonization by barbarian gentes . After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , Friuli belonged to the kingdom of Odoacer and subsequently to that of Theodoric

1827-691: The Great . The Byzantine reconquest under Justinian I was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the Lombards , who invaded from Pannonia , and with that, ended the Greek-Byzantine era of the region. The Lombard king Alboin established the Duchy of Friuli , the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative Gisulf I . The capital of the duchy was established at Forum Iulii ( Cividale del Friuli ), which became

1890-902: The Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovene, known as Resian . According to the official estimates of the Italian government, between 45,000 and 51,000 Slovene speakers live in Friuli: around 11,000 in the Province of Gorizia, and the rest in the Province of Udine. Due to emigration, most Slovene speakers in the Province of Udine live outside their traditional compact zone of settlement. German-related dialects (like Rogasaxon) are spoken in several ancient enclaves like Timau, Zahre ( Sauris ) and Plodn ( Sappada ). Only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be local secondary official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects. Asteroid 212705 Friûl

1953-872: The average temperature is approximately 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The lowest values are recorded in the Alps: 4 °C (39 °F) at Passo di Monte Croce Carnico (at 1,300 metres / 4,300 ft) and between 5.5 and 7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in Val Canale, which is situated 850 metres (2,790 ft) above sea level . In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between approximately 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) in Monfalcone and nearly −5 °C (23 °F) in Passo di Monte Croce Carnico , with intermediate temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) in Udine and −2 or −3 °C (28 or 27 °F) in Valcanale. Gorizia,

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2016-522: The census because they are not Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have supported cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world. In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the Castellieri culture and the Raeti . These peoples were the dominant culture in the area from about the 15th century BC until the early historical period. During

2079-510: The cities of Codroipo and Palmanova . To the south of this road is the risorgive zone, where water resurfaces from underground waterways in spring-fed pools throughout the area. South of the plains lie the lagoons of Marano and Grado , which are nature reserves. Other important rivers include the Torre , Natisone , Stella, Isonzo / Soča , and Ausa . Friuli covers an area of 8,240 square kilometres (3,180 sq mi), subdivided among

2142-547: The city, but found it completely destroyed. The reconstruction of Aquileia was never completed and it never regained the old splendour of the capital of X Regio . The city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, due to the creation of the Patriarchate of Aquileia . It ranked among the highest ecclesiastic authorities in Italy from the mid-6th century onward. The lack of security in

2205-626: The context of a distinctive portion of coral reef ecosystems, the term "lagoon" is synonymous with the term "back reef" or "backreef", which is more commonly used by coral reef scientists to refer to the same area. Many lagoons do not include "lagoon" in their common names. Currituck , Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds in North Carolina , Great South Bay between Long Island and the barrier beaches of Fire Island in New York , Isle of Wight Bay , which separates Ocean City, Maryland from

2268-650: The course of the 4th century BC Friuli was also settled by the Carni (in ancient Greek Καρνίοι ), a tribe of unknown ethnicity which may have spoken a Celtic , a Venetic or a Rhaetic language , and which introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. According to Strabo [4.6] the Carni inhabited "the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia" and both Pliny [3.22(18)] and Ptolemy [3.1] ascribe Aquileia , Concordia and Forum Julii to belong to

2331-516: The forced surrender of all livestock to feed traveling troops. The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the Bassa Friulana and central Friuli. Venice took possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them. These properties in turn would be sold by Venice during the 17th century to raise cash to alleviate its poor financial condition. Beginning in

2394-597: The generic word for a still lake or pond. In Vietnamese, Đầm san hô refers to an atoll lagoon, whilst Đầm phá is coastal. In Latin America, the term laguna in Spanish, which lagoon translates to, may be used for a small fresh water lake in a similar way a creek is considered a small river. However, sometimes it is popularly used to describe a full-sized lake , such as Laguna Catemaco in Mexico, which

2457-453: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friulano&oldid=1170931181 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Friuli The name originates from the ancient Roman town of Forum Iulii (" Julius ' Forum "), now Cividale del Friuli . Friuli

2520-630: The lagoon. Lagoons with little or no interchange with the open ocean, little or no inflow of fresh water, and high evaporation rates, such as Lake St. Lucia , in South Africa , may become highly saline. Lagoons with no connection to the open ocean and significant inflow of fresh water, such as the Lake Worth Lagoon in Florida in the middle of the 19th century, may be entirely fresh. On the other hand, lagoons with many wide inlets, such as

2583-556: The land along the coast). Coastal lagoons do not form along steep or rocky coasts, or if the range of tides is more than 4 metres (13 ft). Due to the gentle slope of the coast, coastal lagoons are shallow. A relative drop in sea level may leave a lagoon largely dry, while a rise in sea level may let the sea breach or destroy barrier islands, and leave reefs too deep underwater to protect the lagoon. Coastal lagoons are young and dynamic, and may be short-lived in geological terms. Coastal lagoons are common, occurring along nearly 15 percent of

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2646-640: The largely rural border mountain region known as Venetian Slovenia . German (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in Tarvisio and Pontebba ); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in Malborghetto Valbruna ), Carinthian Slovenian dialects are spoken too. Slovene is also spoken in the Collio area north of Gorizia. In the Resia valley , between Venetian Slovenia and

2709-625: The laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to Udine , where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. The Patriarchate ended in 1420: surrounded by

2772-501: The maze of opposing forces acting in the territory. Yugoslavian Titoists pursued an annexation of Friuli to the rising communist Yugoslavia. By contrast, in 1945, the traditionalist association Patrie tal Friul was founded by Tiziano Tessitori with a view to establishing an autonomous Friuli within Italy. The draft autonomic project was launched with the support of the Christian Democratic Party . In January 1947,

2835-573: The most important city of the area and for where it derived its name. The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the Avars and Slavs from Pannonia . Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike Spoleto and Benevento to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its marcher status. Among later dukes, Ratchis became king in 744 and his ducal successor, Aistulf , succeeded him as king in 749. The historian Paul

2898-405: The most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with Milan and, subsequently, Ravenna , for second place to Rome. A Hun invasion marked the start of Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meager forces, was forced to surrender and was razed to the ground by Attila in 452. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of Grado , returned to

2961-402: The mountains are numerous. The Friulian mountains surround the course of the Tagliamento river, which, at the latitude of Gemona del Friuli first crosses the hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain ( Bassa Friulana ), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects

3024-427: The other side, it maintained also its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time. Friuli was the eastern border of the Stato da Tera , and suffered both from Ottoman raids and from the border wars with Austria. These wars led to poverty and instability of the rural population, with the inability to cultivate the land crossed by fighting armies and with

3087-574: The poet and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini went on to found the party Movimiento Popolari Friulano, with the same purpose of devolution. Pasolini opposed a possible Yugoslavian annexation, but at the same time lashed out at those who aimed at using regionalism for their immobilist, "backwards Conservatism". Pasolini dropped membership in his party after the Christian Democrats came to pull its strings. The Communist Party of Italy opposed devolution, sticking to an Italian centralist agenda. Around 350,000 people claim Friulan as their native language, though it

3150-545: The political populism practiced by Venice looked for ways to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of feudalism . Other researchers assert that the Venetian aristocratic government maintained a most oppressive feudal condition in Friuli. These policies were practiced by the Venetian government to ensure the support of the urban and rural population as a counterbalance to the independent tendencies and power of local oligarchies and aristocrats. An important jacquerie , known as Joibe Grasse 1511 ( Fat Thursday 1511 ),

3213-416: The powerful states of the Austrian Empire , the Kingdom of Hungary and the Republic of Venice , it was the theatre of a war between Hungary and Venice , and was conquered by the latter. Friuli maintained some form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate, an autonomy not granted to the other cities and provinces submitted to Venice (even Venetian ones); on

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3276-509: The provinces of Udine 4,905 square kilometres (1,894 sq mi), Pordenone 2,178 square kilometres (841 sq mi) and Gorizia 466 square kilometres (180 sq mi). The historical capital and most important city is Udine , which was also the capital of the medieval Patria del Friuli . Other important towns are Pordenone , Gorizia / Nova Gorica , Sacile , Codroipo , Cervignano del Friuli , Cividale del Friuli , Gemona del Friuli , Monfalcone , and Tolmezzo . The climate of

3339-425: The rebellion. The chiefs of the revolt were executed, but the feudal powers of the Friulian noblemen were reduced. With the 1516 Noyon pacts the boundary between the Venetian Republic and the County of Gorizia and Gradisca , now in the hands of the House of Habsburg , were redefined. Venice lost the upper Isonzo valley (that is the Gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it kept Monfalcone , Marano and

3402-407: The reefs remain above sea level. Unlike the lagoons that form shoreward of fringing reefs, atoll lagoons often contain some deep (>20 m (66 ft)) portions. Coastal lagoons form along gently sloping coasts where barrier islands or reefs can develop offshore, and the sea-level is rising relative to the land along the shore (either because of an intrinsic rise in sea-level, or subsidence of

3465-403: The rest of Worcester County, Maryland , Banana River in Florida , US, Lake Illawarra in New South Wales , Australia, Montrose Basin in Scotland , and Broad Water in Wales have all been classified as lagoons, despite their names. In England, The Fleet at Chesil Beach has also been described as a lagoon. In some languages the word for a lagoon is simply a type of lake: In Chinese

3528-405: The world's shorelines. In the United States, lagoons are found along more than 75 percent of the Eastern and Gulf Coasts . Coastal lagoons can be classified as leaky, restricted, or choked. Coastal lagoons are usually connected to the open ocean by inlets between barrier islands. The number and size of the inlets, precipitation, evaporation, and inflow of fresh water all affect the nature of

3591-446: The year of the Treaty of Campo Formio , this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria. For a brief period from 1805 until the Bourbon Restoration , Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna confirmed the union of Veneto, which Central-West Friuli was part of, with Lombardy (previously divided between Austrian Empire and Venetian Republic), to constitute the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . Eastern Friuli

3654-417: Was again reorganized into the March of Friuli in 846. The march was granted to the Unruoching dynasty . Friuli became the base of power of Berengar I during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to Lake Garda , the capital moved to Verona , and a new March of Verona and Aquileia established in its place. The territory

3717-530: Was named in honor of the region. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ( M.P.C. 111803 ). Lagoon A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform , such as reefs , barrier islands , barrier peninsulas, or isthmuses . Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons (or barrier lagoons ) and atoll lagoons . They have also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines. There

3780-466: Was not included in the puppet state. In 1838, the District of Portogruaro was removed from the Province of the Friuli due to the Austrians' wishes and assigned to the Province of Venice. Portogruaro was for long time part of Friuli, even under Venetian Republic, and Friulian language was spoken in the area. In 1866, central Friuli (today's province of Udine ) and western Friuli (today's province of Pordenone ) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after

3843-408: Was now subjected to the Duchy of Bavaria , then to the Duchy of Carinthia , for more than a century. On 3 April 1077, the Emperor Henry IV granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd , Patriarch of Aquileia . In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring Trieste , Istria , Carinthia , Styria , and Cadore . The patriarchal state of Friuli

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3906-463: Was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a parliament representing the communes as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during Venetian domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte . The Patriarch Marquard of Randeck (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all

3969-490: Was started in Udine on February 27 by starving Udinesi citizens. They were subsequently joined by the farmers and the revolt spread to the whole territory of Friûl, against the feudal rule of some noble families; some other noble family, like the pro-Venetian Savorgnan, initially supported the revolters. This insurrection was one of the largest in Renaissance Italy and it lasted from 27 February until 1 March, when it ended as Venice dispatched around one hundred cavalry to put down

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