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67-533: The Front Page Award is an award given by the Newswomen's Club of New York to honor journalistic achievement by women. It has been given annually since 1937. The awards were initially divided into three divisions – straight reporting assignments for a single story or a series of articles; regular features exclusively in the feminine field, including fashion columns, or sewing or cooking departments; any column or feature, including editorials, written consistently by

134-516: A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ). The average temperature throughout the year is 50.9 °F (10.5 °C), with the highest average temperature in July being 74.9 °F (23.8 °C), and January being the coldest month with an average temperature of 25.5 °F (−3.6 °C). The annual precipitation is 42.09 inches (1,069 mm). The highest temperature in New York State

201-526: A public relations writer at nearby General Electric . His 1963 novel, Cat's Cradle , was written in the city and is set in Ilium. His recurring main character, Kilgore Trout, is a resident of Cohoes , just across the Hudson River from Troy. Like many old industrial cities, Troy has had to deal with the loss of its manufacturing base, loss of population and wealth to the suburbs, and to other parts of

268-518: A $ 500 tuition allowance. The club provided the $ 10,000 seed money for the fund. The first fellowships were awarded in 1965 to Jennie Graciela Vasquez-Solis of La Prensa (es) in Lima , Peru, and Elvira J. Valenzuela of The Wichita Eagle and The Wichita Beacon in Kansas . The Joan O'Sullivan Scholarship was created in 2008 in honor of the columnist and editor for King Features Syndicate who

335-463: A community then called West Troy. After the Civil War , the steel production industry moved west to be closer to raw materials. The presence of iron and steel also made it possible for Troy to be an early site in the development of iron storefronts and steel structural supports in architecture, and some significant early examples remain in the city. Troy was an early home of professional baseball and

402-580: A farm of 65 acres (26 ha), which in 1787 was laid out as a village. The name Troy, after the legendary Greek city of Troy made famous in Homer 's Iliad , was adopted in 1789, before which the tiny community had been known as Ashley's Ferry. The area was formed into the Town of Troy in 1791 from part of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck . The township included today's towns of Brunswick and Grafton . Troy became

469-700: A group that would fight for the rights of female journalists. The New York Newspaper Women's Club was started by 32 women who met at the Hotel Vanderbilt on March 8, 1922, and formally began two weeks later with the swearing in of officers and the adoption of a constitution. The founding officers were Martha Coman of The New York Herald as president, Jane Dixon of the New York Telegram as vice president, Theodora Bean of The Morning Telegraph as treasurer, Emma Bugbee of The New York Tribune as recording secretary, Ann Dunlap of

536-574: A large area. The city is on the central part of the western border of Rensselaer County. The Hudson River makes up the western border of the city and the county's border with Albany County. The city borders within Rensselaer County, Schaghticoke to the north, Brunswick to the east, and North Greenbush to the south; to the west, the city borders the Albany County town of Colonie , the villages of Menands and Green Island , and

603-487: A process that presaged the later use of fiberglass, Kevlar, and carbon-fiber composites. In 1900, Troy annexed Lansingburgh, a former town and village whose standing dates back prior to the War of Independence, in Rensselaer County. Lansingburgh is thus often referred to as "North Troy." However, prior to the annexation that portion of Troy north of Division Street was called North Troy and the neighborhood south of Washington Park

670-576: A small valley at the south end of the city. The industry first used charcoal and iron ore from the nearby Adirondack Mountains. Later, ore and coal from the Midwest were shipped via the Erie Canal to Troy and were processed before being sent down the Hudson River to New York City. The iron and steel also were used by the extensive federal arsenal located—as it is today—across the Hudson at Watervliet ,

737-429: A vice president of the club for nine years. The New York Times provided $ 10,000 of the $ 15,000 needed to establish the annual scholarship. The first $ 500 scholarship was awarded to Mary Kay Johnson of Wakefield, Rhode Island in 1955 at the club's annual Front Page dinner and dance. The Mary E. Watts Award was named in honor of the club member and former women's editor of The Sun . The initial $ 100 scholarship

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804-545: A village in 1801 then was chartered as a city in 1816. In the post–Revolutionary War years, as Central New York was first settled, a strong trend to classical names existed, and Troy's naming fits the same pattern as the New York cities of Syracuse, Rome, Utica, Ithaca, and the towns of Sempronius and Manlius, and dozens of other similarly named towns to the west of Troy. Troy's Latin motto is Ilium fuit, Troja est , which means "Ilium was, Troy is". Northern and Western New York

871-522: A woman. Broadcast and magazine categories were added in 1972. This award -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Newswomen%27s Club of New York American newspapers hired large numbers of female journalists in 1919–1920 to cover the women's suffrage movement , but after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment , many were demoted to the society pages or let go. This led several women to plan

938-414: Is 86.8% whereas the number of persons with a bachelor's degree or higher is 26.8%. Additionally, due to the increasing age of the internet, the percentage of households with a computer from 2015 to 2019 has increased to 88.5% and those with a broadband Internet subscription lies at 81.5%. The city is also home to numerous churches (Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant), three synagogues, and one mosque. Troy

1005-413: Is helping Troy develop a small high-technology sector, particularly in video game development . The downtown core also has a smattering of advertising and architecture firms, and other creative businesses attracted by the area's distinctive architecture. Uncle Sam Atrium is an enclosed urban shopping mall, office space, and parking garage in downtown Troy. RPI is the city's largest private employer. Troy

1072-475: Is home to Victorian and Belle Époque architecture . The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers play their part, as does the Erie Canal and its lesser tributary canal systems, and later the railroads that linked Troy to the rest of the Empire State , New York City to the south, and Utica, New York , Syracuse, New York , Rochester, New York , Buffalo, New York , and the myriad of emergent Great Lakes ' cities in

1139-724: Is home to a number of institutions of higher learning, including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Hudson Valley Community College and Russell Sage College . Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near its confluence with the Mohawk River . The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas -- "kill" being the Dutch word for "creek" or small stream—were owned by two Mohican groups. The land around

1206-556: Is known as the "Collar City" due to its history in shirt, collar, and other textile production. Until the early 1990s, Troy was home to several textile manufacturers, including Cluett, Peabody, a subsidiary of the nation's largest publicly held textile manufacturer West Point-Pepperell Inc. The detachable collar was first established in Troy in 1820 by a Mrs. Montague. Her husband was a prominent blacksmith who complained to his wife that after coming home from work he had no clean white shirts for

1273-474: Is known for its success in the transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace. Through much of the 19th and into the early 20th centuries, Troy was one of the most prosperous cities in the United States. Prior to its rise as an industrial center, it was the transshipment point for meat and vegetables from Vermont and New York, which were sent by the Hudson River to New York City. The trade

1340-627: Is planning Troy's redevelopment. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.0 square miles (28 km ), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km ) (5.44%) is covered by water. Troy is located several miles north of Albany near the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals, via the Hudson River, and is the terminus of the New York Barge Canal . It is the distributing center for

1407-630: The New York American as corresponding secretary, Josephine Ober of the New York World as chair of the membership committee, Jane Grant of The New York Times as chair of the house committee, and Louella Parsons of The Morning Telegraph as chair of the publicity committee. The first board of directors consisted of Parsons, Grant, and Esther Coster of the Brooklyn Eagle . The annual membership dues were $ 25, which

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1474-603: The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1945. It awarded the first $ 200 scholarship to Laura Hoyle Davis at its annual town hall meeting in 1946. $ 200 scholarships were awarded in subsequent years until 1954, when no scholarship was awarded. In 1954, the club created the Anne O'Hare McCormick Journalism Scholarship in honor of the late foreign correspondent and editorial board member of The New York Times who served as

1541-776: The Corinthian Courthouse constructed of gray granite; the Troy Public Library, built in an elaborate Venetian palazzo style with high-relief carved white marble; the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall, designed in the Second Empire style, with a recital hall with highly regarded acoustic properties. There is a rich collection of Colonial , Federal , Italianate , Second Empire , Greek Revival , Egyptian Revival , Gothic Revival and other Romantic period townhouses surrounding

1608-489: The Dutch between 1630 and 1657, and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem —the political leader of the indigenous people—at the time. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th Century. The site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck , a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers. In 1707, he purchased

1675-616: The Tomhannock Reservoir . A 30-inch cast-iron main was added in 1914. In 2023, the city completed the first phase of installation of two 36-inch pipes totaling approximately 8 miles between the reservoir and the city's Water Treatment Plant as part of a multi-year project to fully replace the existing century-old transmission line. [1] The project began in 2021. [2] [3] [4] When the iron and steel industry moved westward to Pennsylvania around Pittsburgh to be closer to iron ore from Lake Erie and nearby coal and coke needed for

1742-409: The 1960s, when most business had either gone out of business or moved south for cheaper land and labor costs. At one point, Troy was also the second-largest producer of iron in the country, surpassed only by the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Troy, like many older industrial cities, has been battered by industrial decline and the migration of jobs to the suburbs. Nevertheless, the presence of RPI

1809-421: The 2020 census The racial makeup of the city increased in the percentage of African Americans to 17.5% whereas the number of White residents decreased to 63.5%. The rest of the population was reported to be 0.1% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 9.6% Latino or Hispanic, and 7.3% two or more races. The majority of Troy's population consists of women (51.4%) whereas males makeup the remaining 48.6%. Troy residents under

1876-461: The Bessemer process, and with a similar downturn in the collar industry, Troy's prosperity began to fade. After the passage of Prohibition , and given the strict control of Albany by the O'Connell political machine, Troy became a way station for an illegal alcohol trade from Canada to New York City. Likewise, the stricter control of morality laws in the neighboring New England states encouraged

1943-878: The Division I level and won various championships including the national title in 1954 and 1985. The Hudson Valley CC Vikings participate in Region III of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and in the Mountain Valley Athletic Conference. Russell Sage College's Gators compete at the NCAA Division III level in numerous sports and in, among various conferences, the Empire 8 Conference. In 1892, poll watcher Robert Ross

2010-518: The Night Before Christmas"). The poem was published anonymously. Its author has long been believed to have been Clement Clarke Moore , but now is regarded by some as having been Henry Livingston Jr. Scientific and technical proficiency was supported by the presence of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), one of the highest-ranked engineering schools in the country. RPI originally was sponsored by Stephen Van Rensselaer , one of

2077-495: The Paine mansion) , Scent of a Woman , The Bostonians , The Emperor's Club , and The Time Machine . In addition, the television series The Gilded Age filmed in Troy. There are many buildings in a state of disrepair, but community groups and investors are restoring many of them. Troy's downtown historic landmarks include Frear's Troy Cash Bazaar, constructed on a steel infrastructure clad in ornately carved white marble;

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2144-492: The Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet. The land between the creeks, which makes up most of today's downtown and South Troy neighborhood along the Hudson River, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day Town of North Greenbush , the land was owned by Pachquolapiet. These parcels of land were sold to

2211-507: The Troy Downtown Marina. As home to many art, literature, and music lovers, the city hosts many free shows during the summer, on River Street, in parks, and in cafes and coffee shops. The executive branch consists of a mayor who serves as the chief executive officer of the city. The mayor is responsible for the proper administration of all city affairs placed in his/her charge as empowered by the city charter. The mayor enforces

2278-482: The W. & L. E. Gurley Company factory, which later that year was replaced by the new W. & L. E. Gurley Building , now a National Historic Landmark : Gurley & Sons remains a worldwide leader in precision instrumentation to this day. Troy's one-time great wealth was produced in the steel industry, with the first American Bessemer converter erected on the Wynantskill Creek, a stream with falls in

2345-431: The age of 5 were reported to be 5.2%, under the age of 18 were 19.6%, and 65 years and over were 11.4%. People with a disability, under age 65 years were 13.3% and those without health insurance (under age 65 years) was outlined to be 5.9%. The population of veterans in 2020 was 1,907, which coincided with those who had disabilities. The number of foreign born persons, between 2015 and 2019, was 8.0%. Economically in 2020,

2412-542: The burgeoning United States. Natives of Troy expressed their passion for building, using the following materials, for an array of building features: Tiffany and La Farge created magnificent stained-glass windows, transoms and other decorative stained-glass treatments for their customers in Troy. With many examples of intact 19th-century architecture, particularly in its Central Troy Historic District , this has helped to lure several major movies to film in Troy, including Ironweed , The Age of Innocence (filmed partially in

2479-619: The capital city of Albany. Troy has close ties to Albany, New York and nearby Schenectady , forming a region popularly called the Capital District . The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany metropolitan statistical area, which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2020 census , the population of Troy was 51,401. The area long had been occupied by the Mohican Indian tribe , but Dutch settlement began in

2546-470: The cities of Watervliet and Cohoes. To the northwest, Troy borders the Saratoga County village of Waterford within the town of Waterford . The western edge of the city is flat along the river, and then steeply slopes to higher terrain to the east. The average elevation is 50 feet, with the highest elevation being 500 feet in the eastern part of the city. The city is longer than it is wide, with

2613-684: The city subsequently had no team for seven seasons. Then, from 1879 to 1882, Troy rebounded as home to the National League 's Troy Trojans . They not only were competitive in the league, they fielded a young Dan Brouthers who went on to become baseball's first great slugger. Today's sports scene is quite different.The Tri-City ValleyCats, a minor league professional baseball team, calls the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium at Hudson Valley Community College home. The RPI Engineers are an NCAA Division III sports participant except in ice hockey where it plays at

2680-422: The city's median household income had increased to $ 45,728 per family, with each family reporting to have 2.25 persons residing in them. The per capita income in past 12 months (in 2019 dollars), taken 2015–2019 was $ 25,689 with 24.4% of the population living in poverty. The poverty rate overall has decreased 3.3% since 2013. The education rate of Troy locals, 25 years or more, with a high school graduate or higher

2747-641: The country. This led to dilapidation and disinvestment until later efforts were made to preserve Troy's architectural and cultural past. As of 2014 , Troy is updating its citywide comprehensive plan for the first time in more than 50 years. The two-year process is known as "Realize Troy" and was initiated by the Troy Redevelopment Foundation (with members from the Emma Willard School, RPI, Russell Sage College , and St. Peter's Health Partners). Urban Strategies Inc. (Toronto)

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2814-551: The development of openly operating speakeasies and brothels in Troy. Gangsters such as " Legs Diamond " conducted their business in Troy, giving the city a somewhat colorful reputation through World War II. A few of the buildings from that era have since been converted into restaurants, such as the former Old Daly Inn. Kurt Vonnegut lived in Troy and the area, and many of his novels include mentions of "Ilium" (an alternate name for Troy) or surrounding locations. Vonnegut wrote Player Piano in 1952, based on his experiences working as

2881-468: The historical home of Uncle Sam, who is buried in the historic Oakwood Cemetery located on the northern outskirts of the city and the burial site of numerous local luminaries. The iconic Uncle Sam caricature was created by political newspaper cartoonist Thomas Nast . On December 23, 1823, The Troy Sentinel newspaper was the first publisher of the world-famous Christmas poem " A Visit from St. Nicholas " (also known as "The Night Before Christmas" or " 'Twas

2948-477: The immediate downtown. The Hart-Cluett Mansion displays a Federal facade executed in white marble, quarried in Tuckahoe, New York . Often with foundations of rusticated granite block. Medina sandstone , a deep mud-red color, from Medina, New York , was also used. As with many American cities, several city blocks in downtown Troy were razed during the 1970s as a part of an attempted urban renewal plan, which

3015-457: The industry when, in 1933, Sanford Cluett invented a process he called Sanforization , a process that shrinks cotton fabrics thoroughly and permanently. Cluett, Peabody's last main plant in Troy, was closed in the 1980s, but the industrial output of the plant had long been transferred to facilities in the South. In 1906, the city supplied itself with water from a 33-inch riveted-steel main from

3082-502: The largest industry in town, with a variety of products including detachable collars, arrow shirts, and other apparel. Around the early 20th century, Troy was responsible for making 90% of the collars worn in America. This was also the birthplace of the "white collar" social class, which was a more upscale working class community and the "blue collar" social class, which consisted of mostly factory workers. The industry had mostly died out by

3149-615: The latter operating from Albany–Rensselaer station , directly opposite downtown Albany on the east side of the Hudson River. The end of rail passenger service to Troy occurred when the Boston and Maine dropped its Boston–Troy run in January 1958. The Troy Union Station was demolished in 1958. In addition to the strong presence of the early American steel industry, Troy also was a manufacturing center for shirts, shirtwaists, detachable collars and cuffs. In 1825, local resident Hannah Lord Montague

3216-586: The mid-17th century. The Dutch colony was conquered by the English in 1664, renamed Troy in 1789 and was incorporated as a town in 1791. Due to the confluence of major waterways and a geography that supported water power, the American Industrial Revolution took hold in this area, making Troy reputedly the fourth-wealthiest city in America around the turn of the 20th century. As a result, Troy is noted for its Victorian architecture. Troy

3283-532: The most prominent members of that family of Dutch colonial origins. RPI was founded in 1824, and eventually absorbed the campus of the short-lived liberal arts-based Troy University , which closed in 1862 during the Civil War. Rensselaer founded RPI for the "application of science to the common purposes of life," and it is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world. The institute

3350-491: The next day. Mrs. Montague solved this problem by cutting collars off of her husbands shirts, and reattaching clean ones for him to wear when needed. This created the important industry of detachable collars and shirts in Troy. It also created the need for buttons, as a detachable collar often left gaps between the shirt and the collar, and buttons were used to snap collars in place. Other types of apparel invented in this time were Bishop collars, which were an upright modification of

3417-399: The population. The median household income in 2013 was $ 37,805 (NY average of $ 57,369), and the median family income was $ 47,827 (NYS average of $ 70,485). The median per capita income for the city was $ 20,872 (NY average of $ 32,514). About 27.3% of the population were living in poverty as of 2013. Since then, Troy's population size has increased to 51,401 with 19,899 households, taken from

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3484-486: The southern part wider than the northern section of the city (the formerly separate city of Lansingburgh). Several kills ( Dutch for creek) pass through Troy and empty into the Hudson. The Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill are the two largest, and both have several small lakes and waterfalls along their routes in the city. Several lakes and reservoirs are within the city, including Ida Lake, Burden Pond, Lansingburgh Reservoir, Bradley Lake, Smarts Pond, and Wright Lake. Troy has

3551-401: The turn-down collar, dickeys, detached shirt bosoms, and separate cuffs. This industry also gave rise to the laundry industry, when the first laundry store Troy Laundry was opened at 66 North Second St (Fifth Avenue today), and later on, the laundry industry in Troy would spark the creation of the first female union in the country. For close to a hundred years, Cluett, Peabody & Company was

3618-469: Was a theater of the War of 1812 , and militia and regular army forces were led by Stephen Van Rensselaer of Troy. Quartermaster supplies were shipped through Troy. A local butcher and meatpacker named Samuel Wilson supplied the military, and according to local lore, stamped the meat barrels "U.S." which alternately was interpreted as "United States" and " Uncle Sam ," meaning Wilson. Troy has since claimed to be

3685-440: Was a week's salary for many of the members. Two years later, the club was incorporated in the state of New York with the stated purpose ...to inculcate a spirit of mutual aid in the newspaper profession, to provide club facilities for its members, to exert proper influences, and to foster and advance the best ideals and standards in the profession of journalism. The club established a scholarship fund for female students at

3752-560: Was absorbed by Cluett, Peabody & Company . Cluett's Arrow brand shirts still are worn by men across the country. The large labor force required by the shirt manufacturing industry also produced in 1864 the nation's first female labor union , the Collar Laundry Union , founded in Troy by Kate Mullany . On February 23, 1864, 300 members of the union went on strike. After six days, the laundry owners gave in to their demands and raised wages 25%. Further developments arose in

3819-570: Was also a former president of both the club and the Anne O’Hare McCormick Memorial Fund. Former club president Roslind Massow provided the seed money to establish the scholarship. Troy, New York Troy is a city in the U.S. state of New York and is the county seat of Rensselaer County, New York . It is located on the western edge of that county on the eastern bank of the Hudson River just northeast of

3886-572: Was constructed c.  1903 . A short New York Central branch from Rensselaer connected at Troy. Also serving the station was the Boston and Maine Railroad to/from Boston and the Delaware and Hudson Railroad to/from Canada. The railroads quickly made obsolete the 1800s-constructed canals along the Mohawk. The former NYC operates today as CSX for freight service and Amtrak for passenger service,

3953-508: Was given in 1962 to Jeanne Heffernan of Troy, New York . The Eleanor Roosevelt Newspaper Women's Memorial Fund was established in 1964 in honor of the club member and former first lady . The fund provided a fellowship exchange program for two newspaperwomen, one from the United States and the other from Latin America , covering three months of travel, work, and study in the exchange country, including round-trip transportation and

4020-423: Was never successfully executed, leaving still vacant areas in the vicinity of Federal Street. Today, however, there have since been much more successful efforts to save the remaining historic downtown structures. Part of this effort has been the arrival of the "Antique District" on River Street downtown. Cafes and art galleries are calling the area home. Residents and visitors can access the area via boat and utilize

4087-450: Was recorded in Troy on July 22, 1926, when it reached 108 °F (42.2 °C). At the 2010 census , 50,129 people, 20,121 households and 10,947 families were residing in the city. The population density was 4,840.1 people/sq mi, with 23,474 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White, 16.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 7.9% of

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4154-652: Was referred to as South Troy. To avoid confusion with streets in Troy following the annexation, Lansingburgh's numbered streets were renamed: its 1st Street, 2nd Street, 3rd Street, etc., became North Troy's 101st Street, 102nd Street, 103rd Street, etc. Lansingburgh was home to the Lansingburgh Academy . In the early 1900s, the New York Central Railroad was formed from earlier railroads and established its "Water Level Route" from New York City to Chicago, via Albany. A Beaux-Arts station

4221-430: Was shot dead and his brother was wounded by operatives of Mayor Edward Murphy, later a U.S. senator, after uncovering a man committing voter fraud. The convicted murderer, Bartholomew "Bat" Shea, was executed in 1896, although another man, John McGough, later admitted he had been the shooter. The initial emphasis on heavier industry later spawned a wide variety of highly engineered mechanical and scientific equipment. Troy

4288-513: Was the home of W. & L. E. Gurley, Co. , makers of precision instruments. Gurley's theodolites were used to survey much of the American West after the Civil War and were highly regarded until laser and digital technology eclipsed the telescope and compass technology in the 1970s. Bells manufactured by Troy's Meneely Bell Company ring all over the world. Troy also was home to a manufacturer of racing shells that used impregnated paper in

4355-471: Was the host of two major league teams. The first team to call Troy home was the Troy Haymakers , a National Association team operating in 1871–72. One of its major players was Williams H. Craver , a Civil War veteran who was a noted catcher and also managed the team. Its last manager was Jimmy Wood , recognized as the first Canadian to play professional baseball. The Troy Haymakers team folded, and

4422-458: Was tired of cleaning her blacksmith-husband's shirts. She cut off the collars of his shirts since only the collar was soiled, bound the edges and attached strings to hold the false collars in place. This also allowed the collars and cuffs to be starched separately. Montague's idea caught on and changed the fashion for American men's dress for a century. Her patented collars and cuffs first were manufactured by Maullin & Blanchard, which eventually

4489-553: Was vastly increased after the construction of the Erie Canal , with its eastern terminus directly across the Hudson River from Troy at Cohoes in 1825. Another artery constructed was the Champlain Canal. In 1916, Troy Federal Lock opened as one of the first modern locks along the present-day canal system. Troy has nearly been destroyed by fire three times. What was known as the Great Troy Fire of 1862 burned down

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