Misplaced Pages

#921078

109-456: The Frontier Central School District is the primary public school district serving the town of Hamburg, New York . The district serves most of the area surrounding the village of Hamburg and is an independent public entity. With authority from the State of New York , Frontier's seven-member Board of Education governs the district and selects the superintendent . The district's offices are at

218-555: A log cabin . Pinehurst opened on February 28, 1955 and was dedicated on February 26, 1956, taking in students from other schools such as Wanakah up to grade eight. In 1993, the school expanded: sixteen classrooms, a kitchen and cafeteria were added to the school. Today, students from kindergarten through fifth grade attend Pinehurst. Frontier Middle School was built in 1964 (cornerstone laid on November 17, 1965 has 1964 inscribed on it) and opened on September 8, 1965, with 1,327 students as Amsdell Heights Junior High School. The building

327-454: A school board ) may be elected, appointed by a political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

436-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

545-488: A $ 17.6 million ($ 41 million in 2023) capital program in 1990 led to the renovations and expansions of the existing schools. In addition, a new primary school adjacent to the high school, Big Tree Elementary, was constructed in 1993. By 1998, the high school alone had $ 34 million ($ 63.6 million in 2023) invested into it over the previous ten years. Fiber-optic networking was installed district-wide beginning in 1999. The district's former community center ,

654-474: A K-5 grade structure. Capital improvements introduced an addition in 1998 which added thirteen classrooms. The school is bordered to the north and east by the Lackawanna , West Seneca and Orchard Park school districts, and to the south by Big Tree Elementary. Cloverbank Elementary School is on Cloverbank Road near the hamlets of Wanakah, Clifton Heights , and Locksley Park . Student attendance extends along

763-520: A cable. After that, it can be laid in the ground and then run through the walls of a building and deployed aerially in a manner similar to copper cables. These fibers require less maintenance than common twisted pair wires once they are deployed. Specialized cables are used for long-distance subsea data transmission, e.g. transatlantic communications cable . New (2011–2013) cables operated by commercial enterprises ( Emerald Atlantis , Hibernia Atlantic ) typically have four strands of fiber and signals cross

872-399: A capacity of 2.56 Tb /s was completed, and although specific network capacities are privileged information, telecommunications investment reports indicate that network capacity has increased dramatically since 2004. As of 2020, over 5 billion kilometers of fiber-optic cable has been deployed around the globe. In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter created

981-626: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

1090-484: A chapter of the National Junior Honor Society . Frontier Central High School is on Bayview Road in the north-central area of the district. It replaced Blasdell High School on Madison Avenue on September 7, 1955, which had been in operation as such since 1894. Students from the ninth through twelfth grades attend the school. The school has 1,363 students and a 12:1 student-to-teacher ratio. At

1199-415: A complete renovation of the plumbing system. In the following 2022-2023 school year, all lockers were repainted in 'Falcon Blue', and a brand new rear parking lot was finished. That summer, the locker rooms underwent a similar renovation. By the onset of the 2023-2024 school year, the locker rooms were fully refurbished, and the main gymnasium's lighting had been upgraded to energy-efficient LED bulbs. The pool

SECTION 10

#1732802394922

1308-519: A copper-based network. Prices have dropped to $ 850 per subscriber in the US and lower in countries like The Netherlands, where digging costs are low and housing density is high. Since 1990, when optical-amplification systems became commercially available, the telecommunications industry has laid a vast network of intercity and transoceanic fiber communication lines. By 2002, an intercontinental network of 250,000 km of submarine communications cable with

1417-568: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

1526-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

1635-668: A development contract with CSELT and Pirelli aimed to test fiber optics in an urban environment: in September 1977, the second cable in this test series, named COS-2, was experimentally deployed in two lines (9 km) in Turin , for the first time in a big city, at a speed of 140 Mbit/s. The second generation of fiber-optic communication was developed for commercial use in the early 1980s, operated at 1.3 μm and used InGaAsP semiconductor lasers. These early systems were initially limited by multi-mode fiber dispersion, and in 1981

1744-405: A larger core (≥   50 micrometers ), allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors. However, a multi-mode fiber introduces multimode distortion , which often limits the bandwidth and length of the link. Furthermore, because of its higher dopant content, multi-mode fibers are usually expensive and exhibit higher attenuation. The core of

1853-517: A local child care center offer daily Pre-K and Head Start sessions. Students are administered yearly math and English Language Arts (ELA) assessments by the New York State Education Department from grades three through eight . In grades four and eight, students take a science-based exam which includes a lab component. At the middle and high school levels, ten counselors offer guidance to students throughout

1962-520: A major role in the advent of the Information Age . Because of its advantages over electrical transmission , optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in backbone networks in the developed world . The process of communicating using fiber optics involves the following basic steps: Optical fiber is used by telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication and cable television signals. It

2071-641: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

2180-445: A pair of hybrid couplers and four photodetectors per polarization, followed by high-speed ADCs and digital signal processing to recover data modulated with QPSK, QAM, or OFDM. An optical communication system transmitter consists of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a driver amplifier and a Mach–Zehnder modulator . The deployment of higher modulation formats (> 4-QAM ) or higher baud Rates (> 32  GBd ) diminishes

2289-471: A repeater with the same capabilities and are therefore significantly more reliable. Optical amplifiers have largely replaced repeaters in new installations, although electronic repeaters are still widely used when signal conditioning beyond amplification is required. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is the technique of transmitting multiple channels of information through a single optical fiber by sending multiple light beams of different wavelengths through

SECTION 20

#1732802394922

2398-455: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

2507-445: A similar cost. However, due to their relatively simple design, LEDs are very useful for very low-cost applications. Commonly used classes of semiconductor laser transmitters used in fiber optics include VCSEL, Fabry–Pérot and distributed-feedback laser . A semiconductor laser emits light through stimulated emission rather than spontaneous emission, which results in high output power (~100 mW) as well as other benefits related to

2616-418: A single 160 km (99 mi) line using optical amplifiers. As of 2021 , Japanese scientists transmitted 319 terabits per second over 3,000 kilometers with four-core fiber cables with standard cable diameter. The focus of development for the fifth generation of fiber-optic communications is on extending the wavelength range over which a WDM system can operate. The conventional wavelength window, known as

2725-710: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

2834-413: A single-mode fiber is smaller (<   10 micrometers) and requires more expensive components and interconnection methods, but allows much longer and higher-performance links. Both single- and multi-mode fiber is offered in different grades. In order to package fiber into a commercially viable product, it typically is protectively coated by using ultraviolet cured acrylate polymers and assembled into

2943-449: A state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under a grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as

3052-639: A variety of high-throughput data and broadband services to consumers' homes. Modern fiber-optic communication systems generally include optical transmitters that convert electrical signals into optical signals, optical fiber cables to carry the signal, optical amplifiers, and optical receivers to convert the signal back into an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital information generated by computers or telephone systems . The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes . The difference between LEDs and laser diodes

3161-562: A very early precursor to fiber-optic communications, the Photophone , at Bell's newly established Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C. Bell considered it his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On June 3, 1880, Bell conducted the world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings, some 213 meters apart. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission medium,

3270-442: A very wide band at once which can include hundreds of multiplexed channels, eliminating the need to demultiplex signals at each amplifier. Second, optical amplifiers operate independently of the data rate and modulation format, enabling multiple data rates and modulation formats to co-exist and enabling upgrading of the data rate of a system without having to replace all of the repeaters. Third, optical amplifiers are much simpler than

3379-466: Is 12:1. In 2008, 1,450 middle school teachers, staff and students participated in a large outdoor group photo, forming a 100-foot (30 m) wide red, white and blue eagle. Subsequent photos were taken at other schools in the district and elsewhere in the country. Each November, the school's student council organizes its annual fundraiser Bald for Bucks, which raises thousands of dollars to benefit Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center . The school has

Frontier Central School District - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-463: Is 51% male and 49% female. 17% of students have reported disabilities. Big Tree Elementary School is on Bayview Road, adjacent to Frontier High School. The school serves students in the town roughly between the areas of Blasdell and Wanakah, where Cloverbank Elementary is located. Two wings support classrooms for students from kindergarten through fifth grade . Before the construction of the present elementary school, several schools were constructed in

3597-554: Is Christopher J. Swiatek. Frontier spends an average of $ 16,749 per pupil; its student–teacher ratio is 13:1 (the national averages in 2020 were $ 12,654 and 16:1 respectively), and as of 2021, the district's budget was $ 89,486,591. In the 2019–20 school year, the Frontier Central School District enrolled approximately 4,612 students; of which 1,470 (32%) were considered economically disadvantaged or eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. The student body

3706-553: Is a member of the Erie 1 Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) system. In 2020, Buffalo Business First ranked Frontier as the fifteenth-best performing school district in the Western New York region. The Hamburg , West Seneca and Orchard Park central school districts serve the village and small portions of the town. Before the formation of the district, students in the hamlets and communities throughout

3815-511: Is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber . The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth , long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances. Optical fiber

3924-477: Is a trade-off between the bandwidth of the signal and the distance over which it can be carried. For example, a common multi-mode fiber with bandwidth–distance product of 500 MHz·km could carry a 500 MHz signal for 1 km or a 1000 MHz signal for 0.5 km. Using wavelength-division multiplexing , each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light. The net data rate (data rate without overhead bytes) per fiber

4033-496: Is also used in other industries, including medical, defense, government, industrial and commercial. In addition to serving the purposes of telecommunications, it is used as light guides, for imaging tools, lasers, hydrophones for seismic waves, SONAR, and as sensors to measure pressure and temperature. Due to lower attenuation and interference , optical fiber has advantages over copper wire in long-distance, high-bandwidth applications. However, infrastructure development within cities

4142-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

4251-406: Is effectively immune to tampering, and simplifies the deployment of smart grid technology. The transmission distance of a fiber-optic communication system has traditionally been limited by fiber attenuation and by fiber distortion. By using optoelectronic repeaters, these problems have been eliminated. These repeaters convert the signal into an electrical signal and then use a transmitter to send

4360-406: Is incoherent with a relatively wide spectral width of 30–60 nm. The large spectrum width of LEDs is subject to higher fiber dispersion, considerably limiting their bit rate-distance product (a common measure of usefulness). LEDs are suitable primarily for local-area-network applications with bit rates of 10–100 Mbit/s and transmission distances of a few kilometers. LED light transmission

4469-524: Is inefficient, with only about 1% of input power, or about 100 microwatts, eventually converted into launched power coupled into the optical fiber. LEDs have been developed that use several quantum wells to emit light at different wavelengths over a broad spectrum and are currently in use for local-area wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) applications. LEDs have been largely superseded by vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) devices, which offer improved speed, power and spectral properties, at

Frontier Central School District - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-473: Is notable in that the team was able to reduce the power consumption of the optics to around 5% compared with more mainstream techniques, which could lead to a new generation of very power-efficient optic components. Research conducted by the RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, have developed a nanophotonic device that carries data on light waves that have been twisted into a spiral form and achieved

4687-523: Is relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems can be complex and expensive to install and operate. Due to these difficulties, early fiber-optic communication systems were primarily installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. The prices of fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably since 2000. The price for rolling out fiber to homes has currently become more cost-effective than that of rolling out

4796-444: Is that LEDs produce incoherent light , while laser diodes produce coherent light. For use in optical communications, semiconductor optical transmitters must be designed to be compact, efficient and reliable, while operating in an optimal wavelength range and directly modulated at high frequencies. In its simplest form, an LED emits light through spontaneous emission , a phenomenon referred to as electroluminescence . The emitted light

4905-433: Is the light output is controlled by a current applied directly to the device. For very high data rates or very long distance links, a laser source may be operated continuous wave , and the light modulated by an external device, an optical modulator , such as an electro-absorption modulator or Mach–Zehnder interferometer . External modulation increases the achievable link distance by eliminating laser chirp , which broadens

5014-520: Is the original elementary school in the district. The school serves students in the area of the town roughly between Eighteen Mile Creek and Cloverbank Elementary. The next school to the southwest is Highland Elementary of the Lake Shore Central School District , approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) away in the hamlet of Derby . Before its construction, at least five schools existed in the area from 1795 to 1921, including

5123-446: Is the per-channel data rate reduced by the forward error correction (FEC) overhead, multiplied by the number of channels (usually up to eighty in commercial dense WDM systems as of 2008 ). The following summarizes research using standard telecoms-grade single-mode, single-solid-core fiber cables. The following table summarizes results achieved using specialized multicore or multimode fiber. Research from DTU , Fujikura and NTT

5232-405: Is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached a record bandwidth–distance product of over 100 petabit × kilometers per second using fiber-optic communication. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played

5341-690: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. Fiber-optic communication Fiber-optic communication

5450-601: The Internet , and commercialization of various bandwidth-intensive consumer services, such as video on demand . Internet Protocol data traffic was increasing exponentially, at a faster rate than integrated circuit complexity had increased under Moore's Law . From the bust of the dot-com bubble through 2006, however, the main trend in the industry has been consolidation of firms and offshoring of manufacturing to reduce costs. Companies such as Verizon and AT&T have taken advantage of fiber-optic communications to deliver

5559-790: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

SECTION 50

#1732802394922

5668-710: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

5777-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

5886-520: The iMac computers previously in use. In addition, the district uses Google Apps for Education for student email and document storage and SchoolTool for student record-keeping . The Frontier Educational Center (FEC) is on Orchard Avenue in the hamlet of Wanakah, where it serves as the administrative and business head of the district. The FEC was previously home to the Wanakah School, which admitted first- and second-grade students until it

5995-437: The linewidth in directly modulated lasers, increasing the chromatic dispersion in the fiber. For very high bandwidth efficiency, coherent modulation can be used to vary the phase of the light in addition to the amplitude, enabling the use of QPSK , QAM , and OFDM . "Dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying is a modulation format that effectively sends four times as much information as traditional optical transmissions of

6104-573: The single-mode fiber was revealed to greatly improve system performance, however practical connectors capable of working with single mode fiber proved difficult to develop. Canadian service provider SaskTel had completed construction of what was then the world's longest commercial fiber optic network, which covered 3,268 km (2,031 mi) and linked 52 communities. By 1987, these systems were operating at bit rates of up to 1.7 Gbit/s with repeater spacing up to 50 km (31 mi). The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber

6213-637: The 2007–2008 school year. In 2019, Frontier secured funding from then-State Senator Chris Jacobs for a turf field replacement and scoreboard installation behind the high school, which was completed in 2020. As with other school districts across the United States , Frontier took measures to implement distance learning at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the spread of the virus. Initially, students attended school remotely in March 2020. In

6322-473: The Atlantic (NYC-London) in 60–70 ms. The cost of each such cable was about $ 300M in 2011. Another common practice is to bundle many fiber optic strands within long-distance power transmission cable using, for instance, an optical ground wire . This exploits power transmission rights of way effectively, ensures a power company can own and control the fiber required to monitor its own devices and lines,

6431-589: The Big Tree area, beginning with a small schoolhouse in 1850. At least three additional schoolhouses were built, expanded or moved for the Big Tree district between 1870 and 1961, later reduced to a sole building on South Park Avenue after consolidation into the Frontier district. With its capacity of under 200 in the 1980s, students in the aging K-3 school were sent to the Wanakah, Blasdell and Woodlawn schools until

6540-564: The C band, covers the wavelength range 1525–1565 nm, and dry fiber has a low-loss window promising an extension of that range to 1300–1650 nm. Other developments include the concept of optical solitons , pulses that preserve their shape by counteracting the effects of dispersion with the nonlinear effects of the fiber by using pulses of a specific shape. In the late 1990s through 2000, industry promoters, and research companies such as KMI, and RHK predicted massive increases in demand for communications bandwidth due to increased use of

6649-628: The DAC and the driver amplifier are modeled by a truncated, time-invariant Volterra series . Khanna et al use a memory polynomial to model the transmitter components jointly. In both approaches the Volterra series or the memory polynomial coefficients are found using indirect-learning architecture . Duthel et al records, for each branch of the Mach-Zehnder modulator, several signals at different polarity and phases. The signals are used to calculate

SECTION 60

#1732802394922

6758-494: The Frontier Community Learning Center, was constructed along Southwestern Boulevard in 2002. The Frontier Community Learning Center featured classrooms, offered seasonal courses, and later, a gymnasium. The district sold the community center in 2015 to the town of Hamburg, which now operates it as a senior services center. The district shifted away from overhead projectors to SMART Boards around

6867-658: The Frontier Educational Center in Wanakah . Frontier was formed in June 1951 as a consolidation of eight smaller school districts along Hamburg's lakeshore. Today, the district has six schools, including four elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school. It has about 4,520 students, spends an average of $ 16,749 per pupil and maintains a student-to-teacher ratio of 13:1 (the national averages in 2020 were $ 12,654 and 16:1 respectively). The district

6976-557: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

7085-488: The Photophone would not prove practical until advances in laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light. The Photophone's first practical use came in military communication systems many decades later. In 1954 Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany showed that rolled fiber glass allowed light to be transmitted. Jun-ichi Nishizawa , a Japanese scientist at Tohoku University , proposed

7194-403: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

7303-404: The bandwidth of a fiber can be divided into as many as 160 channels to support a combined bit rate in the range of 1.6  Tbit/s . Because the effect of dispersion increases with the length of the fiber, a fiber transmission system is often characterized by its bandwidth–distance product , usually expressed in units of MHz ·km. This value is a product of bandwidth and distance because there

7412-527: The cladding (which has a lower- refractive-index ) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores. Two main types of optical fiber used in optic communications include multi-mode optical fibers and single-mode optical fibers . A multi-mode optical fiber has

7521-480: The commercially available components. The transmitter digital signal processor performs digital predistortion on the input signals using the inverse transmitter model before sending the samples to the DAC. Older digital predistortion methods only addressed linear effects. Recent publications also consider non-linear distortions. Berenguer et al models the Mach–Zehnder modulator as an independent Wiener system and

7630-469: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

7739-534: The early 1960s, the district believed it would have at least 7,000 students by the next decade. Residents approved the construction of a new middle school in 1963; the Amsdell Heights Junior High School opened in 1965. District officials saw the need to build more schools in the 1970s; however, district enrollment began declining after 1972, and voters rejected the school proposal. The lack of newer school buildings and renovations to

7848-505: The fall of 2020, the district opened the year with a transition to a hybrid in-person and virtual learning model, which necessitated hiring additional instructors. During this time, seventeen students and teachers contracted the virus, prompting the district to switch back to an all-virtual instruction model, as it had the highest number of positive COVID-19 cases in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area . The district remained in

7957-480: The fiber, each modulated with a separate information channel. This allows the available capacity of optical fibers to be multiplied. This requires a wavelength division multiplexer in the transmitting equipment and a demultiplexer (essentially a spectrometer ) in the receiving equipment. Arrayed waveguide gratings are commonly used for multiplexing and demultiplexing in WDM. Using WDM technology now commercially available,

8066-421: The fiber, photodetectors are typically coupled with a transimpedance amplifier and a limiting amplifier to produce a digital signal in the electrical domain recovered from the incoming optical signal. Further signal processing such as clock recovery from data performed by a phase-locked loop may also be applied before the data is passed on. Coherent receivers use a local oscillator laser in combination with

8175-655: The fleet as of April 2021. Each neighborhood is assigned an attendance zone and corresponding elementary school by the Board of Education for efficiency of operations. In 2019, the district began deployment of a system for parents to track their child's bus. School district In the U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operate several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within

8284-469: The high school and continued district growth lead to the construction of the current school. The new Blasdell Elementary opened as an expansion for 781 elementary students on September 9, 1959, along with Cloverbank Elementary; the previous school became the Blasdell Annex. District reorganization and school closures over the subsequent decades saw the annex close and the current school expand to

8393-466: The high school, students are offered the opportunity to take ten Advanced Placement classes, courses from SUNY Erie , Hilbert College and Niagara County Community College (NCCC), and vocational classes with Erie 1 BOCES in nearby West Seneca . The school offers over two dozen clubs and activities and over 64 varsity sports teams and began operating a student-run food truck in 2019. The high school has expanded three times. The first expansion

8502-849: The lakeshore between Pinehurst Elementary in the southwest and Big Tree Elementary to the northeast. Before its construction, other schools serving students in the area included Athol Springs No. 10 (1920), the Wanakah School No. 5, and the Amsdell School No. 9. As the district grew, Cloverbank Elementary was planned and constructed as an expansion school. It was built in 1958 and opened along with Blasdell Elementary to 824 students on September 9, 1959. An expansion in 1998 added thirteen classrooms. The school houses students from kindergarten through fifth grade. Pinehurst Elementary School, on Fairway Court in Lake View,

8611-441: The laser spectrum to a single longitudinal mode . These developments eventually allowed third-generation systems to operate commercially at 2.5 Gbit/s with repeater spacing in excess of 100 km (62 mi). The fourth generation of fiber-optic communication systems used optical amplification to reduce the need for repeaters and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to increase data capacity . The introduction of WDM

8720-484: The nature of coherent light. The output of a laser is relatively directional, allowing high coupling efficiency (~50%) into single-mode fiber. Common VCSEL devices also couple well to multimode fiber. The narrow spectral width also allows for high bit rates since it reduces the effect of chromatic dispersion . Furthermore, semiconductor lasers can be modulated directly at high frequencies because of short recombination time . Laser diodes are often directly modulated , that

8829-440: The new Big Tree Elementary opened on September 11, 1993. Joanne C. Saniewski was principal of the school for seventeen years, during which it earned a Blue Ribbon Award in 2009. When the school surpassed a parent teacher association (PTA) goal by reading over 2.5 million minutes in 2006, Saniewski read a book from a hot-air balloon to the school's students. Blasdell Elementary School, on South Park Avenue, serves students in

8938-560: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

9047-465: The older ones caused a strain on the district's operations in the 1980s and early 1990s. With this came the closure of older schools, including the former Woodlawn Elementary School. The district's proposed sale of the school in 1994 to the Deobandi school Darul Uloom Al-Madania faced community opposition and was blocked by a community referendum that January. With stable enrollments, the approval of

9156-427: The optical field. Cross-correlating in-phase and quadrature fields identifies the timing skew . The frequency response and the non-linear effects are determined by the indirect-learning architecture. An optical fiber cable consists of a core, cladding , and a buffer (a protective outer coating), in which the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection . The core and

9265-599: The optical signal directly without having to convert the signal to the electrical domain. One common type of optical amplifier is an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). These are made by doping a length of fiber with the rare-earth mineral erbium and laser pumping it with light with a shorter wavelength than the communications signal (typically 980  nm ). EDFAs provide gain in the ITU C band at 1550 nm. Optical amplifiers have several significant advantages over electrical repeaters. First, an optical amplifier can amplify

9374-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

9483-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

9592-650: The same speed." The main component of an optical receiver is a photodetector which converts light into electricity using the photoelectric effect . The primary photodetectors for telecommunications are made from Indium gallium arsenide . The photodetector is typically a semiconductor-based photodiode . Several types of photodiodes include p–n photodiodes, p–i–n photodiodes, and avalanche photodiodes. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors are also used due to their suitability for circuit integration in regenerators and wavelength-division multiplexers. Since light may be attenuated and distorted while passing through

9701-589: The school year. Students take their Regents Exams , which are required to receive a diploma, in high school. 91% of 345 students graduated from Frontier High School in 2020, with 64% receiving an Advanced Regents Diploma. In 2016, the district began implementing its own independent educational standards alongside the Common Core State Standards Initiative and the state's Board of Regents standards. Frontier supplies students with Chromebook laptops and iPads , transitioning from

9810-407: The signal again at a higher intensity than was received, thus counteracting the loss incurred in the previous segment. Because of the high complexity with modern wavelength-division multiplexed signals, including the fact that they had to be installed about once every 20 km (12 mi), the cost of these repeaters is very high. An alternative approach is to use optical amplifiers which amplify

9919-399: The southwest portion of the town, students in grades 6–8 attend the middle school. The school had 96 teachers in 2020. As of the 2019–20 school year, enrollment was 1,142 students. During the 2021-2022 school year, the middle school collaborated with a construction firm to initiate a comprehensive overhaul. Throughout that period, the pool was closed due to the presence of asbestos necessitating

10028-556: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

10137-455: The system performance due to linear and non-linear transmitter effects. These effects can be categorized as linear distortions due to DAC bandwidth limitation and transmitter I/Q skew as well as non-linear effects caused by gain saturation in the driver amplifier and the Mach–Zehnder modulator. Digital predistortion counteracts the degrading effects and enables Baud rates up to 56 GBd and modulation formats like 64-QAM and 128-QAM with

10246-404: The system was intended to allow a short-range missile with video processing to communicate by laser to the ground by means of a five-kilometer long optical fiber that unspooled from the missile as it flew. Optelecom then delivered the first commercial optical communications system to Chevron. After a period of research starting from 1975, the first commercial fiber-optic telecommunications system

10355-465: The town of Hamburg were served by smaller school districts dating to the late 19th century. These included the Amsdell, Athol Springs , Big Tree , Blasdell , Lake View (Pinehurst), Shaleton, Wanakah (Cloverbank), and Woodlawn school districts. The Frontier Central School District took its name after the local phone exchange when a naming contest failed to produce suitable ones. The district

10464-613: The use of optical fibers for communications in 1963. Nishizawa invented the PIN diode and the static induction transistor , both of which contributed to the development of optical fiber communications. In 1966 Charles K. Kao and George Hockham at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories showed that the losses of 1,000 dB/km in existing glass (compared to 5–10 dB/km in coaxial cable) were due to contaminants which could potentially be removed. Optical fiber with attenuation low enough for communication purposes (about 20  dB /km)

10573-525: The village and other neighboring towns; the Hamburg, West Seneca, and Orchard Park central school districts serve these areas. In 2020, Buffalo Business First ranked Frontier as the fifteenth-best performing school district in the Western New York region. The district employed 363 teachers for the 2019–2020 school year, providing educational services to children and students from pre-kindergarten (Pre-K) through twelfth grade . Two elementary schools and

10682-465: The village of Blasdell and the surrounding area, including the hamlet of Woodlawn. The school traces its history back to 1843, when the first schoolhouse was built near present-day Mile Strip Road . Population shifts slightly to the north saw Blasdell High School open in 1894, and other schools open in Woodlawn to the west. Functioning as a primary and secondary school throughout its time, the opening of

10791-415: The virtual phase from November 2 until reopening on January 4, 2021, returning to a flip-flop, hybrid model. The Frontier Central School District covers about 39 square miles (101.0 km) of land in the town of Hamburg, from the village of Blasdell in the north to the hamlet of Lake View in the southwest. Portions of the town of Hamburg not covered by the school district include areas adjacent to

10900-595: Was TAT-8 , based on Desurvire optimized laser amplification technology. It went into operation in 1988. Third-generation fiber-optic systems operated at 1.55 μm and had losses of about 0.2 dB/km. This development was spurred by the discovery of indium gallium arsenide and the development of the indium gallium arsenide photodiode by Pearsall. Engineers overcame earlier difficulties with pulse-spreading using conventional InGaAsP semiconductor lasers at that wavelength by using dispersion-shifted fibers designed to have minimal dispersion at 1.55 μm or by limiting

11009-557: Was broken for the Frontier Junior-Senior High School on January 23, 1954, with a low bid of $ 3.2 million ($ 36.4 million in 2023) for construction. Both the high school and Pinehurst in Lake View opened in 1955. Two additional schools, Cloverbank Elementary and Blasdell Elementary, opened in 1959, and a high school in Blasdell was reworked to accommodate some secondary school students. In

11118-458: Was completed on July 14, 2024. The student body consists primarily of incoming students from Big Tree, Blasdell, Cloverbank and Pinehurst Elementary schools. About 32% of students are considered economically disadvantaged and may qualify for free or reduced-price lunches. The demographics of the school are 87% White (non-Hispanic), 2% Black or African American , 1% Asian , 6% Hispanic or Latino , and 4% multiracial . Its student-teacher ratio

11227-425: Was dedicated on December 9, 1965. The school's current name dates from 1993, while shifting from grades 7–9 to grades 6–8. At the middle school, students begin their foreign language courses and have the opportunity to enroll in advanced math . An expansion in the late 1990s added a music room and a second gym; a second expansion in early 2000s added a two-story wing with several classrooms. Located on Amsdell Road in

11336-510: Was developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works . At the same time, GaAs semiconductor lasers were developed that were compact and therefore suitable for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long distances. In 1973, Optelecom , Inc., co-founded by the inventor of the laser, Gordon Gould , received a contract from ARPA for one of the first optical communication systems. Developed for Army Missile Command in Huntsville, Alabama,

11445-487: Was developed which operated at a wavelength around 0.8 μm and used GaAs semiconductor lasers. This first-generation system operated at a bit rate of 45 Mbit/s with repeater spacing of up to 10 km. Soon on 22 April 1977, General Telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber optics at a 6 Mbit/s throughput in Long Beach, California. In October 1973, Corning Glass signed

11554-425: Was in 1993 with an eight-room foreign language education wing and secondary gymnasium and the second in 1998 with 23 classrooms. The third expansion came in 2013, when capital improvements saw the addition of a new library media center and secured vestibule. The renovations were completed in 2014. School buses are operated by the district; the bus garage is next to the high school on Bayview Road. There are 86 buses in

11663-437: Was officially formed on June 28, 1951, as a consolidation of these districts and would therefore serve as the main school district along the lake shore of the town. Growing at a rapid pace and fueled by suburbanization , the new district was deemed too small to accommodate all of its students, and as a result a 112-acre (45 ha) high school campus and a new elementary school were approved for construction in 1953. Ground

11772-451: Was shuttered in 1993. Located within the FEC is the district's Board of Education , which selects the superintendent of schools, sets district policies, and oversees the budget, personnel, facilities and curriculum. Seven members serve four-year terms on the school board. The board began holding virtual meetings in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic . The school district's current superintendent

11881-410: Was the start of optical networking , as WDM became the technology of choice for fiber-optic bandwidth expansion. The first to market with a dense WDM system was Ciena Corp., in June 1996. The introduction of optical amplifiers and WDM caused system capacity to double every six months from 1992 until a bit rate of 10  Tb/s was reached by 2001. In 2006 a bit-rate of 14 Tb/s was reached over

#921078