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48-557: The bay is about 28 kilometres (17 mi) long with a shoreline extending 107.3 kilometres (66.7 mi). It is surrounded by two massifs of the Dinaric Alps : the Orjen mountains to the west, and the Lovćen mountains to the east. The narrowest section of the bay, the 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) long Verige Strait, is only 340 metres (1,120 ft) wide at its narrowest point. The bay

96-465: A canyon from Lovćen. The outermost part of the bay is the Bay of Tivat . On the seaward side is the Bay of Herceg Novi , at the main entrance to the Bay of Kotor. The inner bays are the Bay of Risan to the northwest and the Bay of Kotor to the southeast. The Verige Strait represents the bay's narrowest section and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of

144-635: A church, but were denied due to Zmajević's intervention on the providur of Kotor and the captain of Perast. Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi visited the Bay of Kotor and mentioned Croats who lived in Herceg Novi. By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the Bay region came under the Habsburg rule. By the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), the region was set to be transferred to the French rule, but that

192-639: A great part of Dalmatia (" Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur "). Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in De Administrando Imperio mentions that, from Croats who came to Dalmatia, one part was separated and took rule in Illyricum . The Slavic, Serbian tribes, consolidated under the Vlastimirović dynasty (610–960). The two principalities of Doclea and Travunia were roughly adjacent at Boka. As elsewhere in

240-478: A large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. The Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif. Massifs may also form underwater, as with the Atlantis Massif . Dalmatia (theme) The Theme of Dalmatia ( Greek : θέμα Δαλματίας/Δελματίας , thema Dalmatias/Delmatias ) was a Byzantine theme (a military-civilian province) on

288-524: A minority are Croatians. The Bay region is under the protection of UNESCO due to its rich cultural heritage. The Boka region has a long maritime tradition and harbored a strong fleet since the Middle Ages, which historically formed the backbone of the Bay's economy. Kotor was home to a notable naval academy, the Scuola Nautica . The fleet peaked at 300 ships in the 18th century, when Boka was

336-757: A month (late April to early May). He failed to take the island, but he manage to take island Cres and capture the Croatian king himself who died in Norman prison by November 1074. In February 1075 the Venetians banished the Normans and secured the Dalmatian cities for themselves. The doge Domenico Selvo self-titled himself as the doge of "Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia" (later only of "Dalmatia"), but did not have nominal power over Dalmatia and Croatia. In October 1075

384-551: A rival to Dubrovnik and Venice . During the Austro-Hungarian period , the Bay of Kotor produced the majority of sea captains of the Österreichischer Lloyd shipping company. Historically, inhabitants of both dominant faiths of the Boka region were referred to as Bocchesi (an Italian-language exonym). In 1806, about two-thirds of Bocchesi were adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, the remaining third being Catholic. Catholicism

432-526: A seal of a " strategos of Dalmatia" dated to the first half of the century may indicate the existence of a Dalmatian theme , at least for a short time. The traditional date of the establishment of Dalmatia as a regular theme is placed in the early years of the reign of Emperor Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867–886), following the expeditions of Niketas Oryphas . Byzantium, the Roman Pope and

480-524: A waterfall appears 20 metres (66 ft) above the Bay of Kotor. * classification scheme after Köppen Two wind systems have ecological significance: Bora and Jugo . Strong cold downslope winds of the Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h (160 mph) and can lead to a significant temperature decline over several hours with freezing events. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors study

528-436: Is a ria of the vanished Bokelj River, which used to flow from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen . The bay is composed of several smaller broad bays, united by narrower channels. The bay inlet was formerly a river system. Tectonic and karstification processes led to the disintegration of this river. After heavy rains, the waterfall of Sopot spring at Risan appears, and Škurda, another well-known spring, runs through

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576-407: Is a principal mountain mass, such as a compact portion of a mountain range , containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central ). In mountaineering literature, a massif is frequently used to denote the main mass of an individual mountain. As a purely scientific term in geology , however, a "massif" is separately and more specifically defined as a section of a planet's crust that

624-402: Is demarcated by faults or flexures . In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. A massif is a smaller structural unit than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth-largest driving force in geomorphology . The word "massif" originates from French (in which the word also means "massive"), where it is used to refer to

672-620: The Balkans , Slavs mixed with the Roman population of these Byzantine coastal cities. The Theme of Dalmatia was established in the 870s. According to De Administrando Imperio (ca. 960), Risan was part of Travunia, a Serbian principality ruled by the Belojević family . After the Great Schism of 1054, the coastal region was under both Churches. In 1171, Stefan Nemanja sided with

720-649: The East–West Schism of 1054, further weakening Byzantine influence in Dalmatia. Except for Ragusium and the southern third of Dalmatia, Byzantine control collapsed in the 1060s. Constantine Bodin pledged his support for Pope Urban II , which confirmed Bar's status as an archdiocese in 1089 AD, and resulted in a temporary demotion of the Ragusan diocese. By the end of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Hungary took

768-743: The Republic of Venice in a dispute with the Byzantine Empire. The Venetians incited the Slavs of the eastern Adriatic littoral to rebel against Byzantine rule and Nemanja joined them, launching an offensive towards Kotor . The Bay was thenceforth under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty . In 1195, Nemanja and his son Vukan constructed the Church of Saint Luka in Kotor. In 1219, Saint Sava founded

816-517: The 0 °C (32 °F) mean annual isotherm . November thunderstorms sometimes drop large amounts of water. By contrast, in August the area is frequently completely dry, leading to forest fires . With a maximum discharge of 200 m/s (7,100 cu ft/s), one of the biggest karst springs , the Sopot spring, reflects this seasonal variation. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain

864-689: The 1910 census, the bay had 40,582 inhabitants, of whom 24,794 were Eastern Orthodox and 14,523 Catholic. The Bay region was occupied by the Royal Italian Army in April 1941, and was included in the Governorate of Dalmatia until September 1943. Since 1945, it was part of the People's Republic of Montenegro . Most of the region's inhabitants are Orthodox Christians , declaring themselves on census forms of either Montenegrins or Serbians, while

912-623: The Bay received attention all over Europe . It attracted Petar Zrinski , a statesman in Europe who had fought dramatic battles with the Turks. During his three-day sojourn in Perast he presented his legendary sword to the town in recognition for their efforts to defend their homeland, and to stop the Ottoman Empire. In 1669, according to Andrija Zmajević , hajduks of the Bay wished to build

960-575: The Bay region became incorporated into the Duchy of Saint Sava . In 1482, Ottomans took the city of Novi , establishing their rule in the northern parts of the Bay area. Under Ottoman rule, those regions were attached to the Sanjak of Herzegovina . The Ottoman possessions in the Bay region were retaken at the end of the 17th century and the whole area became part of the Venetian Republic, within

1008-578: The Franks vied for the support of the Slavs in Dalmatia; in 878 AD, Zdeslav of Croatia was a noted Byzantine vassal, who deposed and was in turn deposed in a power struggle involving these powers. With the fall of the Carolingian Empire , the Franks ceased to be a major power in the Adriatic, while the Republic of Venice grew in power in Dalmatia, beginning with Doge Pietro Tradonico . Since

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1056-675: The Habsburg crown. The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to take the Bay during World War I . It was bombed from Lovćen , but, by 1916, Austria-Hungary had defeated Montenegro. During Austro-Hungarian rule, the majority of people participated in the Great Retreat with the Royal Serbian Army through Albania . On 7 November 1918, the Serbian army entered the Bay. Within a month, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

1104-475: The Kingdom of Croatia's place in controlling the northern Dalmatian hinterland. Duklja remained largely under Byzantine control, with a series of internal conflicts weakening its leaders. Byzantine predominance was restored under Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180), but vanished after his death and was replaced by Venetian control. With the rise of Stefan Nemanja , the Nemanjić dynasty took control of

1152-518: The bay Herceg Novi house the Orthodox convent of St. Sava near (Savina monastery) standing amid surrounding gardens. It was founded in the 16th century and contains many specimens of 17th century silversmiths' work. 12.87 km east of Herceg Novi, there is a Benedictine monastery on a small island opposite Perast (Perasto). Perast itself was for a time an independent state in the 14th century. The Bokelj ( Бокељ ) people (pl. Бокељи , Bokelji ) are

1200-590: The beginning of an era that would last until 1797. Northern parts of the Bay region still remained under the Kingdom of Bosnia, while southern parts were controlled the Lordship of Zeta , followed by the Serbian Despotate . In the meanwhile, the Second Scutari War was fought in the region, resulting in the peace treaties of 1423 and 1426. By the middle of the 15th century, northern parts of

1248-554: The coastal regions of Croatia to Hungary and Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice, Coloman in 1105 successfully conquered coastal cities of Dalmatia. In the south of the Dalmatia Theme, the city of Ragusa , one of the main Dalmatian city-states but still under Byzantine control, started to grow in importance, and its Church diocese was elevated to an archbishopric in 998 AD. In the early 11th century, Byzantine control over

1296-698: The eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in Southeastern Europe , headquartered at Jadera (later called Zara, today's Zadar ). Dalmatia first came under Byzantine control in the 530s, when the generals of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) seized it from the Ostrogoths in the Gothic War . The invasions of the Avars and Slavs in the 7th century destroyed the main cities and overran much of

1344-604: The eight Dalmatian city-states started to be contested by the Serb principality of Dioclea , whose ruler Jovan Vladimir took control of Bar , near the border with the Theme of Dyrrhachium . His feats were repeated and bested by Stefan Vojislav twenty years later, and in 1034 AD, the Bar diocese was elevated to an archdiocese, but a war with Theophilos Erotikos soon followed. Stefan Vojislav's son Mihailo obtained papal support following

1392-585: The hinterland, with Byzantine control limited to the islands and certain new coastal cities -with local autonomy and called Dalmatian city-states - such as Spalatum (Split) and Ragusium (Dubrovnik) , while Jadera ( Zadar ) became the local episcopal and administrative center, under an archon . These coastal cities were the refuge of the autochthonous Dalmatian neolatins , who created the original eight Dalmatian city-states : (Vecla (now Krk ), Crespa (now Cres ), Arba (now Rab ), Jadera, Tragurium (now Trogir ), Spalatum, Ragusium and Cattaro (now Kotor )). At

1440-622: The inhabitants of the Boka kotorska (hence the name) and adjacent regions (near the towns of Kotor , Tivat , Herceg Novi , Risan , Perast ). They are an ethnic South Slavic community, many of whom nationally identify as Montenegrin, Serb or Croat. Most are Eastern Orthodox, while some are Roman Catholics. According to the 2011 Montenegro census, the total population of Boka was 67,456. When it comes to ethnic composition, in 2011 there were 26,435 (39.2%) Serbs , 26,108 (38.7%) Montenegrins , and 4,519 (6.7%) Croats . Massif A massif ( / m æ ˈ s iː f , ˈ m æ s ɪ f / )

1488-566: The kingdom on land and on sea calling the Dalmatian sea and islands as "ours", had the Byzantine Empire recognize him as supreme ruler of the theme, and consolidated his holdings as the regnum Dalmatiae et Chroatia . The 1074 invasion of the Normans partly shifted the balance of power as count Amico of Giovinazzo invaded Dalmatia from southern Italy, on behalf of the Dalmatian cities and Byzantines. Amico also besieged Rab for almost

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1536-463: The lands in the south of coastal Dalmatia, while nearly all the Dalmatian islands and coastal north-central Dalmatia was under full Venetian control since the 15th century and remained an area of the Venetian Stato da Mar until 1797 (see Venetian Dalmatia ). Byzantine governors of Dalmatia were styled as dukes (pl. of Byzantine Greek "δούξ", doux ), a title derived from Latin dux . In

1584-531: The mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Jugo is a warm humid wind and brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually concentrated in autumn and spring. Monthly and yearly precipitation ranges: The Sklavenoi , South Slavs , settled in the Balkans in the 6th century. The Serbs , mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals of the mid-9th century, controlled

1632-660: The new Croatian kingdom . This started a series of similar maneuvers and the Croatian–Bulgarian Wars , during which the Byzantine emperors of the Macedonian dynasty maintained varying degrees of control over the Dalmatian cities. The Church also endured an analogous internal conflict between the rival dioceses of Spalatum and Nin . Between 986 and 990, due to active alliance against Samuil of Bulgaria who also attacked Dalmatia up to Jadera , king Stephen Držislav

1680-480: The province of Venetian Albania . Until the 20th century, the difference between the two parts was visible because the former Ottoman part had an Orthodox majority, while the part that was under Venetian rule had a Catholic majority. The town of Perast had difficult moments in 1654 when the Ottomans attacked, retaliating against Bokeljs who had sunk an Ottoman ship. The Bokeljs' successful defence of Perast and

1728-602: The same titles. The Venetian maritime power was obstructed by the Narentines and the Croats until Pietro II Orseolo who successfully intervened in 998 and 1000, and arranged two important royal marriages with both the Croats and the Byzantines. Under Domenico I Contarini , Venice retook Jadera . Croatia again had a period of control over the theme and Dalmatian city-states under Peter Krešimir IV . By 1069 he expanded

1776-659: The seat of the Eparchy of Zeta on Prevlaka , one of the eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church . Due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area flourished during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty who, notorious for his aggressive law enforcement, made the Bay of Kotor a particularly safe place for doing business. The city of Kotor

1824-630: The strait from the Bay of Tivat. The bay lies within the Mediterranean and northwards the humid subtropical climate zone, but its peculiar topography and high mountains make it one of the wettest places in Europe, with Europe's wettest inhabited areas (although certain Icelandic glaciers are wetter). The littoral Dinaric Alps and the Accursed Mountains receive the most precipitation, leading to small glaciers surviving well above

1872-537: The suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bosnia . After 1391, it gained political independence, and functioned as a city-state until 1420. Its merchant fleet and importance gradually increased, but so was the interest of the powerful Republic of Venice for the city and the bay region. From 1405 to 1412, the First Scutari War was fought in the region. In 1420, the city of Kotor recognized the Venetian rule, marking

1920-496: The time of Duke Branimir of Croatia , Venetians had to pay taxes to Croatia and to the Narentines for their ships traveling along the eastern Adriatic coast, while the Dalmatian city-states paid 710 ducats of tribute to the Croatian ruler. Around 923 AD, Tomislav of Croatia , the Byzantine emperor and the two church patriarchs were involved a deal that transferred the control of the Byzantine Dalmatian cities to

1968-433: The turn of the 8th to 9th century, Dalmatia was seized by Charlemagne (r. 768–814), but he returned it to the Byzantines in 812, after the so-called " Pax Nicephori ". It is unclear whether the region was under actual rather than nominal Byzantine authority after that; the local Latin cities appear to have been virtually independent. Nevertheless, an archon of Dalmatia is mentioned in the 842/843 Taktikon Uspensky , and

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2016-629: Was compensated and awarded by Emperor Basil II the title patriarch and an exarch of Dalmatia , which gave him formal authority over the Theme of Dalmatia (but some historians believe not over the Dalmatian city-states ). According to Thomas the Archdeacon , Stephen Držislav received royal insignia and the titles as an act of recognition from the Byzantine Emperor, becoming reges Dalmatie et Chroatie and his descendants having

2064-517: Was crowned Demetrius Zvonimir as the king of "Croatia and Dalmatia" by the Holy See and his power was felt even on the island of Krk and Cres. His death in 1089 caused succession crisis in Croatia and Dalmatia, but although doge Vitale I Michiel made with Coloman, King of Hungary agreement of 1098—the so-called Conventio Amicitiae —determined the spheres of interest of each party by allotting

2112-478: Was declared. In 1815, the bay was annexed by the Austrian Empire and was included in the province of Dalmatia (part of Cisleithania since 1867). In 1848, when the numerous revolutions sparked in the Austrian Empire , an Assembly of the Bay of Kotor was held sponsored by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro, to decide on the proposition of the Bay's unification with Ban of Croatia Josip Jelačić in an attempt to unite Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia under

2160-401: Was effectively achieved only after the Treaties of Tilsit (1807). Under the French rule, the Bay region was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and later in the Illyrian Provinces , which were a part of the French Empire. The region was later conquered by Montenegro with Russian help by Prince-Bishop Petar I Petrović-Njegoš and, in 1813, a union of the bay area with Montenegro

2208-421: Was formed and was renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929. The Bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was re-organized into smaller districts ( oblasts ) in 1922. It was incorporated into the Oblast of Cetinje and, from 1939, into the Zeta Banovina . Both Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Hercegovina had a narrow exit to the sea, the so-called Sutorina stripe. In 1945 Montenegro was assigned the stripe. According to

2256-460: Was the dominant faith in Perast. During the 19th century, Orthodox Bocchesi were strongly in favor of a union with the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro , while many Catholic inhabitants favored continued Austro-Hungarian rule. On the landward side, long walls run from the fortified old town of Kotor to the castle of Saint John, far above; the heights of the Krivošije, a group of barren plateaus in Mount Orjen, were crowned by small forts. The shores of

2304-421: Was under Nemanjić rule until 1371. It was followed by a period of frequent political changes in the region. Local lords from the Vojinović and Balšić noble families fought over the influence in the region. Since 1377, northern parts of the Bay region came under the rule of Tvrtko I Kotromanić , who proclaimed himself King of the Serbs and Bosnia . For several years (1385–1391), the city of Kotor also recognized

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