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95-478: The first action that would lead to a formal schism was taken in 1053: Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople . In 1054, the papal legate sent by Leo IX travelled to Constantinople in order, among other things, to deny Cerularius the title of " ecumenical patriarch " and insist that he recognize the pope's claim to be the head of all of

190-583: A combination of the patriarchal superstructure with an episcopal and synodal communion ecclesiology analogous to that found in Cyprian ." However, Nicholas Afansiev has criticized both the Catholic and Orthodox churches for "subscribing to the universal ecclesiology of St. Cyprian of Carthage according to which only one true and universal church can exist." Another point of controversy was celibacy among Western priests (both monastic and parish), as opposed to

285-579: A contest sponsored by Field & Stream magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry: Semper siccandae sunt: potio Pulvis, et pelliculatio. Pelikan

380-574: A faulty translation gave as the council's decision, but their objections were rebutted by Pope Adrian I . From the Catholic Church's perspective, the ecclesiological issues are central, which is why they characterize the split between the two churches as a schism. In their view, the Eastern Orthodox are very close to them in theology, and the Catholic Church does not consider the Eastern Orthodox beliefs to be heretical. However, from

475-559: A great gulf of separation between them... The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware". The validity of the Western legates' act is doubtful because Pope Leo had died and Cerularius' excommunication only applied to the legates personally. Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and

570-456: A hand in negotiating the abdication of Theodora's successor, Michael VI Stratiotikos , convincing him to step down on 31 August 1057, in favour of the rebellious general Isaac I Komnenos , for whom the army declared on 8 June. The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. Having had a role in bringing him to the throne, Cerularius soon quarrelled with Isaac over confiscation of church property. Michael went so far as to take

665-487: A heresy by Barlaam of Seminara . Eastern Orthodox theologians charge that, in contrast to Eastern Orthodox theology , western theology is based on philosophical discourse which reduces humanity and nature to cold mechanical concepts. Roman Catholicism rationalizes even the sacrament of the Eucharist: it interprets spiritual action as purely material and debases the sacrament to such an extent that it becomes in its view

760-584: A kind of atomistic miracle. The Orthodox Church has no metaphysical theory of Transsubstantiation, and there is no need of such a theory. Christ is the Lord of the elements and it is in His power to do so that 'every thing, without in the least changing its physical substance' could become His Body. Christ's Body in the Eucharist is not physical flesh. Eastern Orthodox theologians argue that the mind (reason, rationality)

855-921: A member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York . According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II . Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back

950-407: A pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist ) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of

1045-512: A sickness that weakens and impedes but also as something that merits punishment. The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "there is a state beyond death where believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization". Although some Orthodox have described this intermediate state as purgatory , others distinguish it from aspects associated with it in the West: at the Council of Ferrara–Florence,

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1140-497: A source of torment (or a "Lake of Fire") for sinners. The Western Church speaks of heaven and hell as states of existence rather than as places, while in Eastern Orthodoxy there is no hell per se, there is a "hell" in the absence of God's grace. To quote St John of Damascus: "God does not punish but each one decides on his receiving of God, whose reception is joy and his absence a hell (Gr. κόλασις)". The Byzantine Empire

1235-415: Is born after the flesh bears this burden, and experiences the fruits of it in this present world." Similarly, what the Catholic Church holds is that the sin of Adam that we inherit, and for the remission of which even babies who have no personal sin are baptized, is called "sin" only in an analogical sense since it is not an act committed like the personal sin of Adam and Eve, but a fallen state-contracted by

1330-654: Is expressed by Christos Yannaras , who described Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church's truth in the West". This view is ahistorical. In fact, Augustine's teaching on original sin was solemnly affirmed by the ecumenical Council of Ephesus, and the ecumenical Second Council of Constantinople numbered Saint Augustine among the great doctors of the Church, alongside Athanasius of Alexandria , Hilary of Poitiers , Basil of Caesarea , Gregory of Nazianzus , Gregory of Nyssa , St. Ambrose , Theophilus, John Chrysostom , Cyril of Alexandria , and Pope Leo

1425-401: Is reached via the healing of the whole person, encompassing the soul/heart. When a person's heart is reconciled with their mind, this is referred to as a healing of the nous or the "eye, focus of the heart or soul". Part of this process is the healing and reconciliation of humankind's reason ( logos or dianoia ) with the heart or soul. While the human spirit and body are energies vivified by

1520-515: Is rejected in the East as well. Nor is Augustine's teaching accepted in its totality in the West. The Catholic Church rejects traducianism and affirms creationism of the soul. Its teaching on original sin is largely based on but not identical with that of Augustine, and is opposed to the interpretation of Augustine advanced by Martin Luther and John Calvin . Its teaching departs from Augustine's ideas in some respects. Another Eastern Orthodox view

1615-492: Is the focus of Western theology, whereas, in Eastern theology, the mind must be put in the heart, so they are united into what is called nous ; this unity as heart is the focus of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, involving the unceasing Prayer of the heart . In Orthodox theology, in the Eastern ascetic traditions, one of the goals of ascetic practice is to obtain sobriety of consciousness, awakeness ( nepsis ). For humankind, this

1710-668: Is validated by the Eastern Orthodox. The essence of the disagreement is that in the East a person cannot be a true theologian or teach the knowledge of God without having experienced God, as defined as the vision of God ( theoria ). At the heart of the issue was the teaching of the Essence-Energies distinctions (which states that while creation can never know God's uncreated essence, it can know his uncreated energies) by Gregory Palamas. Some Eastern Orthodox polemicists claim that Eastern Orthodox do not accept Augustine 's teaching of original sin . His interpretation of ancestral sin

1805-627: The Byzantine Empire . Patriarch Michael closed the Latin churches in his area, which exacerbated the schism. In 1965, those excommunications were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras following their 1964 meeting in Jerusalem. Although the excommunication delivered by Cardinal Humbert was invalid, the 1965 gesture represented a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. The short reign of

1900-654: The Catholic Church , by Anglicanism and by Protestant churches in general. Christians of these groups generally include it when reciting the Nicene Creed. Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the First Council of Constantinople in 381, and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed. The Catholic Church does not add

1995-639: The Christian East . In 1946, when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri and a PhD at the University of Chicago . Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into

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2090-605: The Empress Theodora then saw Michael intriguing against the throne. Michael Psellus notes that while their initial relations had been cordial, once Theodora took the throne, they entered into open conflict, as Michael "was vexed because the Roman Empire was being governed by a woman", and on this topic "he spoke his mind freely". The historian suggests that Theodora would have deposed Michael for his open effrontery and sedition, had she lived longer. Cerularius had

2185-704: The Filioque clause is symptomatic of a fatal flaw in the Western understanding, which they attribute to the influence of Augustine and, by extension, to that of Thomas Aquinas . Filioque , Latin for "and (from) the Son", was added in Western Christianity to the Latin text of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed , which also varies from the original Greek text in having the additional phrase Deum de Deo (God from God) and in using

2280-871: The President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities . Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation . In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences , an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur , Pelikan donated his award of $ 500,000 to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary , of which he

2375-509: The anathemas of 1054, although this was a nullification of measures taken against only a few individuals, merely as a gesture of goodwill and not constituting any sort of reunion. The absence of full communion between the Churches is even explicitly mentioned when the Code of Canon Law gives Catholic ministers permission to administer the sacraments of penance, the Eucharist, and the anointing of

2470-413: The primacy of the bishop of Rome over the patriarch of Constantinople . Cerularius would have none of it. It can be argued that in 1054, Michael's letter to Leo IX initiated the events which followed, because it claimed the title "ecumenical patriarch" and addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." Pope Leo IX sent an official delegation on a legatine mission to meet with Michael. Members of

2565-434: The "hierarchical-institutional" and the "organic-mystical", and the "congregationalist". The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city-church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons, and people celebrating the eucharist constituted the whole church. In this view called eucharistic ecclesiology (or more recently holographic ecclesiology), every bishop is Saint Peter 's successor in his church ("the Church"), and

2660-641: The 11th century played a role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054. Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople around 1000 AD and joined the Church at a young age. Michael quarreled with Pope Leo IX over church practices in which the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, particularly the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist . Dissenting opinions were also exchanged over other theological and cultural issues, ranging from

2755-430: The 12th annual Jefferson Lecture , the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities . Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book The Vindication of Tradition . Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen , which were published as the book Christianity and Classical Culture . President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on

2850-408: The Catholic Church is the one expressed in the decree Unitatis redintegratio of Vatican II: In the study of revelation East and West have followed different methods, and have developed differently their understanding and confession of God's truth. It is hardly surprising, then, if from time to time one tradition has come nearer to a full appreciation of some aspects of a mystery of revelation than

2945-647: The Catholics believe that people inherit only the spiritual sickness (in which all suffer and sin) of Adam and Eve, caused by their ancestral sin (what has flowed to them), a sickness leaving them weakened in their powers, subject to ignorance, suffering from the domination of death, and inclined to sin. The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception , which claims that God protected the Virgin Mary from original sin through no merit of her own,

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3040-565: The Church/Bishop of Rome. These two views are still present in modern Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism and can be seen as foundational causes for the schisms and Great Schism between East and West. The Orthodox Church does not accept the doctrine of Papal authority set forth in the Vatican Council of 1870, and taught today in the Catholic Church. The Orthodox Church has always maintained the original position of collegiality of

3135-707: The Eastern Orthodox Church's saints, including Photios I of Constantinople , Mark of Ephesus , and Gregory Palamas , who have been called the Three Pillars of Orthodoxy. The Eastern church believes by the Western church inserting the Filioque unilaterally (without consulting or holding council with the East) into the Creed, that the Western Church broke communion with the East. Eastern Orthodox theologians such as Vladimir Lossky criticize

3230-406: The Eastern Orthodox churches are the dogma of the pope's infallibility when speaking officially "from the chair of Peter (ex cathedra Petri)" on matters of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church, so that such definitions are irreformable "of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church" ( ex sese et non-ex consensu ecclesiae ) and have a binding character for all (Catholic) Christians in

3325-405: The Eastern discipline whereby parish priests could be married men. However, the Latin church has always had some priests who were legally married. They have been a small minority since the 12th century. There are several different ecclesiologies: "communion ecclesiology", "eucharistic ecclesiology", "baptismal ecclesiology", "trinitarian ecclesiology", "kerygmatic theology". Other ecclesiologies are

3420-454: The Great . The late modern denial by some Eastern Orthodox writers of the supposedly "Western" teaching on original sin is regarded by some traditionalist Eastern Orthodox as a form of modernism . What the Eastern Orthodox Church accepts is that ancestral sin corrupted their existence (their bodies and environment) that each person is born into and thus we are born into a corrupted existence (by

3515-723: The Orthodox Bishop Mark of Ephesus argued that there are in it no purifying fires. Some Orthodox Christians also subscribe to the belief of aerial toll houses , which states that souls are tested by demons while on their way to Heaven. This concept is not found in Roman Catholicism. The traditional Orthodox teaching is that those who reject Christ will suffer his absence. According to the Confession of Dositheus , "persons go immediately to joy in Christ or to

3610-478: The Supreme Pontiff, the unique Successor of Peter and Vicar of Christ on earth. Principal among the ecclesiastical issues that separate the two churches is the meaning of papal primacy within any future unified church. The Orthodox insist that it should be a "primacy of honor", and not a "primacy of authority", whereas the Catholics see the pontiff's role as required for its exercise of power and authority,

3705-431: The ancestral sin of Adam and Eve ) and that "original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin. All of us participate in original sin because we are all descended from the same forefather, Adam." The teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church is that, as a result of Adam's sin, "hereditary sin flowed to his posterity; so that everyone who

3800-460: The antagonists in the 11th century inappropriately exaggerated their theological differences, whereas modern historians tend to minimize them. Pelikan asserts that the documents from that era evidence the "depths of intellectual alienation that had developed between the two sections of Christendom." While the two sides were technically more guilty of schism than heresy, they often charged each other with allegations of blasphemy. Pelikan describes much of

3895-528: The bishops resulting in the structure of the church being closer to a confederacy . The Orthodox have synods where the highest authorities in each Church community are brought together, but, unlike the Catholic Church, no central individual or figure has the absolute and infallible last word on church doctrine. In practice, this has sometimes led to divisions among Greek, Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, as no central authority can serve as an arbitrator for various internal disputes. Starting from

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3990-526: The church of the Hagia Sophia during the divine liturgy and placed the charter on the altar. Soon after that, the patriarch decided to react. On 20 July 1054, a synod of 21 metropolitans and bishops was held in Constantinople, presided over by Cerularius. The council decided to excommunicate Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues. Only the three men were anathematized , and a general reference

4085-424: The churches form what Eusebius called a common union of churches. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as metropolitans , archbishops or patriarchs . Within the Roman Empire, from the time of Constantine to the fall of the empire in 1453, universal ecclesiology, rather than eucharistic, became

4180-529: The churches. The main purposes of the papal legation were to seek help from the Byzantine emperor , Constantine IX Monomachos , in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy , and to respond to Leo of Ohrid 's attacks on the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs, attacks that had the support of Cerularius. The historian Axel Bayer says that the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from

4275-503: The condition of sobriety , or nepsis of the mind. Orthodox theologians assert that the theological division of East and West culminated into a direct theological conflict known as the Hesychasm controversy during several councils at Constantinople between 1341 and 1351. They argue that this controversy highlighted the sharp contrast between what is embraced by the Catholic Church as proper (or orthodox) theological dogma and how theology

4370-448: The dispute as dealing with "regional differences in usages and customs," some of which were adiaphorous (i.e. neither commanded nor forbidden). However, he goes on to say that while it was easy in principle to accept the existence of adiaphora, it was difficult in actual practice to distinguish customs which were innocuously adiaphoric from those that had doctrinal implications. Philip Sherrard, an Eastern Orthodox theologian , asserts that

4465-590: The emperor seeking help to organize a joint military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans , and the other from Cerularius. When the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida , O.S.B. , learned that Cerularius had refused to accept the demand, he excommunicated him, and in response Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the other legates. According to Ware, "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of

4560-614: The exact form of which is open to discussion with other Christians. According to Eastern Orthodox belief, the test of catholicity is adherence to the authority of Scripture and then by the Holy Tradition of the church. It is not defined by adherence to any particular see . It is the position of the Orthodox Church that it has never accepted the pope as de jure leader of the entire church. Referring to Ignatius of Antioch, Carlton says: Contrary to popular opinion,

4655-421: The fact that their legatine authority officially ceased after the pope's death, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues decided to engage in open dispute with the patriarch. On Saturday, 16 July 1054, they produced a charter of excommunication (lat. charta excommunicationis ), directed against Patriarch Michael, Archbishop Leo, and all of their followers. On the same day, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues entered

4750-408: The firm position taken when I wrote The Orthodox Church twenty years ago, I now believe, after further study, that the problem is more in the area of semantics than in any basic doctrinal differences. Lossky argues the difference in East and West is because of the Catholic Church's use of pagan metaphysical philosophy (and scholasticism) rather than actual experience of God called theoria , to validate

4845-600: The focus of Western theology of God in 'God in uncreated essence' as misguided, which he alleges is a modalistic and therefore a speculative expression of God that is indicative of the Sabellian heresy. Eastern Orthodox theologian Michael Pomazansky argues that, in order for the Holy Spirit to proceed from the Father and the Son in the Creed, there would have to be two sources in the deity (double procession), whereas in

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4940-698: The fundamental breach has never been healed: each side occasionally accuses the other of committing heresy and of having initiated the schism. Reconciliation was made more difficult by the Latin-led Crusades , the Massacre of the Latins in 1182, the West's retaliation via the Sacking of Thessalonica in 1185 , the capture and pillaging of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and

5035-639: The gathered community, then each local eucharistic church must be more than a subset of the universal church; it must be the body of Christ 'in that place'." The ecclesiological dimension of the East–West schism revolves around the authority of bishops within their dioceses and the lines of authority between bishops of different dioceses. It is common for Catholics to insist on the primacy of Roman and papal authority based on patristic writings and conciliar documents. The Catholic Church's current official teachings about papal privilege and power that are unacceptable to

5130-498: The general reading public, notably, Mary Through the Centuries , Jesus Through the Centuries, and Whose Bible Is It? His 1983 Jefferson Lecture , The Vindication of Tradition, included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in U.S. News & World Report . He said: Tradition is the living faith of the dead; traditionalism is the dead faith of the living. Tradition lives in conversation with

5225-555: The head of each to the other. The efforts of the ecumenical patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow Orthodox. Scholars have proposed different dates for the Great Schism, ranging from 1009 to 1204. Jaroslav Pelikan emphasizes that "while the East–West schism stemmed largely from political and ecclesiastical discord, this discord also reflected basic theological differences". Pelikan further argues that

5320-576: The highly symbolic step of donning the purple shoes ceremonially reserved for the emperor. Michael apparently planned a rebellion, intending to overthrow Isaac and claim the throne for himself or for his relative Constantine Doukas . Isaac exiled Michael to Proconnesus in 1058 and, as Michael refused to step down, had Psellus drew up accusations of heresy and treason against him. Cerularius died before coming to trial. Jaroslav Pelikan Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. ( / ˈ j ɑːr ə s l ɑː v ˈ p ɛ l ɪ k ən / ; December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006)

5415-466: The holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven." However, some Eastern theologians, while agreeing that there is beyond death a state in which believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization, consider that it is a state not of punishment but of growth. They hold that suffering cannot purify sin, since they have a different view of sin and consider suffering as a result of a spiritual sickness. Western theology usually considers sin not only as

5510-454: The holy Fathers of the Church, there is not an uncreated Paradise and a created Hell, as the Franco–Latin tradition teaches". The Eastern Church believes that hell and heaven exist with reference to being with God, and that the very same divine love (God's uncreated energies) which is a source of bliss and consolation for the righteous (because they love God, His love is heaven for them) is also

5605-454: The imposition of Latin patriarchs . Over time, the emergence of competing Greek and Latin hierarchies in the Crusader states , especially with two claimants to the patriarchal sees of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, made the existence of a schism clear. Several attempts at reconciliation did not bear fruit. In 1965, Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I nullified

5700-410: The initial audience, Cerularius refused to meet with papal envoys in their official capacity and left them waiting with no further audience for months. During that time, from April to July 1054, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues continued with their activities in Constantinople, taking part in informal religious discussions on various issues. This was seen as inappropriate by Patriarch Michael. Despite

5795-537: The issue of papal supremacy in the Church to the filioque clause and other disagreements between the patriarchates. In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent a letter to Michael, citing a large portion of the Donation of Constantine believing it genuine. Some scholars say that this letter of September 1053, the text of which is available in Migne, Patrologia Latina , vol. 143, coll. 744-769 , was never actually dispatched, but

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5890-565: The layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there". Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy , the "last before his death." Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in The New York Times when

5985-668: The liturgy. They derive their strength too from the living tradition of the apostles and from the works of the Fathers and spiritual writers of the Eastern Churches. Thus they promote the right ordering of Christian life and, indeed, pave the way to a full vision of Christian truth. Although the Western churches do not consider the Eastern and Western understanding of the Trinity to be radically different, Eastern theologians such as John Romanides and Michael Pomazansky argue that

6080-456: The one God there can only be one source of divinity, which is the Father hypostasis of the Trinity, not God's essence per se. In contrast, Bishop Kallistos Ware suggests that the problem is more in the area of semantics than of basic doctrinal differences: The Filioque controversy which has separated us for so many centuries is more than a mere technicality, but it is not insoluble. Qualifying

6175-414: The one church of God exists in no other way than in the various individual local congregations. In these the eucharist is celebrated in union with the Church everywhere. Eucharistic ecclesiology led the council to "affirm the theological significance of the local church. If each celebration of the Eucharist is a matter not only of Christ's sacramental presence on the altar but also of his ecclesial presence in

6270-403: The operative principle. The view prevailed that, "when the Roman Empire became Christian the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved: one universal empire was sovereign and coterminous with it was the one universal church". Early on, the Roman Church's ecclesiology was universal, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center:

6365-538: The other, or has expressed it to better advantage. In such cases, these various theological expressions are to be considered often as mutually complementary rather than conflicting. Where the authentic theological traditions of the Eastern Church are concerned, we must recognize the admirable way in which they have their roots in Holy Scripture, and how they are nurtured and given expression in the life of

6460-611: The papal delegation were Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida , papal secretary Frederick of Lorraine , and Archbishop Peter of Amalfi. Soon after their arrival in Constantinople, news was received that Pope Leo had died on 19 April. Since the official position and authority of papal legates was dependent upon the pope who authorized them to represent him, the news of Leo's death placed his envoys in an awkward position. In spite of this, they decided to proceed with their mission, but even before any religious discussions were held, problems arose regarding some basic formalities and ceremonies. During

6555-402: The past, while remembering where we are and when we are and that it is we who have to decide. Traditionalism supposes that nothing should ever be done for the first time, so all that is needed to solve any problem is to arrive at the supposedly unanimous testimony of this homogenized tradition. He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972

6650-485: The perspective of Eastern Orthodox theologians, there are theological issues that run much deeper than just the theology around the primacy of the Pope . In fact, this is in contrast to Catholics, who do not generally consider the Orthodox heretical and speak instead about the Eastern "schism". In the Catholic Church, too, some writers may be found, who speak pejoratively about the Eastern Orthodox Church and its theology, but these writers are marginal. The official view of

6745-416: The phrase corresponding to Filioque ( καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ) to the Greek text of the Creed, including in the Roman Rite of Latin Church Catholics. At the 879–880 Council of Constantinople the Eastern Orthodox Church anathematized the Filioque phrase, "as a novelty and augmentation of the Creed", and in their 1848 encyclical the Eastern Patriarchs spoke of it as a heresy. It was qualified as such by some of

6840-471: The pope died in 2005: It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one. Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden , Connecticut , at

6935-465: The reverence and glory that befits God's earthly copy; and he will 'frame his earthly government according to the pattern of the divine original, finding strength in its conformity with the monarchy of God'". Michael I Cerularius Michael I Cerularius or Keroularios ( Greek : Μιχαὴλ Κηρουλάριος ; c. 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in

7030-434: The second half of the 20th century, eucharistic ecclesiology is upheld by Catholic theologians. Henri de Lubac writes: "The Church, like the Eucharist, is a mystery of unity – the same mystery, and one with inexhaustible riches. Both are the body of Christ – the same body." Joseph Ratzinger called eucharistic ecclesiology "the real core of Vatican II's ( Second Vatican Council ) teaching on the cross". According to Ratzinger,

7125-721: The sick to members of eastern churches such as the Eastern Orthodox Church (as well as the Oriental Orthodox churches and the Church of the East ) and members of western churches such as the Old Catholic Church , when those members spontaneously request these. Contacts between the two sides continue. Every year a delegation from each joins in the other's celebration of its patronal feast, Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) for Rome and Saint Andrew (30 November) for Constantinople, and there have been several visits by

7220-559: The simple reason that the principle of total catholicity and total unity is already intrinsic to it. The iconoclast policy enforced by a series of decrees of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian in 726–729 was resisted in the West, giving rise to friction that ended in 787, when the Second Council of Nicaea reaffirmed that images are to be venerated but not worshipped. The Libri Carolini , commissioned by Charlemagne , criticized what

7315-411: The singular "I believe" (Latin, Credo , Greek Πιστεύω) instead of the original "We believe" (Greek Πιστεύομεν), which Oriental Orthodoxy preserves. The Assyrian Church of the East , which is in communion neither with the Eastern Orthodox Church nor with Oriental Orthodoxy, uses "We believe". Filioque states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father, a doctrine accepted by

7410-503: The soul, Orthodoxy teaches sin, suffering and sorrow are caused by the heart and mind being in conflict. According to Orthodox theology, a lack of noetic understanding (sickness) can be neither circumvented nor satisfied by rational or discursive thought (i.e. systematization ). Denying the needs of the human heart (the needs of the soul) is seen to cause various negative or destructive manifestations such as addiction, atheism and evil thoughts etc. A cleaned, healed or restored nous creates

7505-522: The teaching of Orthodoxy, it is flatly contrary to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which considered itself truly catholic The church is in the image of the Trinity and reflects the reality of the incarnation. The body of Christ must always be equal with itself... The local church which manifests the body of Christ cannot be subsumed into any larger organisation or collectivity which makes it more catholic and more in unity, for

7600-462: The theological dogmas of Catholic Christianity. For this reason, Lossky states that Eastern Orthodox and Catholics have become "different men". Other Eastern Orthodox theologians such as Romanides and Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos have made similar pronouncements. According to the Orthodox teachings, theoria can be achieved through ascetic practices like hesychasm, which was condemned as

7695-500: The torments of punishment". In Orthodox doctrine, there is no place without God. In eternity there is no hiding from God. In Catholic theology, God is present everywhere not only by his power but in himself. Hell is a state of self-selected separation from God. Eastern theology considers the desire to sin to be the result of a spiritual sickness (caused by Adam and Eve's pride), which needs to be cured. One such theologian gives his interpretation of Western theology as follows: "According to

7790-440: The transmission of a human nature deprived of original holiness and justice. Both East and West hold that each person is not called to atone for the actual sin committed by Adam and Eve. According to the Western Church, "original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants", and the Eastern Church teaches that "by these fruits and this burden we do not understand [actual] sin". The Orthodox and

7885-432: The underlying cause of the East–West schism was and continues to be "the clash of these two fundamentally irreconcilable ecclesiologies." Roger Haight characterizes the question of episcopal authority in the Church as "acute" with the "relative standings of Rome and Constantinople a recurrent source of tension." Haight characterizes the difference in ecclesiologies as "the contrast between a pope with universal jurisdiction and

7980-457: The word catholic does not mean "universal"; it means "whole, complete, lacking nothing." ...Thus, to confess the Church to be catholic is to say that She possesses the fullness of the Christian faith. To say, however, that Orthodox and Rome constitute two lungs of the same Church is to deny that either Church separately is catholic in any meaningful sense of the term. This is not only contrary to

8075-459: The world; the pope's direct episcopal jurisdiction over all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope's authority to appoint (and so also to dismiss) the bishops of all (Catholic) Christian churches except in the territory of a patriarchate; and the affirmation that the legitimacy and authority of all (Catholic) Christian bishops in the world derive from their union with the Roman see and its bishop,

8170-522: Was a theocracy ; the emperor was the supreme authority in both church and state. "The king is not God among men but the Viceroy of God. He is not the logos incarnate but is in a special relation with the logos. He has been specially appointed and is continually inspired by God, the friend of God, the interpreter of the Word of God. His eyes look upward, to receive the messages of God. He must be surrounded with

8265-522: Was a trustee . At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: " Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen " ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own."). For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming

8360-686: Was a Lutheran pastor in Chicago, and in 1902, a charter founder, and later president of, the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches , which until 1958 was known as the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church, a strictly conservative orthodox church of the Augsburg Confession. According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old because he could not yet hold

8455-590: Was an American scholar of the history of Christianity , Christian theology , and medieval intellectual history at Yale University . Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron , Ohio , to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia . His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois . His paternal grandfather

8550-823: Was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and an elected member of the American Philosophical Society . He was editor of the religion section of Encyclopædia Britannica , and, in 1980, he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress . In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver

8645-674: Was dogmatically defined by Pope Pius IX in 1854. Orthodox theology proclaims that Mary was chosen to bear Christ, having first found favor of God by her purity and obedience. Another point of theological contention between the western and eastern churches is the doctrine of purgatory (as it was shown at the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Ferrara–Florence). It was developed in time in Western theology, according to which, "all who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve

8740-595: Was in response to a letter sent by Archbishop Leo to Bishop John of Trani that categorically attacked the customs of the Latin Church that differed from those of the Greeks. Especially criticized were the Roman traditions of fasting on the Saturday Sabbath and consecration of unleavened bread. Leo IX in his letter accused Constantinople of historically being a center of heresies and claimed in emphatic terms

8835-548: Was made to all who support them - there was no explicit excommunication of the entire Western Christianity, or of the Church of Rome. On Sunday 24 July the conciliar anathema was officially proclaimed in the Hagia Sophia Church. The events of 1054 caused the East-West Schism and led to the end of the alliance between the Byzantine emperors and the popes . Later popes allied with the Normans against

8930-634: Was named Sterling Professor of History , a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America 's 1985 Haskins Medal. While at Yale, Pelikan won

9025-407: Was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter Scripta tuae of January 1054. Leo IX assured Michael that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable or old wives' tale, arguing that only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed primacy in the Church. This letter of Pope Leo IX, addressed both to Patriarch Michael I and Archbishop Leo of Ohrid ,

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