120-562: Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex (KWMC) is one of Asia 's largest perishable goods market complex located at Koyambedu , Chennai . The market complex is spread over an area of 295 acres (1.19 km). Inaugurated in 1996, the complex consists of about 3,100 shops, including more than 1,000 wholesale shops and 2,000 retail shops. Of these, 850 are fruit shops. It abuts the Poonamallee High Road and Nesapakkam Road and can be easily accessed from all parts of City. In Phase I,
240-425: A first class compartment with a dedicated section reserved for women. The trains operate on 25 kV AC traction catenary system with a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). The trains are connected to the grid via overhead electric cables and are equipped with regenerative braking with a capacity to recover 30–35% of the energy during braking. The metro consumes an average of 70 MW of power daily and
360-614: A light rail was proposed to connect Tambaram railway station of the existing suburban rail network with Velachery on the MRTS, as part of plans to link the different urban transit lines in the city. Feasibility studies for the project was commissioned in February 2023 by the Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (CUMTA). In March 2024, a study was commissioned to re-assess
480-660: A 7.46-acre open-space parking lot adjacent to the biomethanation plant, opened by the CMDA on 5 April 2013. It has a provision to park 400 heavy vehicles at any given point of time. The market is located adjacent to the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus and the CMBT and Koyambedu metro stations of the Chennai Metro and is thus well connected by both bus and rail transportation. Koyambedu Metro station
600-507: A South Asian country, emerges as one of the world's fastest movers since 1970 mainly due to health and education achievements. Its present life expectancy is 25 years longer than in the 1970s. More than four of every five children of school age in Nepal now attend primary school, compared to just one in five 40 years ago. Hong Kong ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI (number 7 in
720-450: A construction site between Alandur and St Thomas Mount . On 6 November 2013, a test run was conducted along a stretch of 1 km (0.62 mi) track. The project faced several delays and missed deadlines due to problems with land acquisition and cancellation of construction contracts. On 11 January 2014, a crane toppled over, killing a 20-year-old construction worker and seriously injuring another at Saidapet . On 14 February 2014,
840-400: A major depot at Koyambedu covering an area of 26 ha (64 acres) which houses maintenance workshops, stabling lines, test tracks and a washing plant for the trains. In 2022, an elevated depot at Wimco Nagar, covering an area of 3.5 ha (8.6 acres), commenced operations with facilities for inspection, emergency repair, and a washing plant. A new depot is planned at Madhavaram a part of
960-676: A major hub for outsourcing. Trade between Asian countries and countries on other continents is largely carried out on the sea routes that are important for Asia. Individual main routes have emerged from this. The main route leads from the Chinese coast south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo to the southern tip of India via Malé to East Africa Mombasa (see also: Indo-Pacific ), from there to Djibouti , then through
1080-575: A marsh or lowland containing a marsh in Lydia as ασιος . The term was later adopted by the Romans , who used it in reference to the province of Asia , located in western Anatolia. One of the first writers to use Asia as a name of the whole continent was Pliny . The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions: East Asia , South Asia , Southeast Asia , Central Asia , and West Asia . The coastal periphery
1200-707: A mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot deserts in parts of West Asia , Central Asia and South Asia , temperate areas in the east and the continental centre to vast subarctic and polar areas in North Asia . The boundary between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal , the Gulf of Suez , the Red Sea , and the Bab-el-Mandeb . This makes Egypt a transcontinental country , with
1320-801: A modern metro rail system for Chennai was planned and would be modeled after the Delhi Metro . The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was tasked to prepare a project report on the implementation of metro system in Chennai. The Government of Tamil Nadu approved the first phase of the project in November 2007. The first phase was planned with two lines covering 45.1 km (28.0 mi) with 25 km (16 mi) being underground. The first corridor would connect Washermanpet with Chennai International Airport extending for 23.1 km (14.4 mi) with 14.3 km (8.9 mi) being underground and
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#17327983241471440-546: A spectrum. China and India traded places as the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE. China was a major economic power for much of recorded history, with the highest GDP per capita until 1500. The Silk Road became the main east–west trading route in the Asian hinterlands while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during
1560-473: A wholesale market for perishables was developed in an area of around 70 acres (280,000 m) by constructing 3,194 shops. The market has two blocks for vegetable shops and one each for fruit and flower shops. In Phase II, a textile market and in Phase III, a food grain market have been planned to be developed in the complex. The food grain market will be built on a seven to eight acres of land belonging to
1680-522: Is a Metro railway station on the Line 2 of the Chennai Metro , which is one terminal of the current open metro line from Alandur. The station is among the elevated stations coming up along corridor II of the Chennai Metro, Chennai Central – St. Thomas Mount stretch. The station will serve the neighbourhoods of Koyambedu , Koyambedu vegetable market, and Koyambedu Private Bus Terminus . The station
1800-428: Is also involved in the feasibility studies for the development of metro rail transport in the cities of Coimbatore , Madurai and Tiruchirapalli . Chennai Metro runs on 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge and the lines are double-tracked. The average operational speed is 85 km/h (53 mph) with a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). As of March 2024,
1920-1054: Is generally defined as comprising the eastern four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains , and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression ) and the Caspian and Black Seas . It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia is subdivided into 49 countries, five of them ( Georgia , Azerbaijan , Russia , Kazakhstan and Turkey ) are transcontinental countries lying partly in Europe . Geographically, Russia
2040-514: Is growing rapidly. In 2010, Asia had 3.3 million millionaires (people with net worth over US$ 1 million excluding their homes), slightly below North America with 3.4 million millionaires. In 2011, Asia topped Europe in number of millionaires. Citigroup in The Wealth Report 2012 stated that Asian centa-millionaire overtook North America's wealth for the first time as the world's "economic center of gravity" continued moving east. At
2160-467: Is moist across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent are hot. Siberia
2280-588: Is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere , and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America. The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan. Climate change is particularly important in Asia, as the continent accounts for the majority of the human population. Warming since the 20th century is increasing
2400-721: Is partly in Asia, but is considered a European nation , both culturally and politically. The Gobi Desert is in Mongolia and the Arabian Desert stretches across much of the Middle East. The Yangtze in China is the longest river in the continent. The Himalayas between Nepal and China is the tallest mountain range in the world. Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north. There are various approaches to
2520-645: Is planned to be incorporated into the Chennai Metro. A light rail has been proposed to connect Tambaram of the Chennai suburban rail network with Velachery on the MRTS. Further extensions are also planned for the three lines under construction. A single electrified line from Chennai Beach to Tambaram began operations in 1931 as part of the Chennai Suburban Railway . Two other rail lines were subsequently built connecting Chennai Central to Gummidipoondi and Tiruvallur in 1979. In 1965,
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#17327983241472640-493: Is projected to move to third place, behind China and India. While nearly half of the world's new renewable energy capacity is built in Asia, this is not yet sufficient in order to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement . They imply that the renewables would account for 35% of total energy consumption in Asia by 2030. Asia has the largest continental economy in the world by both GDP nominal and PPP values, and
2760-429: Is the fastest growing economic region. As of 2023 , China is by far the largest economy on the continent, making up nearly half of the continent's economy by GDP nominal. It is followed by Japan, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, which are all ranked among the top 20 largest economies both by nominal and PPP values. Based on Global Office Locations 2011, Asia dominated the office locations with 4 of
2880-534: Is under construction at the market complex at a cost of ₹ 690.7 million. It is being constructed in an area of 14.41 acres next to the existing wholesale vegetable market, with provision of godowns, parking space for trucks, public toilets, cement concrete roads, solar street lights, fire-fighting system, and water supply. It is expected to be opened by mid-2014. It will have about 500 shops for wholesale business of food grains, except sugar, jaggery, dry chillies, tamarind, and edible oil items. A bio-methanation plant at
3000-576: The Arctic Ocean . The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. A commonly accepted division places Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish straits , the Ural Mountains and Ural River , and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black seas, separating it from Europe. Since
3120-809: The Black Sea coast, through the Surami Pass and along the Kura River to the Caspian Sea), a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE. During the Hellenistic period , this convention was revised, and the boundary between Europe and Asia was now considered to be the Tanais (the modern Don River). This is the convention used by Roman era authors such as Posidonius , Strabo and Ptolemy . The border between Asia and Europe
3240-667: The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority , adjacent to the Koyambedu fire service station and opposite the vegetable market, and will have about 500 shops. With the wholesale market operating between 10 p.m. and 10 a.m. and the retail market operating between 2 a.m. and 2 p.m., the market receives about 100,000 visitors and 500 to 600 vehicles every day. The Basic Infrastructure and Amenities Promotion Committee has approved an allocation of ₹ 336.3 million for augmentation and maintenance of
3360-598: The European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or APEC ). This ended in 2010 when China overtook Japan to become the world's second largest economy. It is forecasted that India will overtake Japan in terms of nominal GDP by 2027. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Japan's GDP by currency exchange rates was almost as large as that of the rest of Asia combined. In 1995, Japan's economy nearly equaled that of
3480-644: The Government of India and the State Government of Tamil Nadu , the network consists of two lines and spans 54.1 km (33.6 mi). The system uses standard gauge and has 41 underground and elevated stations. Planning for the Metro started in 2007-08 with construction commencing in February 2009. After testing in 2014, the first segment of the metro between the Alandur and Koyambedu stations on
3600-595: The Green Line began operations on 29 June 2015. On 21 September 2016, operations on the Blue Line commenced between Chennai Airport and Little Mount . The underground stretch from AG-DMS to Washermanpet of Blue Line opened on 10 February 2019, completing phase 1 of the Metro. Three more lines covering a length of 118.9 km (73.9 mi) are under construction as part of the second phase. The Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System , operated by Indian Railways ,
3720-731: The Hebrew Bible in the narrative of Noah —and later to Christians in the Old Testament , and to Muslims in the Quran —is earliest found in Mesopotamian mythology , in the Enûma Eliš and Epic of Gilgamesh . Hindu mythology similarly tells about an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a fish who warned Manu of a terrible flood. Ancient Chinese mythology also tells of a Great Flood spanning generations, one that required
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3840-621: The Hindu Kush region will become more unstable as its enormous glaciers , known as the "Asian water towers", gradually melt. These changes to water cycle also affect vector-borne disease distribution, with malaria and dengue fever expected to become more prominent in the tropical and subtropical regions. Food security will become more uneven, and South Asian countries could experience significant impacts from global food price volatility. Historical emissions from Asia are lower than those from Europe and North America. However, China has been
3960-703: The Planning Commission evaluated the capacity of the transportation network in major metropolitan cities including Madras, and developed plans for further expansion of transportation amenities. As a result, an initial stretch of the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) between Chennai Beach and Chepauk opened in 1995 – the first elevated rail line in India. The MRTS later extended to Thirumayilai in 1997, to Thiruvanmiyur in 2004, and to Velachery in 2007. In 2006,
4080-691: The Sinai peninsula in Asia and the remainder of the country in Africa. The threefold division of the Old World into Africa, Asia, and Europe has been in use since the 6th century BCE, due to Greek geographers such as Anaximander and Hecataeus . Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni river) in Georgia of Caucasus (from its mouth by Poti on
4200-915: The Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century. The border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains , although it is sometimes placed further north. The border between Asia and Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Indonesia Archipelago , specifically in Eastern Indonesia . The Wallace Line separates
4320-596: The century of humiliation , with the British-supported opium trade and later Opium Wars resulting in China being forced into an unprecedented situation of importing more than it exported. Foreign domination of China was furthered by the Japanese colonial empire , which controlled some of East Asia and briefly much of Southeast Asia (which had earlier been taken over by the British, Dutch and French in
4440-638: The monsoons will experience more flooding. The waters around Asia are subjected to the same impacts as elsewhere, such as the increased warming and ocean acidification . There are many coral reefs in the region, and they are highly vulnerable to climate change, to the point practically all of them will be lost if the warming exceeds 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). Asia's distinctive mangrove ecosystems are also highly vulnerable to sea level rise . Asia also has more countries with large coastal populations than any other continent, which would cause large economic impacts from sea level rise. Water supplies in
4560-553: The steppes . The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans , who spread their languages into West Asia, South Asia, and the borders of China, where the Tocharians resided. The northernmost part of Asia, including much of Siberia , was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads, owing to the dense forests, climate and tundra . These areas remained very sparsely populated. The center and
4680-767: The 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing dynasty . The Islamic Mughal Empire (preceded by the Delhi Sultanate of the 13th to early 16th century) and the Hindu Maratha Empire controlled much of India in the 16th and 18th centuries respectively. Western imperialism in Asia from the 18th to 20th centuries coincided with the Industrial Revolution in the West and
4800-528: The 1990s, with extreme poverty now below 20%; India and China's rise has coincided with growing tension between the two, with the Indo-Pacific now an actively contested area between China and counterbalancing forces. Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It covers 9% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area), and has the longest coastline, at 62,800 kilometres (39,022 mi). Asia
4920-468: The 20th century, but overall population growth has since fallen. Asia was the birthplace of most of the world's mainstream religions including Hinduism , Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Jainism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism , Christianity , Islam , Sikhism , and many other religions. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, and government systems. It also has
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5040-466: The 7th century; Islam also spread over centuries to the southern regions of India and Southeast Asia through trade along the Maritime Silk Road . The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. Before the Mongol invasion, Song dynasty reportedly had approximately 120 million citizens; the 1300 census which followed the invasion reported roughly 60 million people. The Black Death , one of
5160-427: The Asian and Wallacea biogeographical realms, a transition zone of deep water straits between the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Weber's Line split the region in two with regard to the balance of fauna between Asian origin or Australo-Papuan origin. Wallacea's eastern boundary with Sahul is represented by the Lydekker's Line . The Maluku Islands (except the Aru Islands) are often considered to lie on
5280-441: The Asian goods traffic is carried out across the Pacific towards Los Angeles and Long Beach . The melting of the Arctic is also paving the way for new shipping routes from Northeast Asia to Europe and North America. In contrast to the sea routes, the Silk Road via the land route to Europe is on the one hand still under construction and on the other hand is much smaller in terms of scope. Intra-Asian trade, including sea trade,
5400-502: The Bering Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little Diomede in the United States . The Aleutian Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaskan Peninsula toward Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula . Most of them are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost Near Islands group, which is on Asia's continental shelf beyond the North Aleutians Basin and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow
5520-862: The CMRL invited bids in March 2024 for the supply of 96 train-sets for the second phase. As of May 2024 , about 20 km (12 mi) of the second phase had been completed. In 2022, the state government proposed an extension plan spanning 93 km (58 mi) for the three under construction lines of the second phase. The proposal involved extension of Purple Line from Siruseri SIPCOT to Kilambakkam, Orange Line from Poonamallee to Parandur and Red Line from Koyambedu to Avadi . The proposed extension of second phase lines from Siruseri to Kilambakkam, Poonamallee to Parandur, and Koyambedu to Avadi were projected to cost ₹ 54.58 billion (US$ 650 million), ₹ 107.12 billion (US$ 1.3 billion), and ₹ 67.36 billion (US$ 810 million), respectively. Between late 2023 and early 2024, feasibility reports submitted by
5640-419: The CMRL suggested dropping the proposed extension of the purple line due to economic viability and going ahead with the planned extensions of the other two lines, spanning 59.7 km (37.1 mi). In May 2024, the state government proposed a new 16 km (9.9 mi) extension from Madhavaram to Ennore . In August 2024, another new extension from Airport metro to Poonamallee was proposed by CMRL with
5760-417: The Hittite king Tudhaliya I around 1400 BCE. Roughly contemporary Linear B documents contain the term aswia ( Mycenaean Greek : 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 , romanized: a-si-wi-ja ), seemingly in reference to captives from the same area. Herodotus used the term in reference to Anatolia and the territory of the Achaemenid Empire , in contrast to Greece and Egypt. He reports that Greeks assumed that Asia
5880-424: The Indian Ocean respectively in the late 15th century. The Russian Empire also began to expand into northwestern Asia from the 17th century, and would eventually take control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. Among non-European empires, the Ottoman Empire controlled Anatolia, most of the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkans from the mid 16th century onward, while in
6000-485: The Indian Railways granted in-principle approval for the conversion of the MRTS into the metro. The railway would handover the MRTS to the CMRL once the expansion of the MRTS is completed and as of 2024, the extended second phase of the MRTS project, connecting Velachery with St. Thomas Mount was still under construction. Once the takeover is completed, Chennai Metro will upgrade the entire MRTS system including tracks, security, ticketing system and rolling stock. In 2020,
6120-482: The Middle East has been affected since 1948 by the Arab–Israeli conflict and American-led interventions . East Asian nations (along with Singapore in Southeast Asia) became economically prosperous with high-growth " tiger economies "; China, having undergone capitalistic reforms under Deng Xiaoping , regained its place among the top two economies of the world by the 21st century. India has also grown significantly because of economic liberalisation that started in
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#17327983241476240-400: The Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century led to the Middle East also being contested and partitioned by the British and French. With the end of World War II in 1945 and the wartime ruination of Europe and imperial Japan, many countries in Asia were able to rapidly free themselves of colonial rule. The independence of India came along with the carving out of a separate nation for
6360-504: The Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Asia has three main financial centers: Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore. Call centers and business process outsourcing (BPOs) are becoming major employers in India and the Philippines due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, English-speaking workers. The increased use of outsourcing has assisted the rise of India and the China as financial centers. Due to its large and extremely competitive information technology industry, India has become
6480-445: The Philippines. China has many languages and dialects in different provinces. Many of the world's major religions have their origins in Asia, including the five most practiced in the world (excluding irreligion ), which are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Chinese folk religion (classified as Confucianism and Taoism), and Buddhism. Asian mythology is complex and diverse. The story of the Great Flood for example, as presented to Jews in
6600-440: The Red Sea over the Suez Canal into Mediterranean (see also: Indo-Mediterranean ), there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the upper Adriatic to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe or further to Barcelona and around Spain and France to the European northern ports. A far smaller part of the goods traffic runs via South Africa to Europe . A particularly significant part of
6720-454: The U.S. state of Alaska as well as the United States itself to be considered a transcontinental state. The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate. This is extremely rare however, due to their non-tropical biogeography, as well as their inhabitants , who have historically been related to Indigenous Americans . St. Lawrence Island in
6840-407: The US as the largest economy in the world for a day, after the Japanese currency reached a record high of 79 yen /US$ . Economic growth in Asia since World War II to the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four regions of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore located in the Pacific Rim , known as the Asian tigers , which are now all considered developed economies, having among
6960-426: The aim of connecting the existing airport with the upcoming new airport at Parandur by metro. The government proposed to integrate the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) into the Chennai Metro in 2017. In July 2018, the PwC said that the merger would cost around ₹ 30 billion (US$ 360 million) to convert the rolling stock and install other facilities for the merger. On 11 May 2022, Southern Railway of
7080-518: The area of multinational corporations , but increasingly the PRC and India are making significant inroads. Many companies from Europe, North America, South Korea and Japan have operations in Asia's developing countries to take advantage of its abundant supply of cheap labour and relatively developed infrastructure. According to Citigroup in 2011, 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries came from Asia driven by population and income growth. They are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Mongolia,
7200-404: The border of southeast Asia, with the Aru Islands and Western New Guinea , to the east of the Lydekker's Line, being wholly part of Oceania, as both lie on the Australian continental plate. Culturally, the Wallacea region denoted the transition between Austronesian and Melanesian people , with varying degrees of intermixing between the two. In general, the further west and coastal a region is,
7320-404: The combined efforts of emperors and divinities to control. The Abrahamic religions including Judaism , Christianity , Islam , Druze faith , and Baháʼí Faith originated in West Asia. Chennai Metro [REDACTED] The Chennai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Chennai , India. Operated by Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) – a joint venture between
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#17327983241477440-489: The concept of Asia derives from the term for the eastern region from a European perspective, Asia is the remaining vast area of Eurasia minus Europe. Therefore, Asia is a region where various independent cultures coexist rather than sharing a single culture, and the boundary between Europe is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity . The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East–West cultural differences, some of which vary on
7560-425: The concourse while the underground stations have two levels with platform screen doors . The stations are air-conditioned and are equipped to be disabled and elderly friendly, with automated fare collection, public announcement system, electronic display boards, escalators and lifts. Paid parking facilities are available for two wheelers in most stations and four wheelers in select stations. Chennai Metro maintains
7680-479: The constructions of underground stations and Linxon was given the contract for the installation of electric traction . In May 2023, the CMRL announced minor changes to the lines' alignment and that nine stations would be scrapped in the revised plan. Hence, the total length of the second phase was reduced to 116.1 km (72.1 mi). In May 2023, L&T was contracted for the installation of overhead equipment and control and monitoring systems. Tata Projects
7800-432: The continent of Asia". Geographically, Asia is the major eastern constituent of the continent of Eurasia with Europe being a northwestern peninsula of the landmass. Asia, Europe and Africa make up a single continuous landmass— Afro-Eurasia —and share a common continental shelf . Almost all of Europe and a major part of Asia sit atop the Eurasian Plate , adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian Plate and with
7920-443: The cultural borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus, a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system (Europe, Africa, Asia) on the grounds that there is no substantial physical separation between them. For example, Sir Barry Cunliffe , the emeritus professor of European archeology at Oxford, argues that Europe has been geographically and culturally merely "the western excrescence of
8040-537: The dethroning of India and China as the world's foremost economies. The British Empire first became dominant in South Asia, with most of the region being conquered by British traders in the late 18th and early 19th centuries before falling under direct British rule after a failed 1857 revolt ; the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal , which increased British access to India, went on to further European influence over Africa and Asia. Around this time, Western powers started to dominate China in what later became known as
8160-439: The easternmost part of Siberia (east of the Chersky Range ) on the North American Plate . The term "Asia" is believed to originate in the Bronze Age toponym Assuwa ( Hittite : 𒀸𒋗𒉿 , romanized: aš-šu-wa ) which originally referred only to a portion of northwestern Anatolia . The term appears in Hittite records recounting how a confederation of Assuwan states including Troy unsuccessfully rebelled against
8280-440: The electricity is supplied by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board . Chennai Metro also uses solar power with an installed capacity of 6.4 MWp , which contributes to about 12-15% of the energy requirement of the metro. A total of 40 stations, 22 of which are underground, are operational on the two existing lines of Phase 1. In the underground sections, a walkway runs along the length with cross passages every 250 m (820 ft) for
8400-536: The elevated stations of the first phase were awarded to Consolidated Construction Consortium. The contract for supply of lifts and escalators was awarded to a joint venture of Johnson Lifts and SJEC Corporation. The contract for power supply and overhead electrification was awarded to Siemens for ₹ 3.05 billion (US$ 37 million) and contracts for automatic fare collection (AFC), tunnel ventilation and air conditioning were awarded to Nippon Signal, Emirates Trading Agency and Voltas , respectively. In July 2012,
8520-428: The end of 2011, there were 18,000 Asian people mainly in Southeast Asia, China and Japan who have at least $ 100 million in disposable assets, while North America with 17,000 people and Western Europe with 14,000 people. With growing Regional Tourism with domination of Chinese visitors, MasterCard has released Global Destination Cities Index 2013 with 10 of 20 are dominated by Asia and Pacific Region Cities and also for
8640-536: The epicenter of largest cluster of the novel coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) in Tamil Nadu. Asia Asia ( / ˈ eɪ ʒ ə / AY -zhə , UK also / ˈ eɪ ʃ ə / AY -shə ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometers, about 30% of Earth 's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to
8760-546: The feasibility of establishing a new corridor connecting Tambaram with Velachery with an extension to connect with the metro at Guindy . In 2023, the CMRL proposed the development of Central Square around its headquarters with commercial complexes and multi-storied buildings. The third phase of the Chennai Metro is under planning as a part of the Chennai Comprehensive Mobility Plan. The CMRL
8880-618: The final approval by the Union Cabinet of Government of India in January 2009. The estimated base cost of the first phase was ₹ 146 billion (US$ 1.7 billion) of which 59% was loaned by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Government of India contributed 15% of the cost with the Government of Tamil Nadu financed the remaining 21% of the project. In February 2009, a ₹ 1.99 billion (US$ 24 million) contract
9000-424: The first tunnel boring machine was launched and by October that year, eleven machines were commissioned to bore tunnels by three consortia – Afcons -Transtonnelstroy, L&T and SUCG. In August 2012, a construction worker was killed with six others seriously injured due to a crane failure near Pachaiyappa's College and on 10 January 2013, a 22-year-old construction worker was killed with three others injured at
9120-414: The first time a city of a country from Asia ( Bangkok ) set in the top-ranked with 15.98 million international visitors. East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index (HDI) improvement of any region in the world, nearly doubling average HDI attainment over the past 40 years, according to the report's analysis of health, education and income data. China, the second highest achiever in
9240-466: The green line opened on 14 May 2017, and the extension to Chennai central was completed on 25 May 2018 along with the section from the Saidapet and AG-DMS stations on the blue line. On 10 February 2019, the underground stretch from AG-DMS to Washermanpet of blue line was opened, marking the completion of the first phase of the metro. A 9 km (5.6 mi) northern extension of the blue line
9360-557: The highest GDP per capita in Asia. Asia is the largest continent in the world by a considerable margin, and it is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum , forests , fish , water , rice , copper and silver . Manufacturing in Asia has traditionally been strongest in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Taiwan , South Korea, Japan, India, the Philippines, and Singapore. Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in
9480-472: The infrastructure, including stormwater drain network, in the market complex. The Market Management Committee will carry out the work which includes creation of new stormwater drains over 9 km long, widening of roads and concretisation of a 350-m road connecting Gates 7 and 14, which is being used by heavy vehicles to carry perishables to the market complex. The market has over 100,000 visitors daily. On an average, 1,500 lorries and other heavy vehicles come to
9600-701: The late 19th century), New Guinea and the Pacific islands ; Japan's domination was enabled by its rapid rise that had taken place during the Meiji era of the late 19th century, in which it applied industrial knowledge learned from the West and thus overtook the rest of Asia. One significant influence on Japan had been the United States, which had begun projecting influence across the Pacific after its early-to-mid-19th century westward expansion . The breakup of
9720-516: The lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large equestrian force; for this and other reasons, the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local, more affluent societies. The Islamic Caliphate 's defeats of the Byzantine and Persian empires led to West Asia and southern parts of Central Asia and western parts of South Asia under its control during its conquests of
9840-637: The maiden trial run was conducted between Koyambedu and Ashok Nagar stations. The metro received the statutory speed certification clearance from the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in August that year. In January 2015, a report was submitted to the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) for mandatory safety approvals. After inspecting the infrastructure, the CMRS submitted
9960-479: The maintenance and emergency evacuation. The underground stations have an average width of 200 m (660 ft) and average depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) from the ground level. The length of the stations in Phase 1 extension is 180 m (590 ft). The elevated stations have three levels with the concourse level at a minimum height of 5.5 m (18 ft) above the ground level and platform level above
10080-728: The majority of South Asian Muslims , which in 1971 further split into the countries Pakistan and Bangladesh ; Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union strained relations between India and Pakistan and affected Asia more generally. The end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union by 1991 saw the independence of the five modern Central Asian countries. Some Arab countries took economic advantage of massive oil deposits that were discovered in their territory, becoming globally influential, though stability in
10200-462: The majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. Asia shares the landmass of Eurasia with Europe , and of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa . In general terms, it is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean , and on the north by
10320-537: The market complex set by Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) was inaugurated in 2006 at a cost of ₹ 55 million to generate power from vegetable and fruit waste collected from the wholesale market. The Biomethanation plant has a capacity to produce 2500 unit per day with 30 tons of Waste. The plant was operated by the Koyambedu Market Management Committee till 2008 and was put to disuse owing to machine repair. The plant
10440-407: The market every day, bringing in vegetables, fruits and flowers. In 2012, the market was declared a green complex. As part of this, about 1,000 trees were planted on the market premises. The complex will also feature a landscape with a compound wall at a cost of ₹ 25 million, rainwater harvesting structures and solar lighting. An exclusive foodgrains market, the first such facility in the state,
10560-516: The most devastating pandemics in human history, is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road . European involvement in Asia became more significant from the Age of Discovery onward, with Iberian-sponsored sailors such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama paving the way for new routes from Atlantic Europe to Pacific Asia and
10680-444: The movement of trains and real-time CCTV footage obtained is monitored. In 2022-23, the average daily ridership was 0.25 million. The minimum fare is ₹ 10 and the maximum fare is ₹ 50. There are six types of tickets issued by CMRL for travel in Chennai Metro. Chennai Metro is the second most expensive in terms of ticket cost per kilometer in the country after Mumbai Metro . The fares were temporarily slashed by up to ₹ 20 by
10800-716: The northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North America, as with the Rat Islands in the Aleutian chain. At their nearest points, Alaska and Russia are separated by only 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). Geographical Asia is a cultural artifact of European conceptions of the world, beginning with the Ancient Greeks , being imposed onto other cultures, an imprecise concept causing endemic contention about what it means. Asia does not exactly correspond to
10920-527: The operational network consists of two colour-coded lines covering a length of 54.1 km (33.6 mi). Alstom supplies the rolling stock for the Chennai Metro. The first nine train sets were imported from Brazil and the rest were manufactured at a new facility set up near Chennai. For the first phase, Alstom supplied 520 train-sets composed of four coaches each with each car measuring 300 m (980 ft) in length. The trains are air-conditioned with electrically operated automated sliding doors and have
11040-470: The peripheries were mostly kept separated by mountains and deserts. The Caucasus and Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty. While the urban city dwellers were more advanced technologically and socially, in many cases they could do little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. However,
11160-630: The platforms will be about 15 m from the ground level and the total length of the platforms will be 140 m. Along with Chennai Central and Alandur stations, the station will have a 230-kV receiving sub-station for power supply from the state's electricity grid. The sub-station will supply 25-kV of electricity to the trains and 33-kV to the stations. Along with Ashok Nagar and Vadapalani Metro stations, Koyambedu Metro station will be developed by leasing out space either for shops or office spaces. As part of fire safety measures, underground water tanks of 50,000 to 100,000 litre capacity will be set up at
11280-708: The regional division of Asia. The following subdivision into regions is used, among others, by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). This division of Asia into regions by the United Nations is done solely for statistical reasons and does not imply any assumption about political or other affiliations of countries and territories. Asia has extremely diverse climate features. Climates range from Arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia. It
11400-704: The report to the Railway Board in April 2015. On 17 June 2015, a 30-year-old man was killed and another motorcyclist injured when an iron rod fell on them at a metro construction site near Officers Training Academy at St. Thomas Mount. Operations on the green line between the Alandur and Koyambedu stations commenced on 29 June 2015. The blue line segment from the Airport and Little Mount stations commenced operations on 21 September 2016. The first underground section between Thirumangalam to Nehru Park on
11520-559: The second corridor would connect St.Thomas Mount with Chennai Central extending for 22 km (14 mi) with 9.7 km (6.0 mi) being underground. In December 2007, the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) was established as a joint venture between the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu to execute the project. The Planning commission gave in-principle approval for the project in April 2008 with
11640-421: The second phase was laid and construction commenced. On 14 February 2021, Prime Minister of India announced that the government has set aside ₹ 630 billion (US$ 7.5 billion) for the construction of the second phase and its further extension. In May 2021, the CMRL awarded contracts to Tata Group , L&T and HCC - KEC for the construction of various sections of the second phase. In November 2022, Alstom
11760-404: The second phase. As of 2022 , the metro operates trains from 5:00 am to 11:00 pm. The blue line has an average frequency of every 6 minutes during peak hours and every 12 minutes during off-peak hours. On the green line, the average frequency is 12 minutes during peak hours and 18 minutes during off-peak hours. The main operational control center (OCC) is located in Koyambedu where
11880-497: The single largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the 21st century, while India is the third-largest. As a whole, Asia currently accounts for 36% of world's primary energy consumption, which is expected to increase to 48% by 2050. By 2040, it is also expected to account for 80% of the world's coal and 26% of the world's natural gas consumption. While the United States remains the world's largest oil consumer, by 2050 it
12000-550: The station. The station lies within 1 km from the Koyambedu Junction . The highways department has proposed a 1-km flyover that passes through Jawaharlal Nehru Road –Kaliamman Koil Street Junction. A skywalk has also been planned near the station across the Poonamallee High Road . The skywalk will link Rohini theatre with the Koyambedu Metro station. During the 2020 pandemic , Koyambedu Market became
12120-482: The stations of the first phase to reduce the cost and time of construction. In 2019, the Madras High Court questioned the state government on the construction method of the tunnels and its impact on the water bodies. The second phase was estimated to cost ₹ 63.25 billion (US$ 760 million) of which ₹ 47.1 billion (US$ 560 million) was loaned by JICA. On 20 November 2020, foundation stone for
12240-605: The stronger the Austronesian influences, and the further east and inland a region is, the stronger the Melanesian influences. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several vastly different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Indonesian Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the colonial possessions of
12360-555: The third corridor connecting Koyambedu with Lighthouse on the Marina beach . In July 2017, the state government announced an extension of Phase II, involving a section from Lighthouse up to Poonamallee with an intersection with the Madhavaram–Sholinganallur line at Alwarthirunagar . The second phase would span 118.9 km (73.9 mi) with 128 stations. The stations for the second phase were designed to be smaller than
12480-608: The threat of heatwaves across the entire continent. Heatwaves lead to increased mortality, and the demand for air conditioning is rapidly accelerating as the result. By 2080, around 1 billion people in the cities of South and Southeast Asia are expected to experience around a month of extreme heat every year. The impacts on water cycle are more complicated: already arid regions, primarily located in West Asia and Central Asia , will see more droughts , while areas of East , Southeast and South Asia which are already wet due to
12600-541: The top 5 being in Asia: Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Seoul . Around 68 percent of international firms have an office in Hong Kong. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the economy of China had an average annual growth rate of more than 8%. According to economic historian Angus Maddison , India had the world's largest economy during 1000 BCE and 1 CE. India was the largest economy in the world for most of
12720-533: The two millennia from the 1st until 19th century, contributing 25% of the world's industrial output. China was the largest and most advanced economy on earth for much of recorded history and shared the mantle with India. For several decades in the late twentieth century Japan was the largest economy in Asia and second-largest of any single nation in the world, after surpassing the Soviet Union (measured in net material product) in 1990 and Germany in 1968. (NB: A number of supernational economies are larger, such as
12840-476: The various empires there (not all European). Lewis and Wigen assert, "The narrowing of 'Southeast Asia' to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process." The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America , as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States. This national and continental boundary separates the Diomede Islands in
12960-408: The world in terms of HDI improvement since 1970, is the only country on the "Top 10 Movers" list due to income rather than health or education achievements. Its per capita income increased a stunning 21-fold over the last four decades, also lifting hundreds of millions out of income poverty. Yet it was not among the region's top performers in improving school enrollment and life expectancy. Nepal ,
13080-591: The world, which is in the "very high human development" category), followed by Singapore (9), Japan (19) and South Korea (22). Afghanistan (155) ranked lowest amongst Asian countries out of the 169 countries assessed. Asia is home to several language families and many language isolates . Most Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue , more than 700 languages are spoken in Indonesia, more than 400 languages spoken in India, and more than 100 are spoken in
13200-543: Was announced in 2014 by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The extension would run from Washermanpet to Wimco Nagar and consist of nine stations. Construction started in July 2016 with trial runs in December 2020. The line opened for passenger traffic on 14 February 2021, increasing the length of the operational metro system to 54.1 km (33.62 mi). The expansion costed ₹ 37.7 billion (US$ 450 million) of which 57%
13320-401: Was awarded a contract to supply rolling stock for the second phase. The contract included a provision for the supply of 78 train sets including 36 driver-less trains. In December 2022, a contract for the installation of tracks was given to KEC–VNC and Hitachi bagged the contract for the installation of signalling systems. In January 2023, Rail Vikas Nigam Limited was awarded a contract for
13440-466: Was awarded for the construction of a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) long viaduct along the Inner Ring Road between Koyambedu and Ashok Nagar and construction started on 10 June. In March 2009, a US$ 30 million contract was awarded to a consortium of five companies headed by French company Egis for technical consultancy on the project. In August 2010, the contract for supplying rolling stock
13560-485: Was awarded the contract to construct select stations in October. In December, the CMRL awarded the contract to ST Engineering for the installation of platform screen doors in the elevated stations of the second phase. In the same month, Shellinfo was awarded a contract ₹ 42 crore (US$ 5.0 million) for the installation of automated fare collection systems. In addition to the previously ordered Alstom train-sets,
13680-499: Was awarded to Alstom for US$ 243 million. In January 2011, a joint venture between Larsen and Toubro (L&T) and Alstom was awarded the contract for design and construction of track works and a depot at Koyambedu for ₹ 4.49 billion (US$ 54 million). Contracts for the construction of underground sections of the first phase were awarded to Gammon India and Mosmetrostroy in February 2011. Subsequently in June, tenders for
13800-428: Was constructed by Consolidated Construction Consortium Limited ( CCCL ), and attained its structural completion in December 2012. The consolidated cost of the station along with the stations of Arumbakkam , CMBT , Vadapalani and Ashok Nagar was ₹ 1,395.4 million. The station is an elevated station near Koyambedu vegetable market. The station has a capacity to handle about 23,000 passengers an hour. Elevation of
13920-522: Was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peter's death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Ural Mountains as the border of Asia. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg. The latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until
14040-766: Was home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, each of them developing around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia , the Indus Valley and the Yellow River shared many similarities. These civilizations may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel . Other innovations, such as writing, seem to have been developed individually in each area. Cities, states and empires developed in these lowlands. The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse-mounted nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from
14160-484: Was loaned by Japan. In 2021, the CMRL proposed a further extension of the blue line to connect the airport with Kilambakkam at an estimated cost of ₹ 46.25 billion (US$ 550 million). In July 2016, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that the second phase would have three lines spanning 104 km (65 mi) with 104 stations. Two corridors would extend from Madhavaram Milk Colony connecting with Siruseri SIPCOT and Sholinganallur respectively with
14280-477: Was named after the wife of Prometheus , but that Lydians say it was named after Asies , son of Cotys, who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis . In Greek mythology , "Asia" ( Ἀσία or Ἀσίη ) was the name of a " Nymph or Titan goddess of Lydia". The Iliad (attributed by the ancient Greeks to Homer ) mentions two Phrygians in the Trojan War named Asios (an adjective meaning "Asian"); and also
14400-544: Was operational again from April 2011 but only for four months and is awaiting Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation 's ( TANGEDCO ) approval to supply electricity to the grid. The plant has the capacity to convert 30 tonnes of waste per day into 2,500 units daily. Of the nearly 150 tonnes of vegetable and fruit waste generated daily at the market, about 30 tonnes are segregated. A total of 1.75 acre has been allotted for composting 50 tonnes of waste. There are also plants to recycle banana stems. The market complex has
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