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112-416: As of 31 December 2021, the province had a population of 1,434,357 of whom 1,175,886 live in the four urban districts, excluding İncesu which is not conurbated, meaning it is not contiguous and has a largely non-protected buffer zone . Kayseri sits at the foot of Mount Erciyes ( Turkish: Erciyes Dağı ), a dormant volcano that reaches an altitude of 3,916 metres (12,848 feet), more than 1,500 metres above

224-756: A Roman vassal, to " Caesarea in Cappadocia " (to distinguish it from other cities with the name Caesarea in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus upon his death. This name was rendered as Καισάρεια ( Kaisáreia ) in Koine Greek , the dialect of the later Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire , and it remained in use by the natives (nowadays known as Cappadocian Greeks , due to their spoken language, but then referred to as Rum due to their previous Roman citizenship) until their expulsion from Turkey in 1924. (Note that letter C in classical Latin

336-643: A World Heritage property . The concept of a buffer zone was first included in the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in 1977. In the most current version of the Operational Guidelines of 2005 the inclusion of a buffer zone into a nomination of a site to the World Heritage List is strongly recommended but not mandatory. — World Heritage Convention The buffer zone

448-463: A parasitic vent , as the principal cone is heavily eroded. Erciyes Dagi volcano has manifested explosive eruptions preceding the formation of lava domes. Such eruptions may endanger the cities of Kayseri, Hacilar, and Talas. Melting of the remnant ice on the volcano may generate dangerous lahars ; in 1985 an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia claimed 20,000 fatalities after such

560-579: A billion dollars in export revenues in 2007. Its environment is regarded as especially favourable for small and medium enterprises . The Kayseri Free Zone established in 1998 now has more than 43 companies with an investment of 140 million dollars. The Zone's main business activities include production, trading, warehouse management, mounting and demounting, assembly-disassembly, merchandising, maintenance and repair, engineering workshops, office and workplace rental, packing-repacking, banking and insurance, leasing, labelling and exhibition facilities. Kayseri FTZ

672-421: A broad shield, and dacitic domes and flows form the bulk of the volcano's exposed units, including the summit area, where several lava flows have been identified. Lava flows of Erciyes extend both from the summit and from lateral vents. A debris avalanche extending east-northeast from Erciyes was formed by the collapse of the summit, creating a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) wide horseshoe-shaped scar that forms

784-421: A buffer zone can have a positive effect on soil water storage performance. In addition, plant roots make the soil stronger, withstand waves and rainstorm, mitigate the erosion of riverbanks by floods , and effectively control the erosion of the beach. Riparian buffer zones have been used in many areas to protect the habitats of many animals which are being devastated by increased human activity. The areas around

896-481: A day to Ankara . To the east there are two train routes, one to Kars and the other to Tatvan at the western end of Lake Van . As the city is located in central Turkey, road transportation is very efficient. It takes approximately three hours to reach Ankara, the same to the Mediterranean coast and 45 minutes to Cappadocia . A notable ski resort in winter and accessible for trekking in summer, Mt Erciyes

1008-468: A distance of 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi). Additional basaltic vents are Abas Tepe , Karniyarik Tepe , Kefeli Dag , and Siharslan Tepe . From the more recent volcanic phases, Dikkartin Dağ and Perikartın lava domes lie on the southern and northern slope of Erciyes, respectively. Both domes are formed of rhyodacite and accompanied by pyroclastic deposits. Dikkartin Dağ covers

1120-578: A functioning hamam with separate sections for men and women dating back to 1238. Near the mosque is the Sahabiye Medresesi , a theological school dating back to 1267 with a magnificent portal typical of Seljuk architecture. Very similar is the Avgunlu Medresesi which now serves as a large bookshop-cum-cafe in a park. In Mimar Sinan Park stands the Çifte Medresesi , a pair of Seljuk-era theological schools that eventually served as

1232-444: A good environment for upland habitat, which is in line with the living conditions of freshwater turtles , making them more dependent on the wetland environment. The protection level of the buffer zones will affect the habitat range of amphibians and reptiles , and the environmental management of the wetland habitat around buffer zone is extremely important. Vegetation buffer zones form a variety of landscapes as an important part of

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1344-639: A height of 3,864 metres (12,677 ft), 3,918 metres (12,854 ft) or 3,917 metres (12,851 ft), making it the highest mountain and most voluminous volcano of Central Anatolia. It rises about 900 metres (3,000 ft) above the Sultansazlıği basin and 2,842 metres (9,324 ft) above the floor of the Erciyes pull-apart basin. The volcano is large, it covers a surface area of 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi) or 3,300 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi). It developed over

1456-544: A hospital for those with psychiatric disorders. They were commissioned by the Seljuk sultan Giyasettin I Keyhüsrev and his sister, Gevher Nesibe Sultan , who is buried inside. Today the buildings house the Museum of Seljuk Civilisations. Another Seljuk survivor is the grand Halikılıç Mosque complex which has two spectacular entrance portals. It dates back to 1249 but was extensively restored three centuries later. Post-dating

1568-432: A hummocky deposit. The volume of rock removed by the collapse is about 1.2–1.5 cubic kilometres (0.29–0.36 cu mi). A 1-millimetre (0.039 in) thick ash layer found in a drilling core off the coast of Israel ( 32°44′52″N 34°39′02″E  /  32.74778°N 34.65056°E  / 32.74778; 34.65056 ) was dated at 8,365 ± 65 years ago in uncalibrated radiocarbon years . This tephra layer

1680-614: A large monastic complex, the Basileiad, in Caesarea Mazaca in the 4th century. Nothing remains of it today. The city stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes ( Mount Argaeus in antiquity). Very few traces of the ancient site now survive. For more on the Roman and Byzantine eras see Caesarea (Mazaca) . The Arab general, and later the first Umayyad Caliph , Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from

1792-451: A mudflow. Even without an eruption, strong rainfall could form mudflows on the densely populated steep slopes of the volcano. The volcano is monitored with seismometers and its deformation has been measured. Analyses of the magmatic system indicate that Erciyes has a small, cold and possibly waning magmatic system, unlike Mount Hasan. The ancient Hittites left rock carvings and even an artificial tunnel on Mount Erciyes. Strabo mentions

1904-588: A new site inside the walls. Kayseri Clock Tower , built in the early 20th century by Abdülhamid II , is located in the city center and remains a recognizable landmark. Bürüngüz Mosque , constructed in the 13th century, is an example of Seljuk architecture and is still in use today. Surp Asdvadzadzin Virgin Mary Church Research Library , located within the Surp Asdvadzadzin Church. The Atatürk House Museum

2016-553: A short timeframe from each other. Yılanlı Da ̆g , a lava dome in Kayseri, is also of Holocene age, having been erupted 8,900 ± 400 years ago. Before extrusion of Dikkartin Dağ , a Plinian fall deposit with base surges and pumice flows covered a surface of 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) at a minimum. This was followed by a phreatomagmatic phase that deposited material up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick, followed by another Plinian phase. The Dikkartin eruption

2128-416: A significant role in the city's educational offerings, providing specialized medical training and research opportunities. These institutions collectively contribute to Kayseri's growing reputation as an educational hub. Kayseri's cuisine includes several traditional dishes that are characteristic of the region. Mantı , a small dumpling filled with minced meat and commonly served with yogurt and spiced butter,

2240-416: A smaller Plinian eruption that covered a surface of 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) with pumice falls. The Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite extends east of the Erciyes volcano; it originated there and filled in the previous topography. Its total volume has been estimated at 146 cubic kilometres (35 cu mi), and it contains a large proportion of fiammes . Changes in magma composition from

2352-459: A sovereign state, forming a buffer state . Buffer zones have various purposes, politically or otherwise. They can be set up for a multitude of reasons, such as to prevent violence, protect the environment, shield residential and commercial zones from industrial accidents or natural disasters, or even isolate prisons. Buffer zones often result in large uninhabited regions that are themselves noteworthy in many increasingly developed or crowded parts of

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2464-528: A strong work ethic. According to an op-ed in The Irish Times , "The city's streets are not crowded with luxury cars, and the homes in its wealthiest neighborhoods are relatively modest compared to European standards. Rather than conspicuous consumption, wealth is often reinvested into the community." Philanthropy plays an important role in the city, aligning with the Islamic emphasis on charity. Kayseri

2576-1062: A subducting slab , on the other hand, may or may not have played a major role, and the slab itself did not reach down below Central Anatolia, meaning that subduction probably is not responsible for Central Anatolian volcanism. The climate of the region is influenced by topography, with the Taurus and Kaçkar Mountains blocking the entry of moisture into Anatolia. Summers are dry and hot and winters snowy and cold; in Kayseri, summer temperatures are about 19 °C (66 °F) and winter temperature about 0 °C (32 °F). Precipitation at Kayseri falls mostly in autumn, winter, and spring and amounts to 383 millimetres (15.1 in) per year. In Develi, south of Erciyes, maximum temperatures are about 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) and minimum temperatures −5.6 °C (21.9 °F). Estimated temperatures at 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) altitude are about −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), and precipitation 722 millimetres (28.4 in) per year. Groundwater under Kayseri

2688-406: A surface area of 11.7 square kilometres (4.5 sq mi) and reaches a height of 2,760 metres (9,060 ft). The blocky dome flowed down the slopes southwards over 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Karagüllü on the north-northwestern flank stratigraphically belongs to the same unit as Dikkartin Dağ . This dome flowed for a distance of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). The volcano lies in

2800-656: A tectonic depression. It is cut by the Ecemiş fault, which together with the Tuz Gölü fault border this basin. Other faults converge on the volcano or pass through its outer slopes. Aeromagnetic investigation of the region has evidenced the existence of a magnetic anomaly associated with Erciyes, which is probably caused by the volcanism. Erciyes Dagi has erupted basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite , rhyodacite, and rhyolite . The rocks are chiefly andesite with smaller amounts of dacite; dacites appear to dominate in

2912-464: A thickness of 8 metres (26 ft). Eastern Cappadocia features the famous Cappadocian ignimbrites; one of these ignimbrites, the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite (also known as İncesu Ignimbrite ), was linked to Erciyes volcano and is the last Cappadocian ignimbrite. This eruption 2.8   million years ago has a total volume of 52 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) and was preceded by

3024-436: A vegetation buffer can be built to reduce the penetration of pesticides into surface water. The buffer zone also prevents heavy metals or toxins from spreading to protected areas . When riverbanks are low due to plant roots entering the interior of the riverbank vertically, the sediment of riverbank is affected by the action of said plant roots, and the ability to resist erosion is higher than that without plant roots. But when

3136-416: A volume of about 1,000,000 cubic metres (35,000,000 cu ft) at a minimum. A report from 1905 says that the glacier was 700 metres (2,300 ft) long. In 2009 the glacier was 260 metres (850 ft) long and in 2011 an area of 0.05 square kilometres (0.019 sq mi) was reported; it is actively retreating and, assuming that the pace of retreat does not change, it will be gone by 2070. This

3248-403: Is 30 minutes from the city centre. Within the city transportation largely relies on buses and private vehicles although there is also a light rail transit (LRT) system called Kayseray which runs to the inter-city bus terminal and to Talas. The city had two professional football teams competing in top-flight Turkish football. Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor simultaneously play in

3360-620: Is 4.39 ± 0.28 million years ago. Overall, Koç Dağ was active between 4.4 and 2.9 million years ago. Caldera-forming activity occurred in several eruption phases, accompanied by pumice flows and ash fall. A first phase of activity formed Plinian deposits that reach thicknesses of 22 metres (72 ft) as far as 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the volcano, covering at least 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of surface. At least fifteen individual layers have been found. A second phase of activity formed pumice flows east-northeast of Koç Dağ , covering 2,100 square kilometres (810 sq mi) to

3472-646: Is a central public space in Kayseri, surrounded by notable buildings. Inside the centre of Kayseri the most unmissable reminder of the past are the huge basalt walls that once enclosed the old city. Dating back to the sixth century and the reign of the Emperor Justinian , they have been repeatedly repaired, by the Seljuks , by the Ottomans and more recently by the current Turkish government. In 2019 Kayseri Archaeology Museum moved from an outlying location to

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3584-457: Is a private, non-profit school in the Kocasinan district, serving kindergarten through high school. Middle East Technical University Development Foundation Kayseri College follows METU 's educational philosophy, offering a comprehensive curriculum. Talas American College , established in 1871, has a rich legacy as an American school and continues to influence the region's education. Although

3696-580: Is an inactive volcano in Kayseri Province , Turkey . It is a large stratovolcano surrounded by many monogenetic vents and lava domes , and one maar . The bulk of the volcano is formed by lava flows of andesitic and dacitic composition. At some time in the past, part of the summit collapsed towards the east. The volcano began to form in the Miocene . At first, a volcano farther east named Koç Dağ formed from lava flows. Then, again to

3808-458: Is another popular specialty in the region and is commonly included in breakfasts or cooked with eggs. Stuffed zucchini flowers are a seasonal dish prepared with a filling of minced meat, garlic, and spices. The flowers are carefully stuffed and then baked or steamed. This dish highlights the use of locally sourced ingredients in Kayseri's cuisine. Nevzine is a traditional dessert made from tahini, molasses, and walnuts, soaked in syrup. This dessert

3920-748: Is buried beside it although it was only completed by the Seljuks after his death. There are many magnificent reminders of the Seljuk supremacy in and around the walls as well as many much smaller kümbets (domed tombs) of which the most impressive is the Döner Kümbet ( lit. Revolving Tomb). The oldest surviving Seljuk place of worship – and the oldest Seljuk mosque built in Turkey – is the Hunat Hatun Mosque Complex which still includes

4032-617: Is getting worse due to the misuse of land. Although the buffer zone occupies a small area, it greatly improves the quality of water in the agricultural watershed due to its filtering effect on nutrients in the underground water and surface water. Because farmland is sprayed with large amounts of pesticides, some of which can seep into surface water, fish and other aquatic life can be negatively affected, which in turn can lead to environmental damage. Vegetation buffer has been proved to be an effective filter for sediment, especially for sediment-bound pesticides. When pesticides are sprayed in excess,

4144-581: Is known as the "S1 tephra" appears to be linked to one of these three eruptions on the basis of its composition, most likely the Dikkartin Dağ eruption, over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away from the drilling core. A tephra layer named Tyam-1, found in Yammoûneh in Lebanon and dated at 8,600 ± 850 years before present, is probably equivalent to this ash layer. Likewise, a thin tephra layer in

4256-422: Is known for its privately funded institutions, including schools, clinics, sports facilities, and community centers, reflecting a focus on communal support and development. The city is served by Erkilet International Airport (ASR) which is a short distance from the centre of Kayseri. It offers several flights a day to Istanbul. Kayseri is connected to the rest of country by rail services. There are four trains

4368-578: Is located in a house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk stayed, providing historical context about the early years of the Turkish Republic. The National Struggle Museum focuses on the history of the Turkish War of Independence and the role of Kayseri in the formation of the modern Turkish state. The Grand Mosque ( Turkish : Ulu Cami ) was started by the Danişmend emir Melik Mehmed Gazi who

4480-523: Is no clear evidence of a Little Ice Age glacier expansion. Later glacial advances mostly correspond to these estimated for other Mediterranean glaciers. Meltwater from these glaciers nourished a now-gone lake in the Sultansazlıği basin. During antiquity, the summit was always covered with snow. Glacial ice is still found on the northwestern slope of Erciyes, in the Aksu Valley at altitudes of 2,900–3,200 metres (9,500–10,500 ft). It has

4592-516: Is not clear; Strabo (63 BC –21 AD ) and Claudius Claudianus (370–410 AD) report volcanic activity, and Roman coins found in Cappadocia show the mountain smoking, but these reports may instead refer to swamp gas release in the Sultansazlığı basin and Strabo's reports appear to refer to fires in swamps. If volcanic activity occurred during historical times, it probably occurred on

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4704-523: Is one of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). A buffer zone is intended to avert the effect of negative environmental or human influences, whether or not it embodies natural or cultural value itself. The importance and function of a buffer zone and the necessary protective measures derived thereof is a relatively new concept in conservation science and can differ greatly for each site. The quality of surface water in many countries

4816-455: Is one of the cheapest land free zones in the world. A group of social scientists have traced the economic success of Kayseri, a city in central Turkey, to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism." This concept is drawn from Max Weber 's influential 1905 essay, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , which argued that the "this-worldly asceticism" of Calvinism

4928-428: Is one of the city's signature dishes. Known for its fine preparation, Kayseri-style mantı is distinguished by the small size of the dumplings. Pastırma is a type of air-dried, cured beef, seasoned with a paste made from garlic, fenugreek, and spices. It is often thinly sliced and served as an appetizer or used in other dishes. Sucuk , a dry, fermented sausage made from ground beef and seasoned with garlic and red pepper,

5040-528: Is open to the public as a museum. Beneath it there is one of the 'underground cities' so typical of Cappadocia . The restored Church of Saint Procopius dates back to 1857 and serves as a cultural centre. The small town of Develi also contains some attractive old houses. The 19th-century Armenian Church of Saint Mary has been turned into the Lower Everek Mosque ( Turkish : Aşağı Everek Cami ). Kayseri received notable public investments in

5152-470: Is recharged from the mountain. During the last glacial maximum , precipitation may have been double that of present-day. Four vegetation belts surround the mountain: a boreal belt, a subalpine, an alpine, and a subnival belt. The boreal belt extends between 1,100–2,100 metres (3,600–6,900 ft) while the subalpine belt goes from 2,100–2,800 metres (6,900–9,200 ft) elevation and the alpine from 2,800–3,400 metres (9,200–11,200 ft). Species found in

5264-418: Is split by this volcano into the Sultansazlıği and Kayseri-Sarımsaklı basins, both of which nevertheless are part of the same system. These margin faults have been the source of earthquakes during historical times, resulting in damage to cities in the region, and ongoing extension of this crustal domain is the probable reason for volcanism at Erciyes. Erciyes Dagi is a large stratovolcano, reaching

5376-461: Is the city's largest research university . It currently has 13 faculties, six colleges, and seven vocational schools, with over 3,100 staff members and 41,225 students. Nuh Naci Yazgan University , founded in 2009, is the only private university in the region. Kayseri University , established more recently, contributes to the city's academic landscape with a focus on a diverse curriculum. University of Health Sciences Kayseri Medical School also plays

5488-453: Is the older and very atmospheric Vezir Han which was commissioned in the early 18th century by Nevşehir -born Damad İbrahim Paşa who became a grand vizier to Sultan Ahmed III before being assassinated in 1730. The Kayseri suburb of Talas was the ancestral home of Calouste Gulbenkian , Aristotle Onassis and Elia Kazan . Once ruinous following the expulsion of its Armenian population in 1915 and then of its Greek population in 1923, it

5600-765: Is the westernmost glacier in Turkey today; other glaciers are found in the Kaçkar Mountains at the Black Sea, Mount Cilo in southeastern Turkey, and on Ararat . Block streams and rock glaciers developed during the Holocene , the Üçker valley hosts a rock glacier with a surface area of 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi). A number of potassium–argon dates have been obtained for Erciyes Dagi, ranging from 2.59 ± 0.1 million years ago to 80,000 ± 10,000 years ago. Some stratigraphic units from Erciyes have been dated. Early volcanic activity occurred at

5712-524: Is typically prepared for special occasions and is notable for its dense texture and flavor profile. Kayseri is twinned with: Buffer zone A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries . Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them. Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized zones , border zones and certain restrictive easement zones and green belts . Such zones may be comprised by

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5824-991: The Anatolian Plate . This microplate is part of the collision zone between the Eurasian Plate , the African Plate , and the Arabian Plate that forms the Alpide Belt . This convergence commenced in the Miocene and formed the Anatolian block, with two oceans that existed between these three plates in the Eocene disappearing through subduction . During the late Miocene, the Neo-Tethys ocean disappeared, and Africa and Eurasia collided. Later,

5936-598: The Byzantines temporarily in 647. The city was called Kaisariyah ( قيصرية ) by the Arabs, and later Kayseri ( قیصری ) by the Seljuk Turks after it was captured by Alp Arslan in 1067. Alp Arslan's forces demolished the city and massacred its population. The shrine of Saint Basil was also sacked after the fall of the city. As a result, the city remained uninhabited for the next half century. From 1074 to 1178

6048-560: The Moon was named for Argaeus. The "Mount Harhara" of Bronze Age and Iron Age inscriptions in Anatolia may be Erciyes. Erciyes lies in the Kayseri Province of Turkey . The city of Kayseri lies 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) -25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Erciyes volcano; some lava domes generated by the volcano are within the urban limits. Other towns in the region are Talas and Hacilar , also north of Erciyes but closer to

6160-876: The Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez separated the Arabian Plate from the African Plate, causing the former to collide with Eurasia and forming the Bitlis–Zagros Belt . The Anatolian block was pushed westward between the North Anatolian and East Anatolian faults, and it is still moving today. In central Anatolia, volcanism commenced in the Miocene. After an effusive phase and the eruption of large ignimbrite sheets, volcanoes developed, including stratovolcanoes such as Erciyes Dagi and Hasan Dagi on

6272-668: The Süper Lig , making Kayseri one of only two cities having more than one team in Spor Toto Süper Lig 2013–14 (the other being Istanbul ). In 2006 Kayserispor became the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Kayserispor is the remaining professional team in the city, playing in the top flight as of 2023. The Erciyes Ski Resort on Mount Erciyes is one of the largest ski resorts in Turkey. The women's football club Kayseri Gençler Birliği

6384-520: The last glacial maximum , probably due to a wetter climate. Chlorine-36 dating has yielded ages corresponding to the last glacial maximum and late glacial for the principal moraines in Aksu valley. A late Holocene glacial advance extended down to 3,850 metres (12,630 ft); dating of these moraines has yielded ages of 1,200 ± 300 years ago. In the Üçker valley, the lowermost moraines are found at an altitude of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft), with

6496-470: The protected area categories (e.g. category V or VI of IUCN Protected Area) or a classification scheme (e.g. NATURA 2000) depending on the conservation objective. The term 'buffer zone' initially gained prominence in the conservation of natural and cultural heritage through its usage in the establishment of UNESCO 's World Heritage Convention, and the term was intended to be used as follows: A buffer zone serves to provide an additional layer of protection to

6608-791: The 18th and 19th centuries were subjected to wholesale demolition starting in the 1970s. The building that hosted the Kayseri Lyceum was rearranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army was advancing on Ankara , the base of the Turkish National Movement. Kayseri has a continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ). It experiences cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers with cool nights. Precipitation occurs throughout

6720-777: The 1920s and 1930s. Sümer Fabric Factory and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikası ( English : Kayseri Aeroplane Factory) were set up here in the Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft made in Turkey in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants transformed themselves into rural capitalists. Members of Turkish business families such as Sabancı , Has , Dedeman , Hattat , Kurmel , Özyeğin , Karamanlargil and Özilhan started out as small-scale merchants in Kayseri before becoming prominent actors in

6832-612: The Kizirtepe monogenetic centres and 20,000 ± 10,000 for Hasan. Volcanic activity in the Acıgöl-Nevşehir system has been fission track dated at 15,500 ± 2,500 years ago. Major faults such as the North Anatolian Fault , which were generated by the convergence, are also active. Some of these faults form the edges of the Erciyes pull-apart basin, a tectonic depression up to 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) deep that

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6944-477: The Seljuks is the Güpgüpoğlu Mansion which dates back to the early 15th century but is open to the public with the furnishings it would have had in the late 19th century when it was home to the poet and politician Ahmed Midhad Güpgüpoğlu. Close to the walls is Kayseri's own Kapalı Çarşı ( Turkish : Kapalı Çarşı ), still a bustling commercial centre selling cheap clothes, shoes and much else. Deep inside it

7056-702: The Sodmein Cave of the Red Sea Hills , 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) south of Erciyes, has been linked to the Dikkartin Dağ eruption, as was a layer in the former lake at Tayma in Saudi Arabia , 1,240 kilometres (770 mi) away from Erciyes. Other tephras identified in the Levantine Sea and erupted between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago may also come from Erciyes. The eruptions that formed all these layers probably had profound effects on

7168-476: The Turkish economy. Despite setting up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana , they often returned to Kayseri to invest. Thanks to the economic liberalisation policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as a base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructure,

7280-686: The affected Mediterranean cultures. Another tephra layer found in the Black Sea appears to come from either the Karagüllü Dağ or the Perikartın eruptions. The tephra from these eruptions thus was probably spread northeastward, in contrast to the Dikkartin Dağ eruption, which spread tephra southeastward and thus is not found in the Black Sea. The unusual southward transport of the tephra may have occurred through low altitude winds. Andesites of less than 1,000 years of age have been identified. The occurrence of volcanic activity in historical times

7392-591: The area was under the control of the Danishmendids who rebuilt the city in 1134. The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate controlled the city from 1178 to 1243 and it was one of their most important centres until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city then fell to the Eretnids before finally becoming Ottoman in 1515. It

7504-706: The basin. The lake was fed by glacial meltwater from Erciyes and later overflowed the lava flow at several sites, the most important of which is Çalbama Gediģi . This overflow was not continuous; phases of lower lake levels caused it to dry up. Today, the basin contains wetlands that are protected under the Ramsar Convention and are a major nesting site for migratory birds . Endogenous domes extend from Erciyes, and 184, 210, or 64 individual centres dot its flanks. The domes have diameters of 1–4 kilometres (0.62–2.49 mi), and formed along radial dykes . A number of such domes and centres formed on

7616-683: The buffer zone can form the habitat of many animals, and plants can become food for small aquatic animals . The buffer zone itself can also support the life activities of various amphibians and birds . Plants and animals can migrate or spread in response to these buffer zones, thus increasing the biodiversity in the area. A 1998 study shows that the species and number of animals and plants in riparian zones are higher than in other ecosystems. Because of their ability to provide abundant water, soft soil and stable climate, small animals such as Myotis and Martes prefer to live along riverbanks rather than in hilly areas. The buffer zone can also provide

7728-521: The buffer zone can increase green land, improve forest coverage , beautify the environment and visual effect, improve people's living environment, enrich the humanistic landscape, and enhance aesthetic value. By emphasizing the importance of the buffer zone, residents can be encouraged to participate in the protection and management of the buffer zone, and checkpoints around the buffer zone can be set up to make it more secure and effective. Mount Erciyes Mount Erciyes ( Turkish : Erciyes Dağı )

7840-407: The buffer zone, trees up to 6 meters tall greatly enhance the aesthetic value of the landscape. These tall trees have luxuriant branches and leaves, especially their upright posture, making them of higher ornamental value. Some colorful landscape tree species can be planted on both sides of rivers with tourism and sightseeing value to improve the aesthetic value of the place. Establishing vegetation in

7952-490: The city has achieved remarkable industrial growth since 2000, causing it to be described as one of Turkey's Anatolian Tigers . The pace of growth of the city was so fast that in 2004 the city applied to the Guinness Book of World Records for the most new manufacturing industries started in a single day: 139 factories. Kayseri also has emerged as one of the most successful furniture-making hub in Turkey earned more than

8064-441: The city's mean altitude. It contains a number of historic monuments, particularly from the Seljuk period. Tourists often pass through Kayseri en route to the attractions of Cappadocia to the west. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University . Kayseri was originally called Mazaka or Mazaca ( Armenian : Մաժաք , romanized :  Mažak' ; according to Armenian tradition, it

8176-584: The east, large explosive eruptions formed a caldera . During the Pleistocene , Mount Erciyes proper grew inside the caldera together with a group of lava domes. Lateral eruptions of Erciyes may have generated ash layers in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean during the early Holocene . The last eruptions occurred during the early Holocene and may have deposited ash as far away as Palestine ;

8288-490: The eruption which had a Volcano Explosivity Index of 5 has been compared to that of Mount St. Helens in North America. Karagüllü Dağ was extruded later on the northern flank. Another explosive phase, this time dominated by 20 kilometres (12 mi) long pumice flows that contain charcoal followed and generated the Perikartın lava dome which is compositionally related to Dikkartin . The last event

8400-549: The first phase of caldera-forming activity to the Valibaba Tepe pumice may reflect the emptying of a magma chamber with vertical composition gradient. The Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite was considered part of the famous Cappadocian ignimbrites, but is distinct from them insofar as the other ones (with the possible exception of the Taspinar-Dikmen ignimbrites of Hasan Dagi) are not associated with stratovolcanoes. Erciyes volcano proper started developing 900,000 years ago. It

8512-461: The late Holocene advance forming moraines at an altitude of 3,250 metres (10,660 ft). The maximum extent of glaciers on Erciyes occurred 21,300 ± 900 years ago, when glaciers reached lengths of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). Glacier retreat occurred 20,700 ± 2,200 - 20,400 ± 1,800 years ago in the two catchments. Smaller advances and retreats occurred 14,600 ± 1,200 and 9,300 ± 1,500 years ago. The glaciers expanded last 3,800 ± 400 years ago; there

8624-502: The magma. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas have different elemental compositions and probably formed from separate sources; tholeiitic magmas may have formed from partial melting of the mantle, while the calc-alkaline magmas formed from crustal assimilation in these magmas. Overall, the magma originated in the asthenospheric mantle; lithospheric components may have contributed, however. Volcanism appears to be associated with crustal extension at Erciyes. Mantle metasomatism from

8736-490: The northern slopes. Of these centres, 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) wide and 100 metres (330 ft) deep Cora Maar lies 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Erciyes. It formed within Quaternary andesite lava flows; its formation was probably favoured by a shallow aquifer and was accompanied by strong phreatomagmatic explosions. The formation of this maar was accompanied by the release of tephra, which reached

8848-512: The occurrence of historical volcanism is uncertain. Future eruptions of Erciyes may endanger the nearby cities to the north. The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene. One regular glacier still exists, but is receding. Erciyes is the adoption into Turkish of the Greek name Argaios ( Greek : Ἀργαῖος). The latinized form is Argaeus ; a rarely encountered alternative latinization

8960-545: The one hand and monogenetic volcanoes and maars on the other hand. The tectonic environment has been compared with the Basin and Range Province . The Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, of which Erciyes is a part, covers a surface area of 32,500 square kilometres (12,500 sq mi). The Cappadocian volcanic plateau comprises ignimbrites that are up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) thick. The youngest K–Ar dates obtained on these centres are 60,000 ± 20,000 years ago for

9072-660: The residence of the kings of Cappadocia . In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa during the 200+ years of Achaemenid Persian rule. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city. Basil of Caesarea , one of the Cappadocian Fathers, established

9184-645: The rim of the 14-by-18-kilometre (8.7 by 11.2 mi) wide caldera in which Erciyes sits and which formed during the Valibaba Tepe eruption. This caldera may originally have had a volume of 110 cubic kilometres (26 cu mi). Clockwise from north, these volcanic centres are Ali Dağ , Kızıl Tepe , Topakkaya Tepe , Dikkartin Dağ , Kolanlı Dağ , Göğdağ , Yılband Dağ , Cora Maar , Karagüllü Dağ , Yılanlı Dağ , Carık Tepe , Perikartın and Lifos Tepe . About half of these centres are at distances of about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Erciyes, and most of them can be found on

9296-411: The riparian zone. Combining land and water improves the aesthetic value of river basin landscapes. The riparian buffer is rich in plant resources, and the wetland, grassland, and forest ecosystems make the landscape more beautiful. In addition, some recreational facilities can be built in the buffer zone to provide better living conditions for residents or tourists and improve people's quality of life. In

9408-513: The riverbanks are higher, the roots of the plants do not penetrate deeply into the soil, and the lakeshore soil is not very strong. Herbaceous plants can play a role to some extent, but in the long term, vegetation buffer zone can effectively solve the problem of water level rise and water erosion. The adsorption capacity of a buffer zone can reduce the speed of surface runoff and increase the effective water content of soil. Through increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil structure,

9520-647: The same time as the initial formation of the Erciyes basin. Since about 88,000 - 85,000 years ago, the average magma production rate has been about 0.1 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.024 cu mi/ka), with a long-term flux about four times larger. The oldest volcanic activity at Erciyes is known as Koç Dağ , which forms the eastern slope of Erciyes. This complex erupted pyroxene andesite, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long lava flows from Topakkaya Tepe cone and 0.2 cubic kilometres (0.048 cu mi) dense rock equivalent of fall deposits and scoria from Kızıl Tepe . One date obtained on Koç Dağ

9632-413: The school is no longer active, its historical contributions to education in Kayseri continue to be remembered. Kayseri is home to four public universities and one private university . Abdullah Gül University , established in 2010, is the first public university in Turkey with legal provisions for support by a philanthropic foundation dedicated entirely to its work. Erciyes University , founded in 1978,

9744-696: The summit also contain amphibole , apatite , biotite , feldspar , quartz , and zircon . The mineral yazganite  [ de ] was first described from samples obtained on Mount Erciyes, and its chemical formula is NaFe 2 ( Mg,Mn )( AsO 4 ) 3 · H 2 O . The dacites taken from the summit display a noticeable variability in their composition and texture, with their temperatures at formation varying between 734–989 °C (1,353–1,812 °F). The andesites and dacites may have formed from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization involving amphibole, based on elemental composition data. Further, crustal materials were included into

9856-904: The summit region probably ended before the Holocene. Radiometric dating has yielded evidence of a major pulse of volcanic activity in the early Holocene . Dikkartin Dağ , Karagüllü Dağ , and Perikartın belong to the youngest stages of volcanic activity at Erciyes and formed on the rim of the former caldera. Radiocarbon and chlorine-36 dating of the deposits has yielded ages of 10,200 – 9,700 years before present for Dikkartin Dağ , while potassium–argon dating yielded ages of 140,000 ± 20,000 – 110,000 ± 30,000 years ago at first for all three. Radiocarbon dates of 9,971 – 9,594 and 9,984 – 9,596 years before present have been obtained for Karagüllü Dağ and Perikartın , respectively. The three eruptions appear to have occurred within

9968-521: The summit region, however. The volcano is dominated by calc-alkaline rocks; one basalt with tholeiitic to intermediary affinity was erupted 1.7   million years ago; volcanic activity at first was tholeiitic and later became calc-alkaline. Monogenetic volcanoes in the region also erupted basalt, but this basalt is clearly different from the Erciyes basalt. Minerals contained in Erciyes rocks include clinopyroxene , ilmenite , orthopyroxene , plagioclase , and titanomagnetite . Samples taken from

10080-422: The summit. The Aksu valley contains sizable moraines left by the Pleistocene glaciation that are up to 60 metres (200 ft) high, 60–120 metres (200–390 ft) wide and 1–2.5 kilometres (0.62–1.55 mi) long. A glacial outwash plain formed at the valley foot and was partly buried by Karagüllü lavas. Moraines and outwash plains are heavily eroded. Andesite and basaltic andesites are exposed on

10192-426: The upper segment of the Üçker valley. The debris avalanche deposit reaches a distance of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the summit and has a hummocky appearance. The volcano overall has an eroded appearance. Two major valleys extend to the summit, the northwesterly Aksu Valley and the easterly Üçker valley. The minor valleys of Öksüzdere lie north, Topaktaş south, and Saraycık southwest of

10304-524: The vegetation belts are different from these found in the equivalent areas of Western European mountains. The flora of Erciyes is diverse. A number of endemic plant species have been identified, including Astragalus argaeus , Astragalus stenosemioides , Asyneuma trichostegium , Bellardiochloa argaea , Dianthus crinitus argaeus , Festuca cratericola , Festuca woronowii argaea , Hieracium argaeum , Onobrychis argaea , and Vicia canescens argaea . The plant Silene erciyesdaghensis

10416-554: The view from its summit. According to a vita of Saint Lazaros of Mount Galesios (11th century CE) written by his disciple Gregory the Cellarer, Lazaros climbed and descended Mount Erciyes in the depths of winter while singing the Psalms , as he encountered harsh weather and even a bear and attacking dogs. At present, about five hotels exist at the mountain, which is a major winter sports site. In 2010, 324,221 tourists visited

10528-543: The volcano (19 kilometres (12 mi) and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), respectively), Develi , located south, and İncesu , located west and southwest of the volcano. The mountain is about half a hour from Kayseri but access to the summit area is difficult. Climbers in antiquity reported that both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean could be seen from the summit. Erciyes Dagi and Hasan Dagi are both large stratovolcanoes that lie in Central Anatolia, on

10640-434: The volcano, with each of the five valleys that extend from the summit hosting glaciers. In the Aksu valley, these extended down to an altitude of 2,150 metres (7,050 ft). Glaciers reached lengths of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi); with the Aksu valley glacier reaching a length of 5.8 kilometres (3.6 mi) and the Üçker glacier of 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi). The snowline was 950 metres (3,120 ft) lower during

10752-521: The western, southern, and eastern sides of the volcano; on the eastern side they form the Koç Dağ centre with a height of 2,628 metres (8,622 ft). This centre is mostly formed by lava flows . On the western side, andesitic lava flows reach the Sultansazlıği basin. The huge middle Pleistocene Aliboran lava flow descended the western slopes and blocked the Incesu valley, forming Aliboran Lake in

10864-434: The world. For use in nature conservation , a buffer zone is often created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting zone within it that links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics and conservation productivity. A buffer zone can also be one of

10976-408: The year, albeit with a marked decrease in late summer and early fall. The city of Kayseri consists of sixteen metropolitan districts: Akkışla, Bünyan, Develi, Felâhiye, Hacılar, İncesu, Kocasinan, Melikgâzi, Özvatan, Pınarbaşı, Sarıoğlan, Sarız, Talas, Tomarza, Yahyâlı, and Yeşilhisar. Kayseri features a range of historical and cultural attractions that reflect the city's heritage. Cumhuriyet Square

11088-468: Was Argaeas mons , Argeas mons. The Greek name has the meaning of "bright" or "white"; as applied to the mountain, it may have been eponymous of Argaeus I (678 – 640   BC), king of Macedon and founder of the Argead dynasty . The Turkish name was historically spelled Erciyas , and it was changed to Erciyes to conform with vowel harmony in the 1940s–1960s. Mons Argaeus on

11200-496: Was developed into more of an international attraction with big-name hotels and facilities suitable for all sorts of winter pastimes. The archaeological site of Kanesh-Kültepe , one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor , is 20 km northeast of Kayseri. Ağırnas , a small town with many lovely old houses, was the birthplace in 1490 of the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan , and a house traditionally associated with him

11312-513: Was discovered on Erciyes and named after it. The geographer Strabo claimed that, in antiquity, the volcano was forested. A number of endemic and relic animal species can also be found at Erciyes, as well as a rich lichen flora. Grazing, settlements, and tourism have altered the natural vegetation of the mountain. The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene, during which about three stages of glaciation occurred. Aretes , cirques , horns, and moraines from these glaciations can be found on

11424-739: Was during the reign of the Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum . The relatively short Seljuk period left a large number of historic landmarks including the Hunat Hatun Complex , the Kiliç Arslan Mosque, the Ulu Camii (Grand Mosque) and the Gevher Nesibe Hastanesi (Hospital). As Mazaca ( Ancient Greek : Μάζακα ), the city served as

11536-590: Was explosive, with eruptions at the summit of Erciyes generating block-and-ash flows, pumice flows, and lava domes that formed blocks of 1.5–2 metres (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in diameter. The deposits of this activity are found north and south of the summit of Erciyes and reach thicknesses of 18 metres (59 ft). Cora Maar is not precisely dated, but probably formed less than 100,000 years ago. The last dacitic eruption occurred 80,000 ± 10,000 years ago at Çarık Tepe although later research has discovered later lavic eruptions. Activity in

11648-438: Was formed during two phases, starting with a basaltic andesite lava flow on the southern slope 1.7   million years ago. It was followed by the andesitic lava flows on the western flank and then by many of the dacitic lava domes. Another phase of basaltic andesite activity followed, reaching lengths of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Effusive activity ended with small lava flows of varying composition. The next phase of activity

11760-477: Was founded by and named after Mishak) and was known as such to the geographer Strabo , during whose time it was the capital of the Roman province of Cappadocia , known also as Eusebia at the Argaeus ( Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ἀργαίῳ in Greek ), after Ariarathes V Eusebes , King of Cappadocia (r. 163–130 BC). In 14 AD its name was changed by Archelaus (d. 17 AD), the last King of Cappadocia (r. 36 BC–14 AD) and

11872-512: Was largely reconstructed in the early 21st century. The Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Mary , built in 1888, has been converted into the Yaman Dede Mosque. Similarly attractive is the suburb of Germir , home to three 19th-century churches and many fine old stone houses. Mount Erciyes ( Turkish : Erciyes Dağı ) looms over Kayseri and serves as a trekking and alpinism centre. During the 2010s an erstwhile small, local ski resort

11984-666: Was promoted to the Women's First League for the 2020–21 League season. Kayseri High School ( Ottoman Turkish : Kayseri Mekteb-i Sultanisi , lit. the Imperial School of Kayseri), founded in 1893, is one of Turkey's oldest high schools. It has a long history of providing quality education and has played a key role in the region's educational development. Nuh Mehmet Küçükçalık Anadolu Lisesi , established in 1984, offers education in English . TED Kayseri College , founded in 1966,

12096-538: Was pronounced K. When the first Turks arrived in the region in 1080 AD, they adapted this pronunciation, which eventually became Kayseri in Turkish, remaining as such ever since.) Kayseri experienced three golden ages. The first, dating to 2000 BC, was when the city formed a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites . The second came under Roman rule from the 1st to the 11th centuries. The third golden age

12208-518: Was the centre of a sanjak called initially the Rum Eyalet (1515–1521) and then the Angora vilayet (founded as Bozok Eyalet, 1839–1923). The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai , where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan, dates from around 1500. The town's older districts which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from

12320-418: Was the collapse of the eastern flank of Ercyies. This collapse was probably triggered by an earthquake , considering that no evidence for a concomitant eruption exists. Considering the ages of the oldest moraines contained within the collapse scar, it probably happened more than 25,000 years ago. This collapse generated a debris avalanche 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long which dammed a lake and presently forms

12432-440: Was the driving force behind the development of modern capitalism. In a similar vein, these scholars suggest that the religious and cultural practices in Kayseri, rooted in a modern interpretation of Islam, fostered values such as hard work, thrift, and entrepreneurial spirit, which contributed to the city's economic growth. In Kayseri, a notable characteristic of the local culture is a form of austerity, which can be observed alongside

12544-410: Was the strongest of the three lava dome forming eruptions and formed an eruption column 25 kilometres (16 mi) high, but it left the smallest crater of the three. This eruption at first formed a tuff ring , within which the lava dome was emplaced. Lava flows extend to lengths of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). The dome and flow have a total volume of 0.82 cubic kilometres (0.20 cu mi), and

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