Misplaced Pages

#614385

54-657: The khanate was established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan in 1465. Both khans came from the Turco-Mongol clan of Tore which traces its lineage to Genghis Khan through dynasty of Jochids . The Tore clan continued to rule the khanate until its fall to the Russian Empire . From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the Kazakh Khanate ruled and expanded its territories to eastern Cumania (modern-day West Kazakhstan), most of Uzbekistan , Karakalpakstan and

108-585: A Kazakh army of eight thousand soldiers helped Sheibani Khan of Bukhara annex the Iranian city of Khorasan. Kasym Khan also instituted the first Kazakh code of laws in 1520, called "Қасым ханның қасқа жолы" (transliterated, "Qasym hannyñ qasqa joly" – "Bright Road of Kasym Khan"). Kasym Khan also ratified his alliance with the Timurid leader Babur , particularly after the fall of the Shaybanids , and

162-754: A Russian garrison blocking them from crossing the Ural River to find needed grazing land. In the following years, Qayip Ali helped Isatay Taymanuly build a resistance movement designed to free his people from both the khan of the Bukey Horde and the Russians. The movement was crushed in July 1838. By 1837 some tribes of the Middle jüz led by Kenesary Kasymov started war with the Russian occupiers. Support for

216-586: A huge power and influence that it sparked fear in Abu'l-Khayr. The new khanate soon became a buffer state between the Moghulistan and the Uzbek Khanate. Although both Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan were considered the founding rulers of the Kazakh Khanate, it was Janibek Khan who initially wielded the most power. Eager to liberate his land from Abu’l Khayr Khan, Janibek invaded the Uzbek Khanate in 1468, sparking

270-469: A member of an Asian royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg ( Persian : میرزا محمد حیدر دولت بیگ ; c. 1499/1500 – 1551) was a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general, governor of Kashmir , and a historian. He was a Mughal Dughlat prince who wrote in both Chaghatai and Persian languages. Haidar and Babur were cousins on their mother's side, through

324-725: A military strategist. By 1846, however, his resistance movement had lost momentum as some of his rich associates had defected to the Russian Empire, having been bribed and been promised great riches. Betrayed, Kenesary Khan grew increasingly suspicious of the remaining members of the Resistance, possibly further alienating them. In 1847, the Khan of the Kazakhs met his death in Kyrgyz lands during his assault on northern Kyrgyz tribes. He

378-483: Is Zhanibek/Janibek's father. From his wife Jahan Begum Khanum, Janibek had nine sons: Qasim (who became his successor), Mahmud, Iranji, Ithik, Janysh, Qanabar, Tenish, Usuk, and Juak. She also bore him two daughters, Suyimbike and Amanbike. Janibek Khan was a co-leader of a new Kazakh Khanate , following a successful rebellion against the Uzbek Khan Abu'l-Khayr Khan in 1465 and 1466. Janibek's father

432-751: The Blue Horde to reestablish the Golden Horde. However, after the death of Khan of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan , in 1428, the Golden Horde became fragmented, and the White Horde itself was divided into the Uzbek Khanate and the Nogai Horde (descendants of ruling Mongol tribes); the remaining land was divided between Mustafa Khan in the south and Mohammed Khan in the north. The Uzbek Khanate, which dominated most of present-day Kazakhstan,

486-506: The Kazakh War of Independence . Abu’l Khayr, in response, launched a campaign against the Kazakhs, but died on his way to Zhetysu . Upon the death of Kerei Khan in 1473/74 Janibek Khan became the sole ruler. The early years of the Kazakh Khanate were marked by struggles for control of the steppe against Abu'l-Khayr's grandson, Muhammad Shaybani . In 1470, the Kazakhs defeated Shaybani at the city of Iasy (present-day Turkistan ), forcing

540-701: The Mughal Emperor Humayun . Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. His mother was Khub Nigar Khanim, third daughter of Yunus Khan by Isan Daulat Begum, and a younger sister of Kutluk Nigar Khanim, mother of Babur. Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg governed Kashmir from 1540 to 1551, when he

594-527: The Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan , which are now in Russia and Iran, respectively. The Khanate was later weakened by a series of Oirat and Dzungar invasions in the 17th and 18th centuries. These resulted in a decline and further disintegration into three jüz , which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding Russian Empire in

SECTION 10

#1732765816615

648-717: The Tsardom of Russia also became the first major state to establish diplomatic relations with the Kazakh Khanate. Upon doing so, Kasym Khan established his reputation as a successful leader, as his empire became known in Western Europe as an up-and-coming political entity. The manuscript of "Tarikh-Safavi", written in Persian by Persian historians, wrote about Kasym Khan, bringing most of the Dasht-i-Kipchak under his absolute control. The manuscript also describes how

702-701: The Uyghurs of the Tarim Basin . In 1687, Zunghars besieged Hazrat-e Turkestan and were forced to retreat after the arrival of Subhan Quli Khan. In 1697, Tsewang Rabtan became the leader of the Dzungar Khanate , and he dispatched several of his commanders to subjugate Tauke Khan and many major wars between the Zunghars and the Kazakh Khanate continued into the following years: 1709, 1711–1712, 1714 and 1718. The Kazakh Khanate had indeed been weakened by

756-479: The 1520s. In the early 1530s, a civil war began in the Kazakh Khanate between the grandsons of Janibek Khan. Haqnazar Khan emerged as victorious and reunited the khanate under his control. Under Haqnazar Khan , also known as Haq-Nazar or Khaknazar Khan or Ak Nazar Khan, the Kazakh Khanate faced competition from several directions: the Nogai Horde in the west, the Khanate of Sibir in the north, Moghulistan in

810-520: The 19th century. The establishment of the Kazakh Khanate marked the beginning of Kazakh statehood whose 550th anniversary was celebrated in 2015. In 1227, the White Horde , a proto-Kazakh state, was formed within the Golden Horde in the steppe. After its separation from the Golden Horde in 1361, the White Horde became an independent state for a certain period of time, sometimes uniting with

864-513: The Kazakh Khanate from 1672. Tauke led the battered Kazakh warriors across the steppes to resist the advance of the Dzungar. The already weakened Kazakhs were once again faced with defeat at Sayram and soon lost many major cities to the Zunghars. Tauke Khan soon sought alliances with the Kyrghyz in the southeast who were also facing a Zunghar invasion in their Issyk-Kul Lake region and even

918-528: The Kazakh Khanate. Regarding these events, 16th century Khaidar Duglati in his Tarikh-i Rashidi reports: At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on

972-635: The Kazakh state. In 1582, Bukhara khan Abdullah, Kazakh khan Shygai and his son Tauekel sultan joined forces and organized the Ulytau campaign against the ruler of Tashkent Baba sultan. Baba Sultan was defeated and fled to the Desht-Kipchak steppe, Uzbek and Kazakh troops chased Baba Sultan to Sarysu and Ulytau. Chygai Khan died during that campaign. On his way back to Turkestan, Baba Sultan was killed by Sultan Tauekel and brought to Abdullah. Satisfied with

1026-405: The Kazakhs. In that battle, Tauekel Khan was wounded and died during the retreat back to Tashkent . After the death of Tauekel Khan came Esim Sultan, son of Sheehan Khan. Esim khan was called "Ensegei boily er Esim" which could be translated as "very tall man – Esim". His reign was the time of the next (third) strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate after Kasim Khan and Khak-Nazar Khan. Esim Khan moved

1080-659: The Khanate of the Middle Jüz. In 1822, Russia began to refer to the land until then occupied by the Middle Jüz as the territory of the Siberian Kirgiz and introduced a set of administrative reforms, some of them intended to encourage the Kazakhs to become farmers, but the Kazakhs remained nomadic. 1827–28 saw the first serious Kazakh resistance to the Russians, as Qayip Ali led fighters of the Bukey Horde against

1134-425: The Khanate. Following the rule of Abu'l-Mansur Khan's death in 1781, the Middle Jüz was nominally ruled by his son Vali, but Vali never achieved control of the entire jüz. In an attempt to establish some order in 1798, Russia created a tribunal at Petropavlovsk to resolve disputes among the Kazakhs, but it was ignored by the Kazakhs. Following Vali's death in 1817 and his rival Bukei's death in 1818, Russia abolished

SECTION 20

#1732765816615

1188-471: The Middle Jüz's Khan Semeke agreed to suzerainty under the same terms. Neither khan remained very loyal to the Russians, but from this point Russian sovereigns began to assert the right to appoint the khans of the Junior and Middle Jüzes and to exert greater influence on them. The Kazakhs in turn began to view the khanate with greater suspicion, as khans increasingly sought Russian help against their rivals within

1242-684: The Nogai capital Saray-Juk in 1520, pushing the Nogai Horde to the Astrakhan Khanate . Under Kasym Khan, the borders of the Kazakh Khanate expanded and the population reached 1 million people. It was during the reign of Kasym Khan that the Kazakh Khanate gained fame and political weight in the modern Euro-Asian arena. Kasym Khan also became a major patron of the arts, literature, and religion, allowing Islam to hold great political and sociocultural importance among Kazakh society. Under his reign,

1296-555: The Oirats. Haqnazar began a campaign against Moghulistan with the aim of finally incorporating Zhetysu into the Kazakh Khanate. The campaign ended successfully and resulted in defeat for Moghulistan. However, in the north, there was a threat from the Khanate of Sibir, led by Khan Kuchum. In 1568, the Kazakhs successfully defeated the Nogai Horde at the Emba River and reached Astrakhan , but were repelled by Russian forces. After

1350-610: The Russian Empire began in the mid-18th and ended in the second part of the 19th century. By the mid-18th century, as a result of long-lasting armed conflicts with Dzungars and Oirats , the Kazakh Khanate had started to decline and further disintegrate into three Jüzes , which formerly constituted the Kazakh Khanate in a confederate form. On October 10, 1731, the khan of the Junior Jüz, Abu'l Khayr, swore fealty to Anna of Russia to obtain Russian help against his rival Sultan Qayip and to secure economic stability. Shortly thereafter

1404-533: The Russian Empire, abolishing local indigenous government in the form of Khan rule, instituting segregationist settlement policies, etc., resulting in numerous uprisings against colonial rule. Significant resistance movements were led by leaders such as Makhambet Utemisuly (1836–1838) and Eset Kotibaruli (1847–1858). Meanwhile, the Senior Jüz sided with the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokand from

1458-473: The Russian Empire. He was the grandson of Ablai Khan and is largely regarded as the last ruler of the Kazakh Khanate. By the mid 19th century, the Kazakhs fell under the full control of the Russian Empire and were banned from electing their own leader or even given representation in the empire's legislative structures. All fiscal/tax collections were also taken away from local Kazakh representatives and given to Russian administrators. Kenesary Khan fought against

1512-425: The Russian imperial forces until his death in 1847. In 1841, at an all-Kazakh Kurultai , Kenesary was elected as Khan (supreme leader) by all Kazakh representatives. The ceremony of coronation followed all Kazakh traditions. As a freedom fighter and popular as a leading voice against the increasingly aggressive and forceful policies of the Russian Empire, Kenesary was ruthless in his actions and unpredictable as

1566-773: The Uzbeks and the Oirats where Abu’l-Khayr Khan suffered a severe defeat which made him lose reputation among the Uzbeks. The formation of the Kazakh Khanate began in 1459, when several Kazakh tribes dissatisfied with Abu’l-Khayr's rule, led by the great-grandsons of Urus Khan, Janibek and Kerei , fled the Uzbek Khanate in an event known as the Great Migration . The two cousins led the nomads towards Moghulistan , eventually settling and establishing an independent state. The Khan of Moghulistan united with them, offering them support against their opponents. Around 200,000 nomads joined Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan's movement, which had had

1620-480: The Uzbeks to retreat south to Samarkand and Bukhara. In 1480, Kerei Khan's son Burunduk became khan. During his reign, the Kazakhs were able to muster an army of 50,000 ghazis and to repeatedly defeat the forces of Muhammad Shaybani along the Syr Darya river. It was during his reign, that the Uzbeks concluded peace with the Kazakhs in 1500, thus giving all the former Uzbek Khanate lands in the north of Syr Darya to

1674-591: The attack of Erdeni Batur on the Kazakh lands. The Dzungars conquered a large part of the Jetisu Region and captured about ten thousand people. Salqam-Jangir Khan marched along the Orbulak River with 600 soldiers to repel the Zunghars. The famous Battle of Orbulaq took place here. Jalangtos Bahadur, the ruler of Samarkand , came to help Jangir Khan with 20,000 soldiers. Thanks to the help of Jalangtos Bahadur, Jangir Khan won this battle. Erdeni Batur

Kazakh Khanate - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-801: The capital of the khanate to Sygnak in Turkestan and suppressed the revolts of the Karakalpaks. There followed a 15-year period of calm between the Kazakh Khanate and the Khanate of Bukhara. In 1613, the Kazakh Khan Yesim defeated the Uzbeks for the previous attack and returned Samarkand to the Kazakh Khanate Esim Khan united the Kazakh army and began a campaign against the Tashkent Khan Tursun Muhammad and Khan of Bukhara. In 1627, he defeated

1782-571: The confrontation and nearly one-third of their population had been lost by the ensuing conflict. With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three jüz – the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Junior jüz. Each jüz had its own Khan from this time onward. Tauke Khan is also known for refining the Kazakh code of laws, and reissuing it under the title "Жеті Жарғы" (transliterated, "Jetı Jarğy" – "Seven Charters"). Ablai Khan

1836-418: The death of Haqnazar khan, Shygai, the grandson of Zhanibek khan, the son of Zhadik sultan, became khan in 1580–1582. Although he was eighty years old at the time, he was an influential khan among the Kazakhs. Little is known about his life. Chygai khan continued the direction of foreign policy of the Kazakh Khanate, followed by Haknazar khan. He rationally used the conflicts between Shaibani's heirs to strengthen

1890-552: The east, and the Khanate of Bukhara in the south. Haqnazar Khan began to liberate the occupied Kazakh lands. He returned the northern regions of Sary-Arka to the Kazakh Khanate. Having begun a campaign against the Nogai Horde, Haqnazar reconquered Saraishyk from the Nogai Horde and the surrounding Kazakh territories as well. In the fight against the Khivans, the Kazakhs conquered the Mangyshlak peninsula and successfully repelled

1944-533: The elimination of the enemy, Abdullah Khan presented Risk to the province of Afrikent in the Samarkand region. Tauekel Khan expanded control of the Kazakh Khanate over Tashkent , Fergana , Andijan , and Samarkand . In 1598, Kazakh forces approached Bukhara and besieged it for 12 days, but afterwards the Bukharan leader Pir-Muhammad and reinforcements under the command of his brother Baki-Muhammad pushed back

1998-644: The encroaching Russian Empire and the Chinese Qing dynasty . He employed a multi-vector foreign policy to protect the tribes from Chinese and Dzungar aggressors. He also sheltered the Dzungar Oirat taishas Amursana and Dawachi from attacks by the Dzungar Khan Lama Dorji , as the Dzungar Khanate fractured following the death of Galdan Tseren in 1745. However, once Amursana and Dawachi were no longer allies, Ablai Khan took

2052-477: The enemy. Esim Khan abolished the Tashkent Khanate and the war finally ended. Esim Khan also made his own laws called Есім ханның ескі жолы (transliterated, "Esım hannyñ eskı joly" – "The old path of Esim Khan"). During the reign of Salqam-Jangir Khan , a new and powerful rival of the Kazakhs appeared in the east, known as the Dzungar Khanate . Major battle began in the winter of 1643 with

2106-426: The greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A.D.]. Kasym , son of Janibek , became the khan in 1511 and from that point only the descendants of Janibek Khan ruled Kazakh khanate until its fall. Under his rule, the Kazakh Khanate reached its greatest strength so much that the Nogai Horde , which occupied the territory of modern Western Kazakhstan, became its number one enemy. Kasym successfully captured

2160-676: The language of the Moghuls was Mongolian until the 16th century". For the sedentary Mongols in Transoxiana, the nomadic Mongols to their east in Xinjiang and Kashgar represented a bastion of true Mongol culture, hence the name " Moghulistan ". However, he did not stay long in Kashmir, leaving after making a treaty with the local sultan and striking coins in the name of Said Khan. He had also attacked Tibet through Ladakh but failed to conquer Lhasa. He returned in 1540, fighting for

2214-527: The line of Genghis Khan . Unlike Babur, Haidar considered himself more of an ethnic Mongol of Moghulistan . Mirza Haidar Dughlat Beg in the Tarikh-i Rashidi constantly alludes to a distinct tribe or community of Moghuls in Mughalistan, however reduced in numbers, who had preserved Mongol customs, and from the incidental references to Mongolian phrases and terms, likely retained elements of

Kazakh Khanate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-565: The opportunity to capture herds and territory from the Dzungars. Kenesary Khan was the last Kazakh Khan who defeated Shergazi Muhammad Khan (khan of the Junior jüz) and Gubaidullah Khan (khan of the Elder jüz) to unite the Kazakhs one last time. Following his rule, he became the leader of the national liberation movement that resisted the capture of Kazakh lands and segregation policies by

2322-478: The original Mongolian language, despite the growth of Islam and the growing use of the Turki language , the latter which Haider naturally spoke. According to the Tarikh-i Rashidi, Haider Dughlat considered his "Moghul Ulus" to be a separate people from the settled Turks of Transoxiania, from the fifteenth century and the first half of the sixteenth century. According to Vasily Bartold , there are “some indications that

2376-666: The resistance was fueled by Russians' refusal to allow them much-needed additional grazing land, taxes, and the feeling that they were being exploited by Russian merchants. Kasymov managed to unite the entire Middle jüz for the last time in popular opposition to the Russians. The resistance came to an end when Russia deployed sufficient forces to make Kenesary surrender in 1846. He died the next year fighting Kokand forces in Kirgizia. Russian colonial policies/strategies brought military fortresses, many settlements, and externally imposed rules into Kazakh lands. A series of laws were introduced by

2430-702: The south, and started opposing the expansion of the Russian Empire. Full Russian rule over all Kazakh lands was established in the second half of the 19th century, after the southern towns of Aq-Meshit , Shymkent , Aulie-Ata and others were taken by the Russian Imperial Army. Janibek Khan Abū Saʿīd Janibek Bahadur Khan bin Barak Sultan ( Kazakh : ابو سعید جانی بیک خان بن براق سلطان, Әбу Саид Жәнібек Баһадүр хан бин Барақ сұлтан , Äbu Saïd Jänıbek Bahadür Han bïn Baraq Sultan ), otherwise known by his shortened regal name Janibek Khan ,

2484-505: The territory before in the west of the Turgai River. The Kazakh Khanate itself focused on the territory of Zhetysu and South Kazakhstan, where strife was starting to happen. The central territory of Kazakhstan, Sary-Arka, at that time was nominally part of the Kazakh Khanate. The Khanate of Sibir seized the northern regions of Sary-Arka. When Tahir Khan took the Kazakh throne, the Oirats invaded and captured eastern parts of Sary Arka in

2538-577: The western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [ A.H. ; 1465–1466 A.D.] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in

2592-483: Was Barak Khan, who was poisoned by the emirs of the former White Horde . He led the splinter group along with Kerei (or Girei or Kerei), his relative, who was also a descendant of the famous Urus Khan of the White Horde . For his wisdom, he was given the title "Az", meaning "the wise" in the Kazakh language , and so was called Az-Janibek. His son, Kasym Khan , codified the laws of his people. This biography of

2646-520: Was a co-founder and second Khan of the Kazakh Khanate from 1473 to 1480. He was a son of Barak , Khan of the Golden Horde from 1422 to 1427. Barak Khan's father was Koirichak, grandson of Urus Khan , a direct descendant of Genghis Khan . Genghis Khan is Jochi Khan 's father, Jochi Khan 's son Tukai-Timur , Tukai-Timur's son Uz-Timur , Uz-Timur's son Khodja , Khodja's son Badakun-Uglan , Badakun-Uglan's son Urus Khan , Urus Khan's son Koirchak-khan , Koirchak-khan's son Barak Khan , and Barak Khan

2700-536: Was a khan of the Middle jüz or Horde who managed to extend his control over the other two jüzes to include all of the Kazakhs . Before he became khan, Ablai participated in the Kazakh-Dzungar Wars and proved himself a talented organizer and commander. He led numerous campaigns against the Kokand Khanate and the Kyrgyz. In the latter campaign, his troops liberated many cities in Southern Kazakhstan and even captured Tashkent . During his actual reign, Ablai Khan did his best to keep Kazakhstan as independent as possible from

2754-505: Was executed by Ormon Khan , the Kyrgyz khan who was subsequently rewarded by the Russians with a larger estate and an official administrative role. Kenesary Khan's head was cut off and sent to the Russians. Over the last decade, Kenesary Khan has been increasingly regarded as a hero in Kazakh literature and media. A monument to Kenesary Khan can be seen on the shore of the river Esil in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana . Gradual decline, disintegration and accession of Kazakh territories into

SECTION 50

#1732765816615

2808-429: Was forced to retreat. The defeated Zunghars lost about ten thousand people in this battle. According to the preserved historical data, in this battle, Salqam-Jangir Khan showed great commanding talent and military skill. In 1652, in the third major battle between the Kazakhs and the Dzungars, the Kazakh troops were defeated, and Salqam-Jangir Khan was killed. After the death of Jangir Khan, Tauke Khan became ruler of

2862-416: Was ruled by Abu'l-Khayr Khan , who conspired in killing Barak Khan. Under Abu’l-Khayr Khan's leadership, the Uzbek Khanate became a corrupt, unstable, and weak state that often dealt with internal problems. To make matters worse, the khanate itself was raided by Oirats who pillaged nomadic settlements and major cities where they were looted, damaged, and had civilians massacred. Peace was made in 1457 between

2916-418: Was thus praised by the Mughals and the populace of Samarqand . Mirza Muhammad Haidar wrote in his Tarikh-i-Rashidi that: Kásim Khán subdued the whole of the Dasht-i-Kipchák. His army numbered more than a million [a thousand thousand] men. Excepting Juji Khán, there had never reigned a greater Khan than he in that country. After the death of Kasym Khan , the Nogaiys restored their status quo by capturing

#614385