Moghulistan , also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate , was a Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range, on the border of Central Asia and East Asia . That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and northwest Xinjiang , China . The khanate nominally ruled over the area from the mid-14th century until the late 17th century.
85-615: Beginning in the mid-14th century a new khanate, in the form of a nomadic tribal confederacy headed by a member of the family of Chagatai, arose in the region of the Ili River . It is therefore considered to be a continuation of the Chagatai Khanate, but it is also referred to as the Moghul Khanate . In actuality, local control rested with local Mongol Dughlats or Naqshbandi Sufis in their respective oases . Although
170-634: A Mongol dependency of Ming China, in 1513. Mahmud Khan spent several years trying to regain his authority in Moghulistan; he eventually gave up and submitted to Muhammad Shaybani, who executed him. The rest of western Moghulistan (the area of modern Kyrgyzstan) were gradually lost to Kyrgyz tribes. In 1469-70 Kyrgyz belonging to the Oirat confederacy migrated into the Tian Shan mountains in Moghulistan. The Kyrgyz tribes led by Tagai Biy and rebelled against
255-611: A bastion of true Mongol culture, hence the name "Moghulistan". Since the Moghuls were nomads of the steppe, the boundaries of their territories seldom stayed the same for long. Still, Moghulistan in the strictest sense was centered in the Ili region. It was bounded on the west by the province of Shash and the Karatau Mountains , while the southern area of Lake Balkhash marked the northern limit of Moghul influence. From there
340-506: A century, while the khans of the Yuan dynasty embraced Chinese court customs. In contrast, the Mongols and their subordinates who settled in what came to be known as Moghulistan were in origin steppe nomads from Mongolia . Because of this, they were much more resistant to changing their way of life; they retained their primarily nomadic lifestyle for several centuries and were among the last of
425-525: A group of endorheic lakes that include Lake Manas and Lake Ailik . During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time. The cold climate of nearby Siberia influences
510-803: A history of the Moghuls. Abdurrashid Khan also fought for control of (western) Moghulistan against the Kirghiz-Kazakhs of the Great Horde, but (western) Moghulistan was ultimately lost; thereafter the Moghuls were largely restricted to possession of the Tarim Basin. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) underwent a period of decentralization, with numerous subkhanates springing up with centers at Kashgar, Yarkand , Aksu and Khotan . In
595-615: A khan of their own, and raised the Chagatayid Tughlugh Timur to the throne. Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) was thereby made the head of a tribal confederacy that governed the Tarim Basin and the steppe area of Moghulistan (named after the Moghuls). His reign was contemporaneous with the series of puppet khans that ruled in Transoxiana, meaning that there were now effectively two khanates headed by Chagatayids: one in
680-619: A military alliance did not result, the Ming dynasty opened up caravan trade to Moghulistan, greatly enriching the Moghul rulers who collected zakat (tax) on the lucrative Silk Road trade. This trade ushered in an era of economic and cultural exchange with China, in exchange for the state accepting (what the Ming saw as) tributary status to the Ming. After the Han Chinese united and expelled
765-413: A period of near-constant civil wars , because the tribal chiefs could not accept that Qamar-ud-Din, a "commoner", could accede to the throne. Opposition to Qamar-ud-Din within his own Dughlat tribe compromised the unity of Moghulistan, as Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat took control of Kashgar . The Moghuls that remained obedient to him were constantly at war with Timur, who invaded Moghulistan several times but
850-596: A pre-existing continental block before the Kazakhstan Block was formed. Ürümqi , Yining and Karamai are the main cities; other smaller oasis towns dot the piedmont areas. Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert steppe ecoregion known as the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of Anabasis brevifolia . Taller shrublands of saxaul bush ( Haloxylon ammodendron ) and Ephedra przewalskii can be found near
935-566: A second time in 1361 and appointing his son Ilyas Khoja as ruler of Transoxiana, however, Tughlugh Timur was unable to keep a lasting hold on the region, and the Moghuls were ultimately expelled by Amir Husayn and Timur, who then fought amongst themselves for control of Transoxiana. Chagatayid rule in Moghulistan was temporarily interrupted by the coup of the Dughlat Amir Qamar-ud-Din , who likely killed Ilyas Khoja in 1368 and several other Chagatayids. This takeover provoked
SECTION 10
#17327651880361020-1178: A separate Moghul Khanate was established there in mid-15th century. After the Islamization of Turfan, the non-Islamic term "Uyghur" would disappear until the Chinese Nationalist leader Sheng Shicai , following the Soviet Union , introduced it for a different, Muslim population in 1934. Arguments about succession resulted in the breakup of the Mongol Empire in Asia into the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) in China, Ilkhanate in Persia, and Golden Horde in Russia, which waged destructive wars with one another. Moghulistan, which had formed
1105-450: A thin layer of vegetation to grow. This is enough to sustain populations of wild camels , jerboas , and other wild species. The Dzungarian Basin is a structural basin with thick sequences of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with large estimated oil reserves . The Gurbantunggut Desert , China's second largest, is in the center of the basin. The Dzungarian basin does not have a single catchment center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria
1190-965: A total termination to Chagatai rule by installing the Aq Taghlik in Kashgar. They also helped the Aq Taghlik overcome the Kara Taghlik in Yarkand. A short time later, the Moghul kingdom of Turpan and Hami was also conquered by the Zunghar Khanate , but the Zunghars were expelled by Qing China . Descendants of the Chagatayid house submitted to the Qing and ruled the Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) as vassals of China until 1930. Maqsud Shah
1275-505: Is Xinjiang's center of heavy industry , generates most of the region's GDP, and houses its political capital Ürümqi ( Oirat for 'beautiful pasture'). As such, Dzungaria continues to attract intraprovincial and interprovincial migration to its cities. In contrast to the Tarim Basin, Dzungaria is relatively well integrated with the rest of China by rail and trade links. Xinjiang has traditionally been divided into two geographically and ethnically distinct regions: Dzungaria, located north of
1360-965: Is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan . It flows from the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to the Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. It is 1,439 kilometres (894 mi) long (including its source river the Tekes), 815 kilometres (506 mi) of which is in Kazakhstan. The river originates from the Tekes and Künes rivers in Eastern Tian Shan . The Ili drains
1445-606: Is also another smaller dam at 43°23′41″N 82°29′20″E / 43.39472°N 82.48889°E / 43.39472; 82.48889 , on the border of Tokkuztara and Künes Counties. The Ili is the main watercourse of the Balkhash-Alakol Basin . The region of Kazakhstan partially drained by the Ili and its tributaries is known in Kazakh as Zhetysu ('Seven Rivers'). In Russian it is known as Semirechye (meaning
1530-714: Is part of the basin of the Irtysh River , which ultimately drains into the Arctic Ocean . The rest of the region is split into a number of endorheic basins . In particular, south of the Irtysh, the Ulungur River ends up in the (presently) endorheic Lake Ulungur . The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the Aibi Lake . In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward)
1615-920: Is the Asiatic wild ass . The Ili River treaty of 638 AD formalized the division of the Western Turkic Kaganate (552–638 AD) into the Nushibi and the Dulu . It also established the Ili River as the border between the two states. In the 21st century, increasing need for water in both China and Kazakhstan makes the management of the cross-border Ili River a topic of concern for environmentalists and politicians in Kazakhstan (who feel that their country may not get enough water flowing in from China any more). The amount of precipitation in summer reaches 150–250 cubic metres (5,300–8,800 cu ft). On
1700-553: Is the triangular Dzungarian Basin , also known as Junggar Basin ( simplified Chinese : 准噶尔盆地 ; traditional Chinese : 準噶爾盆地 ; pinyin : Zhǔngá'ěr Péndì ), with its central Gurbantünggüt Desert . It is bounded by the Tarbagatai Mountains to the northwest, the Altai Mountains to the northeast, and the Tian Shan mountains to the south. The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner
1785-610: Is the valley of the upper Irtysh River . The western corner is the Dzungarian Gate , a historically important gateway between Dzungaria and the Kazakh Steppe ; presently, a highway and a railway (opened in 1990) run through it, connecting China with Kazakhstan. The eastern corner of the basin leads to Gansu and the rest of China. In the south, an easy pass leads from Ürümqi to the Turfan Depression . In
SECTION 20
#17327651880361870-598: The Aq Taghlik and the Kara Taghlik . This situation persisted until the 1670s, when the Moghul khans apparently tried to reassert their authority by expelling the leader of the Aq Taghlik. In 1677, Khoja Afaq of the Aq Taghlik fled to Tibet where he asked the 5th Dalai Lama for help to restore his power. The Dalai Lama arranged for the Buddhist Dzungar Khanate who inhabited the lands north of
1955-584: The Göktürks received the lands of Dzungaria as an inheritance after the death of his father in the latter half of the sixth century AD . Dzungar power reached its height in the second half of the 17th century, when Galdan Boshugtu Khan repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the Kazakhs to the west, but it was completely destroyed by the Qing Empire about 1757–1759. It has played an important part in
2040-558: The Irtysh river and the Ural river in terms of water content. The Government of Kazakhstan plans to join the three sanctuaries Balkash, Karoy and Kukan (situated in the delta) into one National Park. Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger . An introduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed on account that it is a genetically close relative of
2125-453: The Karamay oil fields. Intraprovincial migration has mostly been directed towards Dzungaria also, with immigrants from the poor Uyghur areas of southern Xinjiang flooding to the provincial capital of Ürümqi to find work. As a political or geographical term, Dzungaria has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of
2210-520: The Mongolian words züün gar , meaning 'left hand'), also known as Northern Xinjiang or Beijiang , is a geographical subregion in Northwest China that corresponds to the northern half of Xinjiang . Bound by the Altai Mountains to the north and the Tian Shan mountain range to the south, Dzungaria covers approximately 777,000 km (300,000 sq mi), and borders Kazakhstan to
2295-645: The Naqshbandi Islamic order administered these towns in the name of the Moghul khans until 1514. The Moghuls more directly governed Nanjiang after they lost Moghulistan itself. The capital city of Nanjiang was usually Yarkand or Kashgar. A contemporary Chinese term for part of the Nanjiang area was "Southern Tian Shan route" (Chinese: 天山南路 ; pinyin: Tiānshān Nánlù ), as opposed to the "Northern" route, i.e. Dzungaria . A later Turki word " Altishahr ", meaning "Six Cities", came into vogue during
2380-638: The Qing administration in Xinjiang in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was occupied by Russia from 1871 to 1881 (from the Yaqub Beg rebellion until the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) ). Presently, the region forms part of Xinjiang's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture . The main city of the region, Yining (Kulja), is located on the northern side of the river (about 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream from
2465-784: The Republic of China , the Second East Turkestan Republic and since 1950, it has been under the control of the People's Republic of China . Dzungaria is named after the Dzungar Khanate that existed in Central Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Dzungaria , or Zungharia , derives from the name of the Dzungar people , which comes from the Mongolian term Zűn Gar , or Jüün Gar (depending on
2550-570: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi , the only primary source for the region. The eastern regions of the Chagatai Khanate in the early 14th century had been inhabited by a number of Mongol nomadic tribes. These tribes resented the conversion of Tarmashirin to Islam and the move of the khan to the sedentary areas of Transoxiana. They were behind the revolt that ended in Tarmashirin's death. One of the khans that followed Tarmashirin, Changshi , favored
2635-815: The Tocharians in prehistory and the Jushi Kingdom in the first millennium BC. One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region occurs when the Han dynasty dispatched an explorer to investigate lands to the west, using the northernmost Silk Road trackway of about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerged in Kashgar . Istämi of
Moghulistan - Misplaced Pages Continue
2720-471: The 1380s, when the Dughlats enthroned the surviving Chagatayid heir Khizr Khoja , but the Dughlats retained an important position within the khanate; for the next forty years they installed several khans of their own choosing. After being restored to the throne by the Dughlats, Khizr Khoja married his sister to Amir Timur , then personally led a holy war against "Khitay" (the Uyghurs in Turfan and Qocho ), forcibly converting them to Islam and putting an end to
2805-441: The Caspian tiger. A large population of wild boar , the main prey base of the Caspian tiger, can be still found in the delta. There is also a small population of roe deer. In the drier steppes to the south of the delta live saiga antelopes and goitered gazelles . Reintroduction of the Bactrian deer , another prey of the Caspian tiger, is currently under consideration. Another potential prey species considered to be reintroduced
2890-521: The Ili valley) to avoid the mountains west of the Tarim and because Russia is currently more developed. After the Dzungar genocide , the Qing subsequently began to repopulate the area with Han and Hui people from China proper. The population in the 21st century consists of Kazakhs , Kyrgyz , Mongols , Uyghurs and Han Chinese . Since 1953, northern Xinjiang has attracted skilled workers from all over China—who have mostly been Han Chinese —to work on water conservation and industrial projects, especially
2975-557: The Kash River ( 喀什河 ), in Nilka County , at 43°51′40″N 82°50′52″E / 43.86111°N 82.84778°E / 43.86111; 82.84778 and 43°51′14″N 82°48′08″E / 43.85389°N 82.80222°E / 43.85389; 82.80222 . At least two dams have been constructed on the Ili's left tributary, the Tekes River, and the Qiapuqihai Hydropower Station ( 恰甫其海水电站 ) in Tokkuztara County ( 43°18′14″N 82°29′05″E / 43.30389°N 82.48472°E / 43.30389; 82.48472 ). There
3060-415: The Moghuls; by 1510–11, they had effectively driven out the Moghuls. However, as late as 1526–27, the Moghul Khan Sultan Said still attempted but failed to return the Kyrgyz to subjugation. Mansur Khan's brother Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) conquered the western Tarim Basin from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in 1514 and set himself up in Kashgar forming the Yarkent Khanate . Thereafter the Moghulistan khanate
3145-420: The Mongolian dialect used). Zűn (or Jüün ) means 'left' and Gar means 'hand'. The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols ( Oirats ) were on the left-hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called Zuun Gar . The first people to inhabit the region were Indo-European-speaking peoples such as
3230-410: The Mongols from China, establishing the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Yuan Mongol refugees, principally of the Borjigin clan, migrated to the eastern Chagatai Khanate. Those Mongols allied with the nomadic Buddhist , Christian and Shamanist rebels of the Issyk Kul and Isi areas against the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin in the 1330s upon his conversion to Islam . A Chagatayid restoration occurred in
3315-408: The Mongols who converted to Islam to do so. During the 14th century the inhabitants of Moghulistan were known as " Mogul " and the area they occupied was called " Mirza " or " Baig ". According to Vasily Bartold , there are "some indications that the language of the Moghuls was Mongolian until the 16th century". For the sedentary Mongols in Transoxiana, the nomadic Mongols to their east represented
3400-402: The Tian Shan marking the northern boundary, the Pamirs the western, and the Kunlun Shan the southern. The eastern border usually was slightly to the east of Kucha . The Buddhist kingdom in Beijiang centered around Turfan was the only area where the people were identified as "Uyghurs" after the Islamic invasions. The broader Turfan area was bordered by Nanjiang to the west, the Tian Shan to
3485-555: The Tian Shan mountains through Dzungaria or south of the mountains through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the south side and migrations the north. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with the south side was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. Furthermore, the Taklamakan is too dry to support much grass, and therefore nomads when they are not robbing caravans. Its inhabitants live mostly in oases formed where rivers run out of
Moghulistan - Misplaced Pages Continue
3570-404: The Tian Shan mountains; and the Tarim Basin, located south of the mountains. At the time of the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in 1759, Dzungaria was predominantly inhabited by steppe -dwelling, nomadic Tibetan-Buddhist Dzungars while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by predominantly oasis-dwelling, sedentary, Turkic Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghurs . The Qing government was well aware of
3655-414: The Uyghur polity. During the 15th century the Moghuls had to deal with several enemy incursions by the Oirats , Timurids and Uzbeks . Moghul rule in the region was restored by Uwais Khan (1418–1428), a devout Muslim who was frequently at war with the Oirats (Western Mongols) who roamed in the area east of Lake Balkash . He was usually defeated and even captured twice by the Oirat Esen Tayishi , but
3740-402: The Yarkent khanate to invade in 1680, and set up puppet rulers in Yarkent. The Yashkent Khanate were finally overthrown in the 1705, bringing an end to Chagatayid rule in Central Asia. Kashghar begs and Kyrgyz staged a revolt and seized Akbash Khan during an assault on Yarkand. The Yarkand begs then asked the Dzungars to intervene, which resulted in the Dzungars defeating the Kyrgyz and putting
3825-467: The Zhetysu, as the district to the southeast of Lake Balkhash preserves the name of Dzungarian Alatau . It also gave name to Djungarian hamsters . Wheat , barley , oats , and sugar beets are grown, and cattle , sheep , and horses are raised in Dzungaria. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains. Dzungaria has deposits of coal , gold , and iron , as well as large oil fields . The core of Dzungaria
3910-444: The basin between the Tian Shan and the Borohoro Mountains . Flowing into Lake Balkhash , the Ili forms a large delta with vast wetland regions of lakes, marshes and vegetation. The river's name is usually taken to derive from Mongolian il ( ил , "open, clear, obvious") in reference to its wide central valley. It is also variously derived from Persian or Iranian terms meaning "big river" or "murky" in reference to
3995-416: The book, the author defines it in the following way: "Ili, the name of a river. Turkic tribes of Yaghma , Tokhsi and Chiglig live on its banks. Turkish countries regard the river as their Jayhoun ( Amu Darya )." The upper Ili Valley is separated from the Dzungarian Basin in the north by the Borohoro Mountains, and from the Tarim Basin in the south by the Tian Shan . This region was the stronghold of
4080-613: The border gradually sloped in a southeastern direction until it reached the eastern portion of the Tian Shan Mountains. The Tian Shan then served as the southern border of Moghulistan. Besides Moghulistan proper, the Moghuls also nominally controlled modern-day Dzungaria (northern Xinjiang , including the Turpan Depression ) and Nanjiang (southern Xinjiang, including the Tarim Basin ). Besides Moghulistan, Nanjiang, and Beijiang, several other regions were also temporarily subjected to Moghul rule at one time or another, such as Tashkent , Ferghana and parts of Badakhshan . Moghulistan proper
4165-416: The climate of the Dzungarian Basin, making the temperature colder—as low as −4 °F (−20 °C)—and providing more precipitation, ranging from 3 to 10 inches (76 to 254 mm), compared to the warmer, drier basins to the south. Runoff from the surrounding mountains into the basin supplies several lakes. The ecologically rich habitats traditionally included meadows, marshlands, and rivers. However, most of
4250-527: The differences between the inhabitants of the two regions, and initially ruled them as separate administrative units. However, after the Qing army 's final pacification of the Tarim Basin in 1760, the Qing government began to describe Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin as one region called "Xinjiang" ( lit. ' new frontier ' ). The Qing government officially unified Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884, despite protests by some officials who believed that
4335-401: The early 18th century. "Moghulistan" is a Persian name and simply means "Land of the Moghuls" or Mongols (the term Moghul or Mughal is Persian for "Mongol" and -istan means land in Persian) in reference to the eastern branch of the ethnic Mongol Chagatai Khans who ruled it. The term "Moghulistan" occurs mostly in Soviet historiography , while Chinese historiography mostly uses
SECTION 50
#17327651880364420-417: The east and was non-Muslim. In the 1340s as a series of ephemeral khans struggled to hold power in Transoxiana, little attention was paid by the Chagatayids to the eastern regions. As a result, the eastern tribes there were virtually independent. The most powerful of the tribes, the Dughlats , controlled extensive territories in Moghulistan and the western Tarim Basin . In 1347 the Dughlats decided to appoint
4505-413: The eastern portion of the Chagatai Khanate, became independent in 1347 under the Chagatayid named Tughlugh Timur . There is no accepted date for the dissolution of the Chagatai Khanate, although some historians mark it with the ascendance of Tughlugh. There were few contemporary histories of Moghulistan, in contrast to the well-documented Timurid Empire ; most of modern knowledge about the region comes from
4590-399: The end of Yunus' reign, his son Ahmad Alaq founded a breakaway eastern Khanate in greater Turpan. During the 15th century the Moghul khans became increasingly Turkified. Yunus Khan is even mentioned to have the looks of a Tajik instead of those of a Mongol. This Turkification may not have been as extensive amongst the general Moghul population, who were also slower to convert to Islam than
4675-592: The history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Its widest limit included Kashgar , Yarkand , Khotan , the whole region of the Tian Shan , and the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35° to 50° N and from 72° to 97° E. After 1761, its territory fell mostly to the Qing dynasty during the campaign against the Dzungars ( Xinjiang and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (the earlier Kazakh state provinces of Zhetysu and Irtysh river). A traveler going west from China must go either north of
4760-404: The international border). Until the early 1900s, the city was commonly known under the same name as the river, 伊犁 ( Pinyin : Yīlí ; Wade-Giles : Ili ). Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in located on the southern side, which is home to many of China's Xibe people (who resettled there in the 18th century as part of the Manchu Garrison). There are at least two dams on the Ili's tributary,
4845-449: The khan and top amirs (although by the mid-fifteenth century the Moghuls were considered to be largely Muslim). The khans also adopted the Islamic sharia in favor of the Mongol Yassa . After Yunus Khan's death his territories were divided by his sons. Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503), who ruled eastern Moghulistan or Turpan Khanate from Turpan, fought a series of successful wars against the Oirats, raided Chinese territory and attempted to seize
4930-443: The land is now used for agriculture. It is a largely steppe and semi-desert basin surrounded by high mountains: the Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon ) in the south and the Altai in the north. Geologically it is an extension of the Paleozoic Kazakhstan Block and was once part of an independent continent before the Altai mountains formed in the late Paleozoic. It does not contain the abundant minerals of Kazakhstan and may have been
5015-455: The late 16th and 17th centuries power in the Moghul states gradually shifted from the Khans to the khojas , who were influential religious leaders in the 16th century of the Sufi Naqshbandi order. The Khans increasingly gave up secular power to the khojas , until they were the effectively the governing power in Kashgaria. At the same time the Kyrgyz began to penetrate into Alti-Shahr as well. The khojas themselves were divided into two sects:
5100-546: The margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of poplar ( Populus diversifolia ) together with Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, Neotrinia splendens , tamarisk (Tamarix sibirimosissima) , and willow ( Salix ledebouriana ) . The northeastern portion of the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert lies within Great Gobi National Park , and is home to herds of Onagers (Equus hemionus) , goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) and Wild Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) . The basin
5185-399: The mountains into the desert. These are inhabited by peasants who are unwarlike and merchants who have an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. Dzungaria has a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west. Therefore, trade went south and migrations north. Today most trade is north of the mountains ( Dzungarian Gate and Khorgas in
SECTION 60
#17327651880365270-410: The north, the Kunlun Shan to the south, and the principality of Hami . In 1513 Hami became a dependency of Turfan and remained so until the end of Moghul rule. As a result, the Moghuls became direct neighbors of Ming China . Although the term "Uyghurstan" was used for the Turfan city-state, the term is confused in Muslim sources with Cathay . The Uyghur khans had voluntarily become Mongol vassals during
5355-590: The region. These policies pushed forward a cultural identity which sharply contrasted with both the rest of China and the rest of Central Asia. Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the Xiongnu Empire , Han dynasty , Xianbei state , Rouran Khaganate , Turkic Khaganate , Tang dynasty , Uyghur Khaganate , Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate , Liao dynasty , Kara-Khitan Khanate , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Chagatai Khanate , Moghulistan , Kara Del , Northern Yuan , Four Oirat , Dzungar Khanate , Qumul Khanate , Qing dynasty ,
5440-441: The reign of Genghis Khan and as a result were allowed to retain their territories. As the Mongol Empire was split up in the middle of the 13th century, the Xinjiang region was assigned to the Chagatayids . The power of the Uyghur khans slowly declined under Mongol rule until the last recorded khan was forcibly converted to Islam in the 1380s or 90s. After the 15th century it seems to have been subjected to direct Moghul rule, and
5525-614: The river, the most popular type of fishing is fishing of catfish, one of the largest aquatic predators, which may reach 5 meters (16 ft) in length and weigh up to 300 kilograms (660 lb). Smaller specimens are usually within 50–100 kilograms (110–220 lb). The main tributaries of the Ili are, from source to mouth: 45°24′N 74°08′E / 45.400°N 74.133°E / 45.400; 74.133 Dzungaria 45°00′N 85°00′E / 45.000°N 85.000°E / 45.000; 85.000 Dzungaria ( /( d ) z ʊ ŋ ˈ ɡ ɛər i ə / ; from
5610-570: The rule of the 19th century Tajik warlord Yaqub Beg , which is an imprecise term for certain western, then Muslim oasis cities. Shoqan Walikhanov names them as Yarkand , Kashgar , Hotan , Aksu , Uch-Turpan , and Yangi Hisar ; two definitions by Albert von Le Coq substitute Bachu (Maralbishi) for Uch-Turfan or Yecheng (Karghalik) for Aksu. During Yaqub's rule, Turfan substituted for Uch-Turfan, and other informants identify seven, rather than six cities in "Alti-shahr". The borders of Alti-Shahr were better defined than those of Moghulistan, with
5695-403: The rulers enjoyed great wealth from trade with the Ming dynasty , it was beset by constant civil war and invasions by the Timurid Empire , which emerged from the western part of the erstwhile Chagatai Khanate. The khanate was split into the Turpan Khanate based on the city of Turpan , and the Yarkent Khanate based on the city of Yarkent , until the Dzungar Khanate conquered the region by
5780-535: The same). The Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was constructed between 1965 and 1970 near Kapchagay in the middle reaches of the Ili River. This currently comprises the Kapchagay Reservoir , an artificial 110 kilometres (70 mi) long lake north of Almaty . The Tamgaly-Tas, a protected site that comprises rock drawings , is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream along the Ili River. The name Tamgaly in Kazakh means "painted" or "marked place", and Tas means "stone". The Ili River flows into
5865-739: The southeastern edge of Lake Balkhash , where it forms a large delta of about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi). The delta is situated between the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert and the Taukum Desert. An area of 9,766 km (3,771 sq mi) within the delta has been designated as a Ramsar Site . This site has 427 species of plants and 345 species of animals, including important populations of rare species ( Dalmatian pelican , goitered gazelle , marbled polecat , white-headed duck , red-breasted goose , ship sturgeon , and others). The delta has also become popular amongst anglers for its wels catfish , which can grow up to over 300 lb (140 kg). The Ili river ranks third in Kazakhstan after
5950-420: The southwest, the tall Borohoro Mountains branch of the Tian Shan separates the basin from the upper Ili River . The basin is similar to the larger Tarim Basin on the southern side of the Tian Shan Range. Only a gap in the mountains to the north allows moist air masses to provide the basin lands with enough moisture to remain semi-desert rather than becoming a true desert like most of the Tarim Basin and allows
6035-470: The term "East Chagatai Khanate" (Chinese: 东察合台汗国 ; pinyin: Dōng Cháhétái Hànguó ), which contrasts Moghulistan to the Timurid Empire . The Moghul Khans considered themselves heir to Mongol traditions and called themselves Mongghul Uls , from which the Persian term "Moghulistan" comes. Ming dynasty Mandarins called the Moghuls "the Mongol tribes in Beshbalik (Chinese: 别失八里 ; pinyin: Bié Shī Bā Lǐ )". The Timurid exonym for Moghulistan
6120-467: The two regions were better off left separated. The geographic concept of Xinjiang was ultimately a construct of the Qing government; by the end of Qing rule in 1912, Xinjiang's native inhabitants had still not developed a distinct regional identity. However, the foundations for a regional identity were laid by the Qing government's 150-year-long policies of politically isolating Xinjiang from the rest of Central Asia and introducing Han and Hui settlers into
6205-591: The water's condition at the confluence of the Kunges and Tekes. Some Uyghur scholars derive it from Uyghur il ("hook") after the supposed similarity in the river's shape. Tourist websites sometimes claim the name descends from a Mongolian word meaning "shimmering". Mentions of Ili river can be traced back to the Mahmud al-Kashgari 's dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk (written in 1072–74). In
6290-588: The west and Mongolia to the east. In contexts prior to the mid-18th century Dzungar genocide , the term "Dzungaria" could cover a wider area, coterminous with the Oirat -led Dzungar Khanate . Although Dzungaria is geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct from the Tarim Basin or Southern Xinjiang (Nanjiang), the Manchu -led Qing dynasty integrated both areas into one province, Xinjiang. Dzungaria
6375-459: The west, centered in Transoxiana, and one in the east, centered in Moghulistan. Unlike the khans in the west, however, Tughlugh Timur was a strong ruler who converted to Islam (1354) and sought to reduce the power of the Dughlats. Tughlugh Timur converted to Islam, whose concepts of ummah , ghazat ( holy war ), and jihad inspired his territorial expansionism into Transoxiana . The conversion
6460-578: The western Tarim Basin from the Dughlats, although he was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1503 he traveled west to assist his brother Mahmud Khan (1487–1508), the ruler of western Moghulistan in Tashkent, against the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani . The brothers were defeated and captured; they were released but Tashkent was seized by the Uzbeks. Ahmad Alaq died soon after and was succeeded by his son Mansur Khan (1503–1545), who captured Hami from Kara Del ,
6545-596: Was Ulus-i Jatah . When the Mongols conquered most of Asia and Russia in the 13th century and constructed the Mongol Empire , they lived as minorities in many of the regions they had subdued, such as Iran and China . As a result, the Mongols in these regions quickly adopted the local culture. For example, in the Persian Ilkhanate the Mongol khans adopted Islam and Persian culture after less than half
6630-615: Was able to secure his release both times. Uvais Khan was followed by Esen Buqa (1428–1462), who frequently raided the Timurid Empire to the west. Late in his reign Esen Buqa was contested by his brother Yunus Khan (1462–1487), who had been raised to the khanship by the Timurids in an attempt to counter Esen Buqa. When Esen Buqa died in 1462, the Dughlat amirs were divided over whether they should follow his son Dost Muhammad, who
6715-404: Was also politically convenient in that he branded the dissident princes which he killed as "heathens and idolaters". Conversion amongst the general population was slow to follow. In 1360 he took advantage of a breakdown of order in Transoxiana and his legitimacy as descendant of Chagatai Khan to invade the region and take control of it, thereby temporarily reuniting the two khanates. Despite invading
6800-519: Was one of the last habitats of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) , also known as Dzungarian horse, which was once extinct in the wild, though it has since been reintroduced in areas of Mongolia and China. Dzungaria and its derivatives are used to name a number of pre-historic animals, hailing from the rocky outcrops located in the Dzungar Basin : A notable find, in February 2006,
6885-555: Was permanently divided, although Sultan Said Khan was nominally a vassal of Mansur Khan in Turpan . After Sultan Said Khan's death from high altitude edema in a failed 1533 attack on Tibet he was succeeded by Abdurashid Khan (1533–1565), who began his reign by executing a member of the Dughlat family. A nephew of the dead amir, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat fled to Mughal Empire in India and eventually conquered Kashmir , where he wrote
6970-452: Was primarily steppe country and was where the Moghuls usually resided. Because of the Moghuls' nomadic nature, the towns of Moghulistan fell into decline during their rule, if they managed to remain occupied at all. Aside from the towns, which were at the foot of the mountains, nearly all of Nanjiang was desert. As a result, the Moghuls generally stayed out of the region and it was a poor source of manpower. The Dughlat amirs or leaders from
7055-3570: Was the last of them, who died in 1930. The Tarim Basin fell under the overall rule of the Dzungars until it was taken by the Manchu Emperors of China in the mid-18th century. Chagatai Khan (1226–1242) Qara Hülëgü (1st. 1242–1246) Yesü Möngke (1246–1252) Qara Hülëgü (2nd. 1252) Orghana (regent) Mubarak Shah (1st. 1252–1260) Alghu (1260–1266) Mubarak Shah (2nd. 1266) Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1270) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Negübei (1270–1272) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Buqa Temür (127?–1282) Kaidu and Chapar (de facto rulers) Duwa (1282–1306) Duwa (1306-1307) Könchek (1307–1308) Taliqu (1308–1309) Kebek (1st. 1309–1310) Esen Buqa I (1310–1318) Kebek (2nd. 1318–1325) Eljigidey (1325–1329) Duwa Temür (1329–1330) Tarmashirin (1331–1334) Buzan (1334–1335) Changshi (1335–1338) Yesun Temur (1338–1342) 'Ali-Sultan (1342) Muhammad I ibn Pulad (1342–1343) Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur (1343–1346) Amir Qazaghan (de facto ruler) Danishmendji (1346–1348) Amir Qazaghan and Abdullah (de facto rulers) Bayan Qulï (1348–1358) Abdullah (de facto ruler) Shah Temur (1358) Tughlugh Timur (1360–1363) Amir Husayn and Timur (de facto rulers) Adil-Sultan (1363) Amir Husayn (de facto ruler) Khabul Shah (1364–1370) Timur (de facto ruler) Suurgatmish (1370–1384) Timur (de facto ruler) Sultan Mahmud (1384–1402) Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) Ilyas Khoja (1363–1368) Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat (1368–1392) Khizr Khoja (1389–1399) Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408) Muhammad Khan (1408–1415) Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418) Uwais Khan (1st. 1418–1421) Sher Muhammad (1421–1425) Uwais Khan (2nd. 1425–1429) Satuq Khan (1429–1434) Esen Buqa II (1429–1462) Dost Muhammad (1462–1468) Kebek Sultan (1469–1472) Yunus Khan (1456–1487) Mahmud Khan (1487–1508) Mansur Khan (1508–1514) Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) Abdurashid Khan (1533–1560) Abdul Karim Khan (1560-1591) Muhammad Sultan (1591–1610) Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (1610-1618) Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan (1618–1630) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630-1633) Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1636-1638) Abdallah (1638–1669) Nur ad-Din Sultan (1667-1668) Ismail Khan (1st. 1669) YuIbars Khan (1669–1670) Ismail Khan (2nd. 1670-1678) Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (1678–1680) Afaq Khoja (1680–1690) Muhammad Imin Khan (1690-1692) Yahiya Khoja (1692–1695) Akbash Khan (1695-1705) Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560) Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591) Abduraim Khan (1591-1636) Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653) Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680) Ili River The Ili River ( Uyghur : ئىلى دەرياسى , Или Дәряси , Ili Dəryasi ; Kazakh : Ile ; Russian : Или ; Chinese : 伊犁河 , Yīlí Hé ; Dungan : Йили хә , اِلِ حْ ; Mongolian : Или мөрөн , Ili Mörön )
7140-481: Was then seventeen or his brother Yunus Khan . After the death of Dost Muhammad in 1469, Yunus Khan reunited the khanate, defeated the Uzbeks and maintained good relations with the Kazakhs and Timurids, but the western Tarim Basin was lost to a revolt by the Dughlats. In 1484 he captured Tashkent from the Timurids. Yunus Khan (1462–1487) profited from the weakness of his neighbors and took Tashkent in 1482. Towards
7225-525: Was unable to catch Dughlat invaders. Timur sent at least five victorious expeditions to Moghulistan, seriously weakening Qamar-ud-Din's regime. The Moghuls had sent an unsuccessful supplication to the Hongwu Emperor of China pleading for help, as Tamerlane had also wanted to conquer China, while emphasizing that Transoxiana was the land belonging to their own Moghul forefathers, regarding the Timurids control over Transoxiana as illegitimate. Although
#35964