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71-462: The earliest mention of the Kazakh jüz or hordes dates to the 17th century. Velyaminov Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of Tashkent , Yasi , and Sayram in 1598. Some researchers argued that the jüz in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid 16th century after the disintegration of

142-742: A Nogaysky District, Karachay-Cherkess Republic . A few thousand Nogais live in Dobruja (today in Romania ), in the town of Mihail Kogălniceanu (Karamurat) and villages of Lumina (Kocali), Valea Dacilor (Hendekkarakuyusu), Cobadin (Kubadin). A few thousand Bug-Nogais live in Budjak (today in Ukraine ), and they are concentrated mainly in southwest Budjak . They live in the villages of Kotlovyna, Kosa, Krynychne, Karakurt, Oksamytne, Ozerne, Topolyne, Tabaky, Zaliznychne, and Vladychen. They also inhabit

213-730: A Tatar emissary of the Tsaritsa who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of Abul Khair Khan in 1732. According to Nikolai Aristov , the estimated population of the Senior jüz was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. The territory was conquered by the Kokand Khanate in the 1820s, and by the Russian Empire during the 1850s to 1860s. Kazakhstan's ruling elite, including former president Nursultan Nazarbayev , former First Secretary of

284-526: A clear purpose of each son in the family is determined. According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs, different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son. To this day, knowledge of one's genealogical tree, including one's jüz, is considered a duty of every Kazakh. Any relative who comes for help (even the most distant one) will definitely receive it. Tashkent Tashkent ( / t æ ʃ ˈ k ɛ n t / ), also known as Toshkent ,

355-868: A general of the Golden Horde (also called the Kipchak Khanate ). The Mongol tribe called the Manghits ( Manghut ) constituted a core of the Nogai Horde . The Nogai Horde supported the Astrakhan Khanate , and after the conquest of Astrakhan in 1556 by Russians , they transferred their allegiance to the Crimean Khanate . The Nogais protected the northern borders of the Crimean Khanate, and through organized raids to

426-523: A grandson of Jochi . Nogai (d. 1299–1300) was de facto ruler, kingmaker, and briefly self-proclaimed khan of the Golden Horde . In the 1990s, 65,000 were still living in the Northern Caucasus, divided into Aq (White) Nogai and Qara (Black) Nogai tribal confederations. Nogais live in the territories of Dagestan , Chechnya , Stavropol district and Astrakhan Oblast . From 1928 there was a Nogaysky District, Republic of Dagestan and from 2007

497-408: A hearts-and-minds campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city become an independent khanate under Russian protection. The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded

568-503: A new Downtown which would include a business district with skyscrapers of local and foreign companies, world hotels such as Hilton Tashkent Hotel , apartments, malls, shops and other entertainment. The construction of the International Business Center is planned to be completed by the end of 2021. Fitch assigns “BB−” rating to Tashkent city, “Stable” forecast. In 2007, Tashkent was named a "cultural capital of

639-470: A number of Syr Darya cities. Yesim-Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate. The city was part of Kazakh Khanate between 1598 and 1723. In 1784, Yunus Khoja , the ruler of the dakha (district) Shayhantahur, united the entire city under his rule and created an independent Tashkent state (1784-1807), which by the beginning of

710-626: A possession called Shí 石 ("stone") or Zhěshí 赭時 with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD. In 558–603, Chach was part of the Turkic Khaganate . At the beginning of the 7th century, the Turkic Kaganate, as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, disintegrated into the Western and Eastern Kaganates . The Western Turkic ruler Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630) set up his headquarters in

781-663: A result of the Mongols ' destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220. Under the Timurid and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along the Silk Road . During the reign of Amir Timur (1336-1405), Tashkent was restored and in the 14th-15th centuries Tashkent was part of Timur's empire. For Timur, Tashkent

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852-990: A small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan . They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde . There are eight main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai , the Karagash , the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, Bug-Nogai, and the Yurt-Nogai. Their name comes from their eponymous founder, Nogai Khan ( lit. 'dog' in Mongolian ),

923-535: A small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by a Russian Orthodox priest. Although the defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (including Alimqul , the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged

994-562: A special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison. Under the Samanid Empire , whose founder Ismail Samani was a descendant of Persian Zoroastrian convert to Islam , the city came to be known as Binkath . However, the Arabs retained the old name of Chach for the surrounding region, pronouncing it ash-Shāsh ( الشاش ) instead. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ash-Shashi, known as al-Kaffal ash-Shashi (904-975),

1065-482: Is said to have marked the midway point between Europe and China . Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of four most probable sites for the Stone Tower. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known as Chach . The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. The principality of Chach had a square citadel built around

1136-575: Is still spoken in some of the villages of Central Anatolia – mainly around Salt Lake, Eskişehir and Ceyhan . To this day, Nogais in Turkey have maintained their cuisine: Üken börek, kaşık börek, tabak börek, şır börek, köbete and Nogay şay (Nogai tea – a drink prepared by boiling milk and tea together with butter, salt and pepper). The Junior Juz or the Lesser Horde of the Kazakhs occupied

1207-470: Is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan . It is the most populous city in Central Asia , with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1st 2024. It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kazakhstan . Before the influence of Islam in the mid-8th century AD, Sogdian and Turkic culture was predominant. After Genghis Khan destroyed the city in 1219, it

1278-799: The Circassians in this period. Several other Nogai clans began to migrate to the Ottoman Empire in great numbers. The Nogais followed two routes. An estimated 7,000 Nogais of the Bucak and Cedsan Hordes settled in Dobruja before 1860. Most of these Nogais later migrated to Anatolia . However, the great exodus of the Nogais took place in 1860. Many clans from the Camboyluk and Kuban Hordes moved westwards to southern Ukraine, and wintered with their co-ethnics there in 1859. They emigrated either through

1349-472: The Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Konayev , as well as famous poet Jambyl Jabayev are representatives of the Senior jüz. There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top-level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of

1420-825: The European Union and other developing countries or making visas easier for foreigners. Nogais The Nogais ( / n oʊ ˈ ɡ aɪ / noh-GY ) are a Kipchak people who speak a Turkic language and live in Southeastern Europe , North Caucasus , Volga region , Central Asia and Turkey . Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai , as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia , Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast ; some also live in Dobruja ( Romania and Bulgaria ), Turkey , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Ukraine and

1491-588: The First Civil War . Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed the Senior jüz. Tribes that recognized Togym Khan formed the Middle jüz. Tribes that recognized Ahmed Khan formed the Junior jüz. According to Kazakh legends, the three jüz were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder-ancestor of the Kazakhs. The word jüz ( жүз ) also means "a hundred" in Kazakh. Historically,

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1562-763: The Karakhanids . In 998/99 the Tashkent oasis went to the Karakhanid Ahmad ibn Ali, who ruled the north-eastern regions of Mavarannahr . In 1177/78, a separate khanate was formed in the Tashkent oasis. Its center was Banakat, where dirhams of Mu'izz ad-dunya wa-d-din Qilich-khan were minted, in 1195–1197; and of Jalal ad-dunya wa-d-din Tafgach-khakan, in 1197–1206. The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219 and lost much of its population as

1633-411: The Kazakh Khanate . They played a role in regulating livestock, access to watering holes, pastures, and the sites of nomadic camps. Yuri Zuev argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior jüz of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by Lake Balkhash . According to some researchers, the Kazakhs were separated in

1704-753: The Oirats , migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River to the Lower Volga region. Various theories attempt to explain this move, but the generally accepted view is that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. They reached the Volga about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pasture, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde. The Kalmyks expelled

1775-667: The Russian Provisional Government removed all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for the February Revolution . The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council ( Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya ) based in

1846-698: The Wild Fields inhibited Slavic settlement. Many Nogais migrated to the Crimean peninsula to serve as the Crimean Khans' cavalry. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the Crimean Tatars . They raised various herds and migrated seasonally in search of better pastures for their animals. Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life. The recorded history of

1917-514: The 16th century, after the fall of the Nogai Horde. They settled in the following cities: Şanlıurfa , Gaziantep , Kırşehir , Eskişehir , Adana , Kahramanmaraş , Afyon , Bursa . These Nogais do not speak the Nogai language anymore and some of them are not aware of their ancestry; however, their villages do have Nogai customs. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ancestors of the Kalmyks ,

1988-627: The 19th century seized vast lands. In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to the Khanate of Kokand . At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia. Under the Kokand domination, Tashkent was surrounded by a moat and an adobe battlement (about 20 kilometers long) with 12 gates. It prospered greatly through trade with Russia but chafed under Kokand's high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored

2059-651: The 5th and 3rd centuries BC as an oasis on the Chirchik River , near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy. Some scholars believe that a " Stone Tower " mentioned by Ptolemy in his famous treatise Geography , and by other early accounts of travel on the old Silk Road , referred to this settlement (due to its etymology). This tower

2130-631: The 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had more than 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602/603? – 664 AD), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Zhěshí ( 赭時 ). The Chinese chronicles History of Northern Dynasties , Book of Sui , and Old Book of Tang mention

2201-754: The Islamic world" by Moscow News , as the city has numerous historic mosques and significant Islamic sites, including the Islamic University. Tashkent holds the Samarkand Kufic Quran , one of the earliest written copies of the Quran , which has been located in the city since 1924. Tashkent is the most visited city in the country, and has greatly benefited from increasing tourism as a result of reforms under president Shavkat Mirziyoyev and opening up by abolishing visas for visitors from

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2272-718: The Ming-bulak area to the north of Chach. Here he received embassies from the emperors of the Tang Empire and Byzantium . In 626, the Indian Buddhist preacher Prabhakāramitra arrived with ten companions to the Khagan. In 628, Xuanzang arrived in Ming-bulak. The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in

2343-762: The Nogais did not have permanent residence. In the 1770s and 1780s the Russian Empress Catherine the Great resettled approximately 120,000 Nogais from Bessarabia and areas northeast of the Sea of Azov to the Kuban and the Caucasus. In 1790, during the Russo-Turkish war , Prince Grigory Potemkin ordered the resettlement of some Nogai families from the Caucasus (where, he feared, they might defect to

2414-454: The Nogais first commenced when representatives of the Ottoman Empire reached the Terek–Kuma Lowland , where the Nogais were living as rogue clans and herders. There were two main chiefs: Yusuf Mirza and Ismail Mirza ( Bey of the Nogai Horde from 1555 to 1563). Yusuf Mirza supported joining the Ottomans. However, his brother Ismail Mirza, who was allied with the Russians, ambushed Yusuf and declared his chiefdom under Russian rule. After that,

2485-399: The Nogais, who fled to the Northern Caucasian Plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire . Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan . The remaining nomadic Turkic tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk khan. After the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783, Slavic and other settlers occupied the Nogai pastoral land, since

2556-608: The Ottomans) to the north shore of the Sea of Azov. With the 1792 Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) the Russian frontier expanded to the Dniester River and the Russian takeover of Yedisan was complete. The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest transferred Budjak to Russian control. After confiscating the land previously belonged to Nogais, the Russian government forced Nogais to settle through various methods, such as burning their tents and limiting their freedom of movement. The Russian general Alexander Suvorov slaughtered thousands of rebellious Kuban Nogais in 1783. Several Nogai tribes took refuge among

2627-808: The Russian conquest. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kazakhs shifted some to the west, to Astrakhan Governorate , forming Bukey Horde there. When the Kazakh SSR was formed. Bukey Horde was positioned in its most remote, western part, situated geographically in Europe . Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior jüz include Isatay Taymanuly ( Kazakh : Isatai Taimanūly , 1791–1838) and Makhambet Otemisuly ( Kazakh : Mahambet Ötemısūly , 1803/4–1846). The Junior jüz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans: Various supposed fourth jüzes typically encompass members of other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan, in particular Koreans and Russians . This has been argued to create more national unity. In jüzes,

2698-409: The Senior jüz ( Kazakh : Ұлы жүз , romanized :  Ūly jüz , ۇلى ٴجۇز ) inhabited the northern lands of the former Chagatai Ulus of the Mongol Empire , in the Ili River and Chu River basins, in today's South-Eastern Kazakhstan and China's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (northern Xinjiang ). It was also called Üisın jüz . The first record of the Senior jüz dates to 1748, due to

2769-581: The Soviet Union. Much of Tashkent was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake , but it was soon rebuilt as a model Soviet city. It was the fourth-largest city in the Soviet Union at the time, after Moscow , Leningrad and Kyiv . Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, it celebrated 2,200 years of its written history . During its long history, Tashkent has undergone various changes in names and political and religious affiliations. Abu Rayhan Biruni wrote that

2840-411: The Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II. It also evacuated most of the German communist emigres to Tashkent. The Russian population increased dramatically; evacuees from the war zones increased the total population of Tashkent to well over a million. Russians and Ukrainians eventually comprised more than half of the total residents of Tashkent. Many of

2911-437: The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkestan ASSR ). The new regime was threatened by White forces, basmachi ; revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow. The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s. Violating the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve

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2982-498: The USSR and a center of learning in the fields of science and engineering. Due to the 1966 earthquake and the Soviet redevelopment, little architectural heritage has survived of Tashkent's ancient history. Few structures mark its significance as a trading point on the historic Silk Road . Such countries of the Soviet Union as Azerbaijan and Armenia , Kazakhstan and Georgia , Belarus and Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan and Tajikistan , Latvia , Moldova , Estonia helped restore

3053-429: The Western part of their khanate, to the Kuban River steppes. In the 18th century, they endangered inner Russian cities, so the Russian Empire allied with the Mongolic Kalmyks to supplant the Alshyns and push them back to the Urals . There they formed the Lesser jüz. During the Kazakh-Kalmyk struggles, the Khiva Khanate annexed the Mangyshlak Peninsula to repel Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before

3124-420: The apparent Chinese translation 石 shí "stone", of * kaŋk- (whence Chinese transcription 康居 EHC * kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ > standard Chinese Kāngjū ), which possibly meant "stone". Against Harold Walter Bailey 's and Edwin G. Pulleyblank 's suggested Tocharian origin for * kaŋk- , Ünal proposes that it was instead an Iranian word and compares it to Pashto kā́ṇay "stone". Tashkent was first settled between

3195-433: The city after the earthquake and erected many modern buildings. Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, noted for its tree-lined streets, fountains and parks. In 2009, the local government initiated a controversial tree-cutting campaign. Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. New development has superseded or replaced icons of the Soviet era. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin

3266-482: The city's name Tashkent comes from the turkic tash and persian kent , literally translated as "Stone City" or "City of Stones". Ilya Gershevitch (1974:55, 72) (apud Livshits, 2007:179) traces the city's old name Chach back to Old Iranian * čāiča- "area of water, lake" (cf. Čaēčista , the Aral Sea 's name in the Avesta ) (whence Middle Chinese transcription * źiäk > standard Chinese Shí with Chinese character 石 for "stone" ), and * Čačkand ~ Čačkanθ

3337-411: The clergy of Bukhara over that of Kokand. However, before the Emir of Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived. In May 1865, Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev (Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of the Tsar and outnumbered at least 15–1, staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall 25 km (16 mi) long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While

3408-450: The densely populated areas of the old city where traditional adobe housing predominated. The Soviet republics, and some other countries, such as Finland, sent "battalions of fraternal peoples" and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent. Tashkent was rebuilt as a model Soviet city with wide streets planted with shade trees, parks, immense plazas for parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. The Tashkent Metro

3479-505: The first order Senior jüz tribes or clans are: The Middle jüz ( Kazakh : Орта Жүз , romanized :  Orta Jüz , ورتا ٴجۇز , also known as Arğyn Jüz [Арғын Жүз]), occupies the eastern lands of the former Golden Horde , in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan. Some of Kazakhstan's famous poets and intellectuals were born in the Middle jüz territories, including Abay Qunanbayuli , Akhmet Baytursinuli , Shokan Walikhanuli and Alikhan Bokeikhanov . The Middle jüz consists of

3550-420: The following tribes: The Junior or Lesser jüz ( Kazakh : Кіші Жүз , romanized :  Kışı Jüz , كىشى ٴجۇز , also known as Alşyn Jüz ) occupied the lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan. They originate from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde , which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan, but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and Nogais retreated to

3621-421: The former refugees stayed in Tashkent to live after the war, rather than return to former homes. During the postwar period, the Soviet Union established numerous scientific and engineering facilities in Tashkent. On 10 January 1966, then Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed a pact in Tashkent with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin as the mediator to resolve

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3692-502: The healing water of the Zem-Zem spring, ordered to build a mausoleum for the saint. By order of Timur, the Zangiata mausoleum was built. In the 16th century, Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty . Shaybanid Suyunchkhoja Khan was an enlightened Uzbek ruler; following the traditions of his ancestors Mirzo Ulugbek and Abul Khair Khan , he gathered famous scientists, writers and poets at his court, among them: Vasifi, Abdullah Nasrullahi, Masud bin Osmani Kuhistani. Since 1518 Vasifi

3763-408: The impulsive general as a loose cannon, and soon replaced him with General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman . Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory of Russian Turkistan , with Kaufman as first Governor-General. A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent

3834-525: The lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan . A part of the Nogais joined the Kazakhs in the 17th and 18th centuries and formed a separate clan or tribe called as Kazakh-Nogais. Their estimated number is about 50,000. From the 16th century until their deportation in the mid-19th century, the Nogais living along the Black Sea northern coast were divided into the following sub-groups (west to east): The name Nogai derives from Nogai Khan (died 1299/1300, great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan ),

3905-416: The old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singing La Marseillaise and thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin closed the events with words "Long Live a great free Russia". The First Turkestan Muslim Conference was held in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council, it

3976-427: The ports of Feodosia or Kerch , or by crossing via the Budjak steppes to Dobruja. 50,000 of the roughly 70,000 Nogais of the Kuban and adjacent Stavropol region left Russia for the Ottoman Empire during this period. They induced the Nogais of Crimea (who lived in the districts of Yevpatoria , Perekop and in the north of Simferopol ) to emigrate too. 300,000 Crimean Tatars (which included Nogais) left Crimea in

4047-500: The ruler Turk (7th century), in Nudjket in the middle of the 8th century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign". Chach (Arabic: Shash) was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate at the beginning of the 8th century. According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into a citadel , an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by

4118-409: The supporters of Yusuf Mirza migrated to Crimea and Yedisan , joining the Crimean Khanate. Supporters of Yusuf took the name Qara , later named by Crimeans as Kichi ( Lesser Nogai Horde founded in 1557 by Mirza Kazy). Those who remained in present-day West Kazakhstan and the North Caucasus (Greater Nogai Horde) took the name Uly (Strong). About 500,000 Nogais migrated to present-day Turkey around

4189-420: The terms of peace after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . On the next day, Shastri died suddenly, reportedly due to a heart attack. It is widely speculated that Shastri was killed by poisoning the water he drank. Much of Tashkent's old city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake on 26 April 1966 . More than 300,000 residents were left homeless, and some 78,000 poorly engineered homes were destroyed, mainly in

4260-463: The towns of Bolhrad and Kubei. They also inhabit the cities of Izmail and Tatarbunary . Nogai minorities also live in Bulgaria, mainly in Northeast and Southeast planning regions. A minority also lives in Haskovo province . The number of Nogais living in Turkey today is disputed. Estimates claim there are 90,000-100,000 Nogais (Nogai Turks) in the country. They mainly settled in Ceyhan/Adana , Ankara and Eskisehir provinces. The Nogai language

4331-417: The year 1860. Similarly, 50,000 Nogais disappeared from southern Ukraine by 1861. Other Nogai clans emigrated directly from the Caucasus to Anatolia, together with the Circassians . Nogais lived alongside German-speaking Mennonites in the Molochna region of southern Ukraine from 1803, when the Mennonites first arrived there, until 1860, when the Nogais were deported. Kumyks, like the Nogais, appeared in

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4402-409: Was a center of espionage in the Great Game rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. The Turkestan Military District was established as part of the military reforms of 1874. The Trans-Caspian Railway arrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds of Bolshevik Revolution . With the fall of the Russian Empire ,

4473-424: Was also built during this time. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970, but the builders occupied many, rather than the homeless residents of Tashkent. Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzor area, north-east and south-east of the city. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth-largest city in

4544-403: Was born in Tashkent. He was an Islamic theologian, scholar, jurist of the Shafi'i madhhab , hadith scholar and linguist. After the 11th century, the name evolved from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand. The modern spelling of "Tashkent" reflects Russian orthography and 20th-century Soviet influence. At the end of the 10th century, Tashkent became part of the possessions of the Turkic state of

4615-424: Was considered a strategic city. In 1391 Timur set out in the spring from Tashkent to Desht-i-Kipchak to fight the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh Khan . Timur returned from this victorious campaign through Tashkent. The most famous saint Sufi of Tashkent was Sheikh Khovendi at-Takhur (13th to the first half of the 14th century). According to legend, Amir Timur, who was treating his wounded leg in Tashkent with

4686-413: Was dominated by the Jadid , Muslim reformers. A more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around the Ulema . This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful. In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of

4757-419: Was rebuilt and profited from its location on the Silk Road . From the 18th to the 19th centuries, the city became an independent city-state , before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand . In 1865, Tashkent fell to the Russian Empire ; as a result, it became the capital of Russian Turkestan . In Soviet times, it witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout

4828-473: Was replaced with a globe, featuring a geographic map of Uzbekistan. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new modern buildings. The "Downtown Tashkent" district includes the 22-story NBU Bank building, international hotels, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building. The Tashkent Business district is a special district, established for the development of small, medium and large businesses in Uzbekistan. In 2018, construction began on

4899-452: Was ruled by the Shaybanid Keldi Muhammad, who issued silver and copper coins on his behalf. In 1598, Kazakh Tauekel Khan was at war with the Khanate of Bukhara . The Bukhara troops sent against him were defeated by Kazakhs in the battle between Tashkent and Samarkand. During the reign of Yesim-Khan, a peace treaty was concluded between Bukhara and Kazakhs, according to which Kazakhs abandoned Samarkand, but left behind Tashkent, Turkestan and

4970-459: Was the basis for Turkic adaptation Tashkent, popularly etymologized as "stone city". Livshits proposes that Čač originally designated only the Aral Sea before being used for the Tashkent oasis. Ünal (2022) critiques Gershevitch's and Livshits's etymology as being "based on too many assumptions". He instead derives the name Čač from Late Proto-Turkic * t 1 iāt 2 (ă) "stone", which he proposes to be seemingly another translation, besides

5041-415: Was the educator of the son of Suyunchhoja Khan Keldi Muhammad, with whom, after the death of his father in 1525, he moved to Tashkent. After the death of his former pupil, he became the educator of his son, Abu-l-Muzaffar Hasan-Sultan. Later the city was subordinated to Shaybanid Abdullah Khan II (the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here. From 1598 to 1604 Tashkent

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