39-622: A Sangguniang Kabataan (abbreviated as SK ; lit. ' youth council ' ) is a community council that represents youth in a barangay in the Philippines . They were put "on hold", but not abolished, prior to the 2013 barangay elections . In January 2016, the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act was signed into law, which made changes to the SK and initially scheduled new elections for October 2016. In March 2017,
78-481: A resettlement policy called reductions , smaller, scattered barangays were consolidated (and thus "reduced") to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay (barangay chief), who formed part of the principalía , the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. This position was inherited from the first datus and came to be known as such during
117-405: A single source, Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas . However, historian Damon Woods challenges the concept of a barangay as an indigenous political organization primarily due to a lack of linguistic evidence. Based on indigenous language documents, Tagalogs did not use the word barangay to describe themselves or their communities. Instead, barangay
156-528: A study was conducted on the KB and recommended abolishing the organization, creating a National Youth Commission (NYC), establishing a National Youth Assembly; and setting up genuine youth representation in government. Youth were consulted and the KB was abolished by the government. However, then-president Corazon Aquino had already established the Presidential Council for Youth Affairs (PCYA) instead of
195-478: Is a part of either a municipal or city SK federation, which are constituents of a provincial SK federation. The SK chairperson of a barangay represents their barangay within the municipal or city association. The presidents of these city and municipal federations, in a similar manner, become members of the provincial or metropolitan associations, each of which has its own elected president as well. The presidents of independent cities' and provinces' associations compose
234-597: Is argued to be a Spanish invention resulting from an attempt by the Spaniards to reconstruct pre-conquest Tagalog society. The first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with the Spaniards, many barangays had developed into large communities. The encomienda of 1604 shows that many affluent and powerful coastal barangays in Sulu , Butuan , Panay , Leyte , Cebu , Pampanga , Pangasinan , Pasig , Laguna , and
273-793: Is because most of the people were relying on fishing for their supply of protein and their livelihood. They also traveled mostly by water, up and down rivers and along the coasts. Trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan , Han Chinese , Indians , and Arabs . These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities. During Spanish rule , through
312-609: Is sometimes stopped and continued, In the absence of an SK, the council votes for a nominated Barangay Council president, and this president is not like the League of the Barangay Councilors, which is composed of barangay captains of a municipality. The Barangay Justice System, or Katarungang Pambarangay , is composed of members commonly known as the Lupon Tagapamayapa ( justice of the peace ). Their function
351-410: Is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines . Named after the precolonial polities of the same name , modern barangays are political subdivisions of cities and municipalities which are analogous to villages , districts, neighborhoods, suburbs , or boroughs . The word barangay originated from balangay , a type of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to
390-469: Is to conciliate and mediate disputes at the barangay level to avoid legal action and relieve the courts of docket congestion. Barangay elections are non-partisan and are typically hotly contested. Barangay captains are elected by first-past-the-post plurality (no runoff voting ). Councilors are elected by plurality-at-large voting , with the entire barangay as a single at-large district. Each voter can vote for up to seven candidates for councilor, with
429-828: The Cagayan River were flourishing trading centers. Some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants; in Leyte (Baybay), 15,000 inhabitants; in Cebu, 3,500 residents; in Vitis (Pampanga), 7,000 inhabitants; and in Pangasinan, 4,000 residents. There were smaller barangays with fewer people, but these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal, they were not located in areas that were good for business pursuits. These smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and
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#1732772030019468-617: The People Power Revolution , though older people would still use the term barrio . The Municipal Council was abolished upon the transfer of powers to the barangay system. Marcos used to call the barangay part of Philippine participatory democracy, and most of his writings involving the New Society praised the role of baranganic democracy in nation-building. After the People Power Revolution and
507-659: The 1987 Philippine Constitution . The reform also created a Local Youth Development Council to support the SK programs, composed of representatives from different youth organizations in the community including student councils, church and youth faith groups, youth-serving organizations, and community-based youth groups. On May 6, 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11768, amending certain sections of RA No. 10742, granting additional qualifications and compensation for SK members. Barangay The barangay ( / b ɑːr ɑː ŋ ˈ ɡ aɪ / ; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy. ), historically referred to as barrio ,
546-501: The 1991 Local Government Code (known as Local Autonomy Act or Republic Act No. 7160), which formally abolished the KB and created the KK and SK. The KK includes all Filipino citizens, age 10 to 18 years, who reside in each barangay for at least six months and are registered in the official barangay list. The SK is the governing body of the KK, a set of youth leaders elected by the KK members to represent them and deliver youth-focused services in
585-569: The NYC, and was successful in coordinating with the youth federations to develop future national leaders, but lacked the powers envisioned for the NYC because PCYA merely coordinated with youth groups. A proposal was then crafted by the Congress youth representatives and PCYA's technical committee from 1989 to 1990. The proposal that created the Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) and SK was incorporated into
624-537: The Philippine House of Representatives unanimously passed a reform bill. Among the reforms are raising the age of SK officials from between 15 and 17 years old to between 18 and 21, raising the age of voters from between 15 and 17 to between 15 and 21, an anti-dynasty provision that forbids candidates from having a relative in public office that is within the second degree of cosanguinity , and provisions to increase SKs' fiscal autonomy. Immediately after passing
663-683: The Philippines. All municipalities and cities in the Philippines are politically subdivided into barangays, with the exception of the municipalities of Adams in Ilocos Norte and Kalayaan in Palawan , each containing a single barangay. Barangays are sometimes informally subdivided into smaller areas called purok (English: " zone " ), or barangay zones consisting of a cluster of houses for organizational purposes, and sitios , which are territorial enclaves —usually rural —far from
702-406: The SK council. In one barangay, each SK member received ₱ 500 per month from the chairman. Under the 2016 reform, a new Local Youth Development Council was formed to support SK programs and comprised representatives from different youth organizations in the community including student councils, church and youth faith groups, youth-serving organizations, and community-based youth groups. Every SK
741-651: The SK like corruption, nepotism, and recurring programs focusing on sports festivals and pageantry only." A 2007 study by UNICEF and the Department of the Interior and Local Government said, "The SK's performance for the past ten years has been generally weak. This is especially true in terms of coming up with legislations, promoting the development of young people, submitting reports and holding consultations with their constituents." Because of concerns that SKs are "breeding ground[s] for political dynasty and exposing
780-675: The Spanish regime. The Spanish monarch, who also collected taxes (called tribute) from the residents for the Spanish Crown, ruled each barangay through the cabeza . When the Americans arrived , "slight changes in the structure of local government was effected". Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant; they were later renamed Barrio Council and then Barangay Council ( Sangguniang Barangay ). The Spanish term barrio (abbr. Bo.)
819-440: The barangay center. As of July 2024 , there are 42,004 barangays throughout the country. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, they found well-organized, independent villages called barangays . The name barangay originated from balangay , a certain type of traditional boat in many languages in the Philippines. Early Spanish dictionaries of Philippine languages make it clear that balangay
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#1732772030019858-491: The barangay. The age range of the youth eligible for the KK and SK was reduced to 15 from below 18 due to the changes by Republic Act No. 9164, which amended the Local Autonomy Act in 2002. SKs developed a poor reputation. One youth advocate said he was dissuaded from running for an SK because "Aside from the lack of concrete legislative and youth development programs, I have heard of certain issues raised against
897-663: The barangay. The number of barangay tanods differs from one barangay to another; they help maintain law and order in the neighborhoods throughout the Philippines. Funding for the barangay comes from their share of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), with a portion of the allotment set aside for the Sangguniang Kabataan. The exact amount of money is determined by a formula combining the barangay's population and land area. Local Government Code Too Many Requests If you report this error to
936-471: The council are the barangay captain, seven barangay councilors, and the chairman of the Youth Council, or Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). Thus, there are eight members of the legislative council in a barangay. The council is in session for a new solution or a resolution of bill votes, and if the counsels and the SK are at a tie, the barangay captain uses their vote. This only happens when the SK, which
975-606: The drafting of the 1987 Constitution , the Municipal Council was restored, making the barangay the smallest unit of Philippine government. The first barangay elections held under the new constitution were held on March 28, 1989, under Republic Act No. 6679. The last barangay elections were held in October 2023 . The next elections will be held in December 2025. The modern barangay is headed by elected officials,
1014-622: The elections were postponed to May 2018. The SK chairman leads the Sangguniang Kabataan. A Local Youth Development Council composed of representatives of different local youth groups supports the SK and its programs. The Sangguniang Kabataan is the successor of the Kabataang Barangay ( KB ; lit. ' village youth ' ) which was abolished by the Local Government Code of 1991. The author, Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr. abolished it because of allegations that
1053-443: The government means to inform youth of the government's development efforts. His daughter Imee was the first chairperson. Controversy surrounded the KB, including the enforcement of authoritarian rule among youth, opposition to militant youth activity, and its failure to develop youth as a responsive collective. The KB grew less popular among youth, and student activism became the trend in youth participation nationwide. In June 1986,
1092-616: The membership in the national association and elect the national president who automatically sits on the National Youth Commission . The SK developed out of the Kabataang Barangay, which was established during martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos . Marcos established the KB in April 15, 1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree 684 to give youth a chance to be involved in community affairs and to provide
1131-464: The organization faced. Each barangay houses a Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) composed of a chairperson, seven members, a secretary, and a treasurer. The Kagawads, or councilors, approved resolutions and appropriate money allotted to the council. The chairperson automatically sits on the barangay council as an ex officio member and is automatically chairman of the Committee on Youth and Sports, one of
1170-478: The population varied from 100 to 500 persons. According to Miguel López de Legazpi , he founded communities with only 20 to 30 people. Traditionally, the original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed by the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people (who came to the archipelago) from other places in Southeast Asia ( see chiefdom ). Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine. This
1209-457: The reform bill, the Philippine House passed a bill further postponing the SK elections from February 2015 to October 2016 to be held at the same time as the barangay elections of 2016. In March 2015, a law postponing the elections to 2016 was signed by President Aquino, but the elections were eventually held in May 2018. On January 15, 2016, the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act (Republic Act No. 10742)
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1248-427: The standing committees of the barangay council. The council represents youth who have resided in their barangay for at least one year and registered to vote. It leads the local youth programs. Members of the SK are paid for serving on the council. Under the Local Government Code , only the SK chairperson receives an honorarium but in some areas the practice is that the chairman shares his payment with other members of
1287-497: The topmost being the barangay captain . The barangay captain is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council), whose members, called barangay kagawad ("councilors"), are also elected. The barangay is often governed from its seat of local government , the barangay hall . The council is considered a local government unit (LGU), similar to the provincial and municipal governments. The officials that make up
1326-488: The vacancies would technically abolish the SK. During this time, the Commission on Elections and the Department of the Interior and Local Government issued regulations on how the barangays are to use the 10% of Internal Revenue Allotment set aside for SK activities and mandated the creation in each barangay of a "Task Force on Youth Development". In the place of SKs, ad hoc youth committees were formed. In January 2015,
1365-405: The winners being the seven candidates with the most votes. Typically, a ticket consists of one candidate for barangay captain and seven candidates for councilors. Elections for the post of punong barangay and the barangay kagawads are usually held every three years, starting in 2007. A barangay tanod , or barangay police officer, is an unarmed watchman who fulfills policing functions within
1404-442: The youth to corruption and the practice of traditional politicians" known colloquially as trapos , Republic Act No. 10632 was enacted in 2013 to postpone the scheduled October 2013 SK elections until some time between October 28, 2014, and February 23, 2015, and leave all SK positions vacant until new officers are elected, and explicitly prohibits the appointing of officials to fill said vacant positions. Senator Francis Escudero said
1443-474: Was pronounced "ba-la-ngay", while today the modern barangay is pronounced "ba-rang-gay". The term referred to the people serving under a particular chief rather than to the modern meaning of an area of land, for which other words were used. While barangay is a Tagalog word, it spread throughout the Philippines as Spanish rule concentrated power in Manila. All citations regarding pre-colonial barangays lead to
1482-420: Was signed into law which made changes to the SK. It raised the age of the council from 15 to 17 years old to 18 to 24 years old and forbade individuals from seeking a youth council appointment who are closer than the second degree of consanguinity from any elected or appointed official in the same area. It is the first Philippine law with an anti- political dynasty restriction for elected positions, as permitted by
1521-406: Was used for much of the 20th century. Manila mayor Ramon Bagatsing established the first Barangay Bureau in the Philippines, creating the blueprint for the barangay system as the basic socio-political unit for the city in the early 1970s. This was quickly replicated by the national government, and in 1974, President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the renaming of barrios to barangays. The name survived
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