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49-517: As of the 2020 census , 4,824,016 people lived in Kaifeng's Prefecture, of whom 1,735,581 lived in the metropolitan area consisting of Xiangfu, Longting, Shunhe Hui, Gulou and Yuwantai Districts. Located along the Yellow River 's southern bank, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to

98-606: A PLA Victory and the collapse of the Nationalist forces which was part of the Shengcai Battle . Kaifeng has a monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) that borders on a humid continental climate, with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool and mostly dry while summers are hot and humid; spring is warm and sees some, but not much rainfall, while autumn weather is crisp and drier. Precipitation mainly occurs from June to September. Downtown Kaifeng

147-541: A center of music, art, a refuge for artists, and of splendid gardens despite the trivial political importance of the city at this period. Early in the 7th century, Kaifeng was transformed into a major commercial hub when it was connected to the Grand Canal as well as through the construction of a canal running to western Shandong . In 781 during the Tang dynasty , a new city was reconstructed and named Bian ( 汴 ). Bian

196-484: A dominant part in forming Henan cuisine . Kaifeng offers a wide range of food specialties such as steamed pie and dumplings. Particularly famous is Kaifeng's five-spice bread ( wǔxiāng shāobǐng ), which, like pita , can be opened and filled. In the evening, Kaifeng's streets turn into restaurants while hundreds open their stands and begin selling their food in the famous night market . People from nearby Zhengzhou often come to Kaifeng to visit family members and to enjoy

245-439: A journal of some kind with later compositions, then used slang and technical terms. Wu Pei-yi, another recent historian, believes that the book's appeal lies in "the elements of style that it shares with the modern art of photography: the vivid and minute inventory of visual detail, the refusal to delve behind the facade, the preoccupation with the present moment, and the concealment of a narrator." "Song Dynasty-Dongjing Menghua"

294-518: A target of increasing its population to about 1.42 billion by 2020, from 1.34 billion in 2010 . After the relaxation of the one-child policy, 17.9 million babies were born in 2016, an increase of 1.3 million over the previous year, but only half of what was expected. In 2017, the birth rate fell to 17.2 million, far below the official forecast of more than 20 million. It is possible that the Chinese government will further relax its fertility policy in

343-603: A travel time of 53 min. Kaifeng railway station is on the east–west Longhai Railway mainline and provides convenient access to many cities around China, including Beijing West , Shanghai , Shanghai Hongqiao , Tianjin , Xi'an, Jinan, Hangzhou . Services to Zhengzhou , Luoyang and Qingdao are also frequent and convenient. Direct long-distance services to Shenzhen , Guangzhou , Chengdu , Chongqing North , Harbin , Ürümqi , Fuzhou , Dalian and Wuhan are also available. The Zhengzhou–Kaifeng intercity railway ( 郑开城际铁路 ) started operation on 28 December 2014, connecting

392-477: Is 汴 ( Biàn ). Historically it has also been known as: The area was named "Kaifeng" after the Qin 's conquest of China in the second century BC. The name literally means "opening the border" and figuratively "hidden" and "vengeance". Its name was originally Qifeng ( Chinese : 啓封 ), but the syllable qi (Baxter-Sagart: /*kʰˤijʔ/) was changed to the essentially synonymous kai (/*Nə-[k]ʰˤəj/, /*[k]ʰˤəj/) to avoid

441-572: Is about 55 km (34 mi) away from Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport ( IATA : CGO , ICAO : ZHCC ), which is the busiest airport in central China in terms of both passenger and cargo traffic (2017 statistics). With the completion of Zhengzhou–Kaifeng intercity railway and Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway , fast train connections to Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport from Kaifeng became available. As of August 2018, there are 12 pairs of intercity trains running between Xinzheng Airport and Songchenglu every day, with

490-428: Is called today – was constructed measuring 54.7 m (179 ft) in height. It has survived the vicissitudes of war and floods to become the oldest landmark in this ancient city. Another Song-dynasty pagoda, Po Tower  [ zh ] , dating from 974, has been partially destroyed. Another well-known sight was the astronomical clock tower of the engineer, scientist, and statesman Su Song (1020–1101 AD). It

539-671: Is known for having the oldest extant Jewish community in China, the Kaifeng Jews . It also has a significant Muslim enclave and is notable for its many women's mosques ( nǚsì ), including the oldest nǚsì in China: Wangjia Hutong Women's Mosque, which dates to 1820. There are also some active Christian churches, including the Sacred Heart Cathedral ( 开封耶稣圣心主教座堂 ). Kaifeng cuisine plays

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588-532: Is thus an important source for the history of Chinese food and drinking culture. It even describes regional cuisines during the Northern Song dynasty. The numerous mentions of Sichuan cuisine are particularly striking. The evocation of an evening at a restaurant is particularly vivid: The section in Book 7 describing Spring festival has been used to explain one of China's most famous scroll paintings,

637-547: The Financial Times reported that according to some sources who know the data of the seventh census, Chinese population in 2020 did not meet 1.4 billion. Chinese state media say that Chinese mainland population in 2019 was 1.40005 billion. If true, this would indicate the first population decline since the Great Leap Forward . On April 28, 2021, Bloomberg News , quoting the Chinese state media outlet

686-550: The Global Times , reported that it is unlikely there would be a drop in the total population in the 2020 census, citing a comment by Lu Jiehua, a professor at Peking University . Still, it was reported that China's population may peak in 2022, which is much earlier than previously estimated. In May 2021, the National Bureau of Statistics of China released a report revising the data for the previous 10 years before

735-716: The Qingming Shanghe tu (清明上河圖) of Zhang Zeduan (張擇端), which was taken as depicting the Spring Festival: Evaluations of the literary style differ. Meng's own preface describes his language as "coarse and vulgar" and "not adorned by literary style." He warns: "Reader, please take careful note of this!" For many years Chinese critics agreed that the prose was of low quality because it mixed colloquialisms and poorly written literary Chinese. The modern expert Steven West, however, suggests that this inconsistent style resulted when Meng mixed passages from

784-598: The Chinese Athletic Association , the general sport administration of Henan province, Zhengzhou municipal government, and the Kaifeng municipal government. It is the premier international sports competition in Henan province and one of the biggest sports competitions in the Central-West of China. ZK International Marathon is held at the end of March or beginning of April each year. The main part of

833-864: The Double First-Class Construction . 2020 Chinese census The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China ( Chinese : 第七次全国人口普查 ; pinyin : Dì Qī Cì Quánguó Rénkǒu Pǔchá ), also referred to as the 2020 Chinese Census , was the seventh national census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China . Census work began on November 1, 2020, and continued through December 10, 2020, involving seven million census workers. The 2020 Chinese census covers all Chinese citizens living in mainland China , as well as those living abroad on temporary visas. Foreigners who live in

882-574: The Hong Kong SAR Government at the end of 2020) and Macau's population was 683,218 (provided by the Macau SAR Government at the end of 2020). According to the census, China has 1,430,695 immigrants, dividing between 845,697 foreign nationals and 584,998 residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. In October 2015, China scrapped the one-child policy in the hope of boosting the number of births. In 2016, China set

931-524: The Jin–Song Wars . While it remained an important administrative center, only the area inside the inner city wall of the early Song remained settled and the two outer rings were abandoned. As the imperial capital of the Song, Kaifeng was conveniently situated along the Grand Canal for logistics supply but militarily vulnerable due to its position on the floodplains of the Yellow River . Kaifeng served as

980-540: The Yellow River Plain . Kaifeng Air Base is a military airfield in the southern suburb of Kaifeng City. It does not provide civilian aviation service. Kaifeng is twinned with: Kaifeng is also a major city for scientific research, appearing among the world's top 200 cities as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to a campus of Henan University , one of the national key universities in

1029-619: The naming taboo of Liu Qi ( Emperor Jing of Han ). The prefecture-level city of Kaifeng administers five districts and four counties : Kaifeng is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China . As with Beijing, there have been many reconstructions during its history. In 364 BC during the Warring States period , the State of Wei founded a city called Daliang ( 大梁 ) as its capital in this area. During this period,

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1078-425: The prefecture level . During the festival, hundreds of chrysanthemums breeds are on show at festival venues, and the flower becomes a common features around the city. Kaifeng has been dubbed the "city of chrysanthemums". The China Zheng-Kai International Marathon   [ Wikidata ] ( 中国郑开国际马拉松赛 , Zheng-Kai stands for " Zhengzhou -Kaifeng", also abbreviated "ZK") is a sporting event hosted jointly by

1127-422: The 2020 census. They announced that there were about 10 million more births between 2011 and 2019 than previously thought. That means there were actually more births before Beijing ended one-child policy in 2016. Dongjing Meng Hua Lu Dongjing Meng Hua Lu ( simplified Chinese : 东京梦华录 ; traditional Chinese : 東京夢華錄 ; pinyin : Dōngjīng Mèng Huà Lù ; lit. 'Dreams of Splendor of

1176-557: The Eastern Capital';) or The Eastern Capital: A Dream of Splendor , is a memoir written by Meng Yuanlao ( Chinese : 孟元老 ) ( c.  1090-1150 ). In 1126, Meng was made a refugee from Kaifeng (Dongjing; "Eastern Capital"), the thriving capital of the Northern Song dynasty after Jin dynasty conquered northern China and forced the withdrawal of the Song court to the temporary capital, Hangzhou , in

1225-569: The Jurchen "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time. The Jurchen kept their main capital further north until 1214 when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee from the onslaught of the Mongols . In 1232 they succumbed to the combined Mongol and Song forces in the Mongol siege of Kaifeng . The Mongols captured

1274-551: The Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival since 1983 (renamed China Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival in 1994). The festival has since taken place between 18 October and 18 November of every year. The festival reached another milestone on 18 October 2012, when it celebrated its 30th birthday. The opening ceremony was broadcast live during the evening prime slot on Henan Television (HNTV), which broadcasts to all Chinese cities at or above

1323-473: The ages of 13 and 27 before escaping to the south. His book was first printed in 1187, but the Preface is dated 1147, a number of years after the capital was moved, indicating that Meng started a draft at this point. The work was published in 10 volumes ( juan ) and traditional bibliographers classified it as travel writing . It is often cited under the abbreviated name, Meng Hua lu . The literal meaning of

1372-491: The atmosphere. The Ma Yu Ching's Bucket Chicken House ( 马豫兴桶子鸡; ; Mǎ Yùxīng Tǒngzi Jī ), located in Kaifeng, is by some accounts the world's oldest restaurant. The chrysanthemum is the city flower of Kaifeng. The tradition of cultivating varieties of chrysanthemums extends back 1600 years, and the scale of cultivation reached its height during the Song dynasty until its loss to the Jürchens in 1126. The city has held

1421-777: The city and in 1279 conquered all of China . During the Yuan dynasty Bianliang became the capital of Henan Jiangbei Province , which was established in 1277. In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng, the Mongols and Han Chinese (who defected to the Mongols) slaughtered the male members of the Jin Jurchen Wanyan Imperial family and took the royal women including the Jin concubines and princesses to Mongolia as war booty. Mongols looted

1470-527: The city was abandoned again. In 1662, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty , Kaifeng was rebuilt. Another reconstruction in 1843 followed flooding in 1841, shaping Kaifeng as it stands today. From the 8th to 9th century and up to the 19th century, Kaifeng is known for having the oldest extant Jewish community in China , the Kaifeng Jews . As of 2016, there are 20 Jews still left in

1519-562: The city when it fell, but atypical to most sieges in the time period, they permitted trade. The richest residents of the city sold their luxury belongings to Mongol soldiers for critically needed food supplies. Male members of the Jurchen Jin Wanyan royal family residing in the city were captured and executed. All Jin imperial concubines, including the empress dowager, were captured and taken north. In 1260, Marco Polo arrived at Kaifeng, and wrote about it in his diaries. The city

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1568-513: The city. On 6 June 1938, the city was occupied by the invading Japanese Imperial Army . Kaifeng remained the capital of Henan province until 1954, when it was moved to Zhengzhou . In 1969, the former President of the People's Republic of China , Liu Shaoqi , died from medical neglect while under house arrest in Kaifeng. In 1948, the Battle of Kaifeng occurred between Chinese communist forces and Chinese Nationalist forces but ultimately lead to

1617-564: The event occurs along the famous Zhengkai Express Way ( 郑开大道 ). At its launch in 2007, 5600 athletes competed. By 2012, almost 25000 athletes from 28 countries and regions have participated in the ZK International Marathon. Kaifeng is the headquarters of the 20th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of three group armies that compose the Jinan Military Region responsible for the defense of

1666-604: The first of many canals in the area was constructed linking a local river to the Yellow River . When the State of Qin conquered the State of Wei, Kaifeng was destroyed and abandoned except for a mid-sized market town, which remained in place. During the Han dynasty , the city underwent some reconstruction. Kaifeng became the capital of Liu Wu (son of Han emperor Wen ) when he was enfeoffed as Prince of Liang. Liu Wu restored and constructed many buildings and old city walls. Kaifeng became

1715-479: The future. On November 2, 2020, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping answered census workers' questions in Beijing . The 2020 census showed that the gender ratio of mainland China has improved, with the male-to-female ratio reaching a new record low of 105.07. This is the most balanced gender ration since the People's Republic of China began conducting censuses in 1953. On April 27, 2021,

1764-595: The intersection of four major canals. During this time, the city was surrounded by three rings of city walls and probably had a population of between 600,000 and 700,000. It is believed that Kaifeng was the largest city in the world from 1013 to 1127. This period ended in 1127 when the city fell to Jurchen invaders during the Jingkang Incident . It subsequently came under the rule of the Jurchen Jin dynasty , which had conquered most of North China during

1813-408: The mainland for more than six months are also recorded in the data. The preliminary results were released on May 11, 2021, with a news conference being held on the same day. The release was originally planned to be in early April, but was delayed by a month. The population of mainland China was 1,411,778,724 as of 1 November 2020. In addition, Hong Kong's population was 7,474,200 (provided by

1862-407: The market. The exquisite scents from all over the world were to be found here." Meng must have been well placed and had enough money to take advantage of the city's pleasures. He also describes imperial rituals, although he may have heard of them second hand. The scholar Wu Pei-yi writes that "what distinguishes the book from other writings on cities is its detailed description of everyday life as it

1911-455: The passions. By using the term, Meng Yuanlao in ironic contrast implies that he himself awoke to a world of "perfect shambles." The historian Wu Pei-yi adds that the Chinese word meng and the English word "dream" have quite different overtones: "In modern English usage dreams are often projected into the future: they stand for hopes or wishes. In China dreams are frequently used as figures for

1960-488: The past." Other uses of the word meng in Chinese literature include the 18th century novel, Honglou Meng ( Dream of the Red Chamber ) and the 13th century essay, Mengliang lu (Dreaming Over a Bowl of Millet), which is modeled on Menghua lu. Meng's Preface (dated 1147) tells the reader of the old capital: The preface boasts: "The treasures and curiosities from around the world are gathered here, all are sold on

2009-695: The provincial capital Zhengzhou and Kaifeng. The railway currently terminates at Songchenglu , and is planned to be extended to Kaifeng railway station . The designed top speed is 200 km/h (120 mph). Kaifeng North railway station of the Xuzhou–Lanzhou high-speed railway is the main high-speed railway station of the city. It started operation on 10 September 2016. There are 4 main coach stations in Kaifeng: There are frequent services to many neighboring counties, other provincial cities and long-distance services to other provinces. Kaifeng

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2058-585: The south, then known as Lin'an. Meng's book is a detailed and nostalgic description of the old capital's urban life, seasonal products, and festivals, as well as foods, customs, and traditions. In later dynasties, the book was much imitated and taken as an authoritative picture of affluent Chinese culture. Nothing else is known of the author, evidently a minor government official, except that he lived in Bianjing ( 汴京 ) (now called Kaifeng, in Henan province) between

2107-539: The southwest, and Heze of Shandong to the northeast. Kaifeng is a major city for scientific research, appearing among the world's top 200 cities by scientific output as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to a campus of Henan University , one of the national key universities in the Double First Class University Plan . The postal romanization for the city is "Kaifeng". Its official one-character abbreviation in Chinese

2156-513: The title is Dongjing (Eastern Capital, that is, Kaifeng), meng (dream), Hua (the ancient land of perfection) lu (record). The allusion is to the Yellow Emperor's dream of the land of Hua Xu, "a sphere of perfect joy and harmony," where people knew no fear, selfishness, avarice, or pain. When he awoke, the Yellow Emperor came to the realization that the Way could not be achieved through

2205-652: Was briefly captured around the mid-14th century by the Red Turban rebels who made it their capital for ten years. They were crushed by the newly established Ming forces. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty in 1368, Kaifeng was made the capital of Henan province. In 1642, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from the Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. After this disaster,

2254-411: Was crowned with a rotating armillary sphere that was hydraulically powered (i.e. by water wheel and a water clock ), yet it incorporated an escapement mechanism two hundred years before they were found in the clockworks of Europe and featured the first known endless power-transmitting chain drive . Kaifeng reached its peak importance in the 11th century as a commercial and industrial center at

2303-424: Was lived in the streets and marketplaces.... Food and drink seem to have been everyone's preoccupation." Meng delights in street entertainments which serious writers disdained, even mentioning the performers by name: The descriptions of food include over one hundred famous dishes and snacks, local specialties, street snacks, as well as reflections on famous taverns, restaurants, pasta and noodle restaurant. The book

2352-623: Was the capital of the Later Liang , Later Jin (936–946), Later Han (947–950), and Later Zhou (951–960) of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song dynasty made Bian its capital when it overthrew the Later Zhou (Chenqiao incident) in 960. Shortly afterwards, the city underwent further expansion. During the Song, when it was known as Dongjing or Bianjing, Kaifeng, then the largest and most prosperous city in China,

2401-629: Was the capital, with a population of over 400,000 living both inside and outside the city wall. Typhus was an acute problem in the city. The historian Jacques Gernet provides a lively picture of life in this period in his Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276, which often draws on Dongjing Meng Hua Lu , a nostalgic memoir of the city of Kaifeng. In 1049, the Youguosi Pagoda ( 佑國寺塔 ) – or Iron Pagoda as it

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