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41-537: The bridge was built in 1924 during British colonial rule. The bridge was named Lady Manning Bridge in honour of the wife of William Manning , the British Governor of Ceylon . It was the oldest and longest iron bridge in Sri Lanka. On average 10,000 vehicles crossed the narrow, single lane bridge daily. Accidents on the bridge would lead to traffic problems in the area. Batticaloa's singing fish legend

82-490: A Protectorate Advisory Council was established on a tribal basis, with representatives of other communities and official members as well. In 1957, a Legislative Council and an Executive Council were created. From 1959, there were elections to the Legislative Council. A new constitution was introduced in 1960, shortly before independence. In 1991, after a bloody civil war for independence in the northern part of

123-470: A conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior. The latter course was decided upon and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera . Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among

164-712: A dependency of the Government of India. From 1898 it was under the purview of the Foreign Office , and from 1905 onward (with the exception of a period of military administration until 1948 following the Italian invasion) it was administered by the Colonial Office . Until 1957, executive and legislative power were solely vested in the Governor, although he had a non-statutory council to advise him. In 1947,

205-435: A distinctive dress. It was based on the standard British Army khaki drill but included a knitted woollen pullover and drill patches on the shoulders. Shorts were worn with woollen socks on puttees and "chaplis", boots or bare feet. Equipment consisted of leather ammunition bandolier and a leather waist belt. The officers wore pith helmets and khaki drill uniforms. Other ranks wore a "kullah" with " puggree " which ended in

246-459: A fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack. The British campaign against Sheikh Hamza troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept on the move. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to

287-551: A long tail which hung down the back. A "chaplis" is typically a colourful sandal. A "kullah" is a type of cap. A "puggree" is typically a strip of cloth wound around the upper portion of a hat or helmet, particularly a pith helmet, and falling down from behind to act as a shade for the back of the neck. Following the defeat of the Dervish resistance, the two fundamental goals of British policy in British Somaliland were

328-482: A police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading

369-513: A substantial number of people armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town. The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized

410-536: A supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers." The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in Aden through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior. Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop". Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond

451-506: Is associated with the bridge. In 1954 two American priests from St. Michael's College National School , Rev. Fr. Lang and Rev. Fr. Moran, recorded fishes singing under the bridge. The recording was broadcast on Radio Ceylon in the 1960s. In 2006 plans were drawn to build a new bridge parallel to the old one. Construction of the new bridge began in March 2008. Problems with the contractor led to another contractor being appointed. The new bridge

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492-777: The East African Protectorate , returning to England in June that year. He was supposed to undertake a second tour of inspecting garrisons in British Somaliland , British Central Africa Protectorate , British East Africa and Uganda later the same year, but shortly after his arrival in Africa he was re-directed to join the force gathered in Somaliland to fight the Mad Mullah . He was in Somaliland by

533-898: The Second Burmese War and also served in the First Miranzai Expedition and the Hazara Expedition on the North-West Frontier in 1891. He commanded the Mlanja and Chirad-Zulu expeditions in British Central Africa in 1893–1894. In 1897 he was appointed deputy commissioner and consul-general for British Central Africa and commander of its armed forces with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel , and served as acting commissioner for nearly two years. He commanded

574-612: The Somaliland Protectorate ( Somali : Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida ), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in modern Somaliland . During its existence, the territory was bordered by Italian Somalia , French Somali Coast and Abyssinia (temporarily Italian Ethiopia ). From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa . On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland

615-491: The successor state to British Somaliland. In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with the Gadabuursi , Issa , Habr Awal , Garhajis , Arap , Habr Je'lo and Warsangeli clans establishing a protectorate. Many of these clans had signed the protection treaties with the British in response to Ethiopian Emperor Menelik's Invasions . The agreements dictated the protection of Somali rights and

656-605: The 110-man Constabulary unit, including the British commander, Colonel Richard Corfield . In 1914, the British created the Somaliland Camel Corps to assist in maintaining order in British Somaliland. In 1920, the British launched their fifth and final expedition against Hassan and his followers. Employing the then-new technology of military aircraft, the British finally managed to quell Hassan's twenty-year-long struggle. The British tricked Hassan into preparing for an official visit, then launched bombing raids in

697-598: The British as the "Mad Mullah". Repeated military expeditions were unsuccessfully launched against Hassan and his Dervishes before World War I . On 9 August 1913, the Somaliland Camel Constabulary suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Dul Madoba at the hands of the Dervishes. Hassan had already evaded several attempts to capture him. At Dul Madoba, his forces killed or wounded 57 members of

738-460: The British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured. Despite the death of Sheikh Hamza and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout

779-735: The Trust Territory of Somaliland to create the Somali Republic . On 1 July 1960 the legislature elected Haji Bashir , the old speaker of the Somaliland Assembly, as the first President of the new Republic of Somalia National Assembly, and also on that same day Aden Adde was elected as the President of the newly formed Somali Republic. Until 1898, Somaliland was administered by the British resident at Aden as

820-536: The authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the Habr Je'lo , the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels. The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the Saad-ud-Din archipelago , off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland. In 1947,

861-514: The cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir , a Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division. On 2 July, Sheikh Hamza collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao , where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On

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902-682: The city of Taleh where most of his troops were stationed, causing the mullah to retreat into the desert. Hassan and his Dervish supporters fled to the Ogaden, where Hassan died in 1921. The Somaliland Camel Corps , also referred to as the Somali Camel Corps, was a unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944. The troopers of the Somaliland Camel Corps had

943-456: The coast, and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of Italian Somalia . Beginning in 1899, the British were forced to expend considerable human and military capital to contain a decades-long resistance movement mounted by the Dervish resistance movement. The movement was led by Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader referred to colloquially by

984-534: The district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary. The British authorities was not finished with the rebels even after most of them had died and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the Collective Punishment Ordinance , under which

1025-552: The entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139. In May 1960, the British Government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal. In April 1960, leaders of

1066-454: The evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District , Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied

1107-417: The main road to Berbera, but were dislodged from their positions and retreated after losing the Battle of Tug Argan . During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from the territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated. The Somalis serving in the Somaliland Camel Corps were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment;

1148-429: The maintenance of independence. The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it from their British India colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905 and afterwards by the Colonial Office . Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region. The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure

1189-471: The majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms. In March 1941, after a six-month Italian occupation, British forces recaptured the protectorate during Operation Appearance . The final remnants of the Italian guerrilla movement discontinued all resistance in British Somaliland by the autumn of 1943. The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was an uprising by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in

1230-687: The middle of November 1902, and in late December was appointed in command of the Somaliland Field Force . From 1903 to 1904 he commanded its 1st Brigade. In April 1903 he fought against the Mad Mullah's army in battle, inflicting 2,000 casualties. For his services in Somaliland he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1903 and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1904. In February 1904 he

1271-676: The operations against Chief Mpezeni in North-East Rhodesia in 1898, for which he was promoted to brevet major in 1898 and brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1899. Manning raised and commanded the Central Africa Regiment and was the first inspector-general of the King's African Rifles from 1901 to 1907, with the local rank of brigadier-general , although his substantive rank was still captain. During Spring 1902 he undertook an official tour through Uganda and

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1312-625: The pastoral economy and settle in urban areas. Customs taxes also helped pay for British India's patrol of Somalia's Red Sea Coast. Among military units in British Somaliland during the interwar period was a battalion of the Indian Army 4th Bombay Grenadiers . In August 1940, during the East African campaign in World War II , British Somaliland was invaded by Italy. The few British forces that were present attempted to defend

1353-412: The preservation of stability and the economic self-sufficiency of the protectorate. The second goal remained particularly elusive because of local resistance to taxation that might have been used to support the protectorate's administration. By the 1930s, the British presence had extended to other parts of British Somaliland. Growth in commercial trade motivated some livestock herders to subsequently leave

1394-416: The tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following. Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized

1435-545: The two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories. On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the State of Somaliland . Five days later on 1 July 1960 Somaliland officially merged with

1476-729: Was a British Indian Army officer and colonial administrator. Manning was born in Droitwich on 19 July 1863. He was educated at the University of Cambridge as a non-collegiate student and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . He was commissioned a lieutenant in the South Wales Borderers in 1886. In 1888 he transferred to the Indian Army , and served in the 51st Sikhs . He was wounded in

1517-610: Was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland . Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia ) to form the Somali Republic . The government of Somaliland , an unrecognised independent state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia , regards itself as

1558-800: Was formally opened on 22 March 2013. The new two lane bridge is 288.35 m (946 ft) long and 14 m (46 ft) wide. The bridge cost Rs. 2.6 billion ( US$ 20 million) and was financed by a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency under the Pro-Poor Eastern Infrastructure Development Project . This article about a bridge in Sri Lanka is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . William Manning (colonial governor) Brigadier-General Sir William Henry Manning , GCMG , KBE , CB (1863 – 1932)

1599-555: Was granted the perpetual honorary rank of brigadier-general, which he had held for most of his service since 1901. In September 1918 he was appointed governor of Ceylon . He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1918 and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 1921 New Year Honours. He retired in 1925. The Manning Cup school football competition in Jamaica

1640-1035: Was named after him. In 1920, he married Olga Mary Sefton-Jones and they had three daughters :- Marie G B, who was born in Marylebone, London in Q2 1922. She was married in Q1 1947 in Staines to John F. Reid-Dick. Rowena Margaret, who was born in Hanover Square, London in Q2 1926. She was married in Q1 1951 in Middlesex South to Lord Northbrook . Dora K M, who was born in Hollingbourne, Kent, in Q3 1928. She never married. Manning died in Hollingbourne, Kent, on 1 January 1932, aged 69. British Somaliland British Somaliland , officially

1681-725: Was promoted to brevet colonel and in August 1904 he was finally promoted to the substantive rank of major. In February 1910 Manning was appointed commissioner and commander-in-chief of the Somaliland Protectorate and in November 1910 Governor and C-in-C of the Nyasaland Protectorate , where the border post Fort Manning (now Mchinji , Malawi ) was named after him. He retired from the Indian Army in December 1910. In February 1913 he became governor of Jamaica and

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