For other persons with this name, please see Kamanawa II .
70-405: Kamanawa (died c. 1802?) was a Hawaiian high chief and early supporter of King Kamehameha I , known as one of the royal Nīʻaupiʻo twins with his brother Kameʻeiamoku . He later became the stepfather of Kamehameha by marrying his mother. Kamanawa's father was Keawepoepoe. His mother was Kanoena, sister of his father. His namesake grandnephew Kamanawa II (grandson of his twin) was grandfather of
140-764: A fur-trading vessel, the Eleanora , while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe , captained the ship Fair American along the Pacific Northwest Coast ; the two parties were to rendezvous in the Hawaiian Islands . Fair American was held-up when it was captured by the Spanish and then quickly released in San Blas , north of Panamá . The Eleanora finally arrived in 1790, where it was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku . During their interactions,
210-462: A daughter Peleuli , who became a consort of King Kamehameha, by his first wife and a daughter Piʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama by his second wife. Since his double grandmother Kalanikauleleiaiwi was Kamehameha's great-grandmother, they were half-cousins once removed by blood. However, he was also father-in-law and stepfather to Kamehameha, so was called his uncle. He most likely died around 1802. Family tree based on Abraham Fornander's; "An Account of
280-516: A high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana , had defected to Kalanikūpule . Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports for Kalanikūpule's cannon. In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces pushed Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Pali Lookout . While Kamehameha moved on
350-400: A large percentage of his force was killed by the maʻi ʻokuʻu epidemic, which was thought to be either cholera or bubonic plague . Kamehameha I contracted the illness but survived. The second invasion of Kauaʻi was postponed. In April 1810, Kamehameha I negotiated the peaceful unification of the islands with Kauaʻi. His court genealogist and high priest Kalaikuʻahulu was instrumental in
420-671: A newspaper. In 1916 Kuykendall returned to California to work as a field research agent for the California Historical Survey Commission. He apparently succeeded at collecting and assessing the material he obtained in the field and compiling his results into cohesive works. Kuykendall had resumed his post-graduate work at the University of California at Berkeley . In 1919 Kuykendall completed his M.A. thesis entitled History of Early California Journalism. He had intended to complete his doctorate when he
490-759: Is about the formation of the Hawaiian Islands under a single kingdom and the development of the Hawaiian nation. The book spans the first half of the Kamehameha Dynasty ; Kamehameha I , Kamehameha II , Kamehameha III . Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854-1874 , published 1953, is about the "middle period" after the establishment of the Kingdom. It is about international relations, immigration, changing economics and society. Kuykendall described this period as "neglected" by academics. The book spans
560-483: Is recognized as such by all the sovereigns and most genealogists. Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary, but sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761, with historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall believing it to be between 1748 and 1761. An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating because that date matched a visit from Halley's Comet , and would make him close to the age that Francisco de Paula Marín estimated he was. This dating, however, does not accord with
630-476: The Fair American , they defeated Maui's army led by Kalanikūpule at the bloody Battle of Kepaniwai while the aliʻi Kahekili II was on Oahu. In 1791, Kahekili and his brother Kāʻeokūlani reconquered Maui and also acquired cannons. In April or May 1791, Kahekili tried to invade the island of Hawaiʻi, but was defeated in a naval battle called Kepuwahaʻulaʻula near Waipiʻo . Kamehameha had to wait for
700-792: The Alta California , The Grizzly Bear, XXIV, Whole No. 143 and 144. (March and April, 1919). 1919 Early History of Yosemite Valley , The Grizzly Bear, XXV, No. 2, Whole No. 146. (June, 1919). Reprinted in pamphlet form as a Bulletin of the National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.., 1919, 12 p.) 1921 History of the Yosemite Region , Handbook of Yosemite National Park, compiled by Ansel F. Hall (New York, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1921.) pp. 3-47 1922 An American Ship-Builder for Spanish California , Hispanic American Historical Review, V:90-92 (February 1922) 1923 Report of
770-772: The California State Library. He also acquired new collections of documents, newspapers, periodicals, books, and manuscripts. In 1923 Kuykendall accepted a position as history professor at the University of Hawaii in Manoa. Kuykendall continued to serve as the executive secretary of the Hawaiian Historical Commission until its dissolution in 1932. He published a few more books, including the trilogy The Hawaiian Kingdom . Volume 1: Foundation and Transformation, 1778-1854 , published 1938
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#1732782934454840-608: The Captain Cook sesquicentennial celebration, Honolulu, August 17, 1928. Ed. By A.P. Taylor, and R.S. Kuykendall. Honolulu, 1930 93 p. 1931 American Interests and American Influence in Hawaii in 1842 , Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 48–67, (Honolulu, 1931) 1931 Albert Pierce Taylor , December 18, 1872 – January 12, 1931 (obituary) Thirty–Ninth Annual Report of
910-735: The Great , was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii . The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C., as one of two statues it is entitled to install there. Kamehameha (known as Paiʻea at birth), was born to Kekuʻiapoiwa II , the niece of Alapainui , the usurping ruler of Hawaii Island who had killed the two legitimate heirs of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku during civil war. By most accounts he
980-628: The Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 14 (Honolulu 1931) 1931 Who was Builder of the Kings’s Highway? , Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 20, 1931 1931 Education in the Hawaiian Islands prior to the Founding of Lahainaluna High School , Ka Lama Hawaii (Centennial Year Book of Lahainaluna High School), 1931, pp 53–58; The Friend, July 1931; and Hawaii Educational Review, XX: 60-63, 67 (November 1931) 1931 Two Neglected Graves , The Friend, July 1931. 1932 Historical Notes , Fortieth Annual Report of
1050-495: The Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 34–42. (Honolulu, 1932) 1932 Report to Governor Lawrence M. Judd. Cited in full: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, March 7, 1932 ( Study of Kuykendall on Morals of Hawaiians is Added to Judd’s Report ) and Honolulu Advertiser, March 6, 1932 ( Hawaiians Law Abiding Americans, Governor’s Answer to Naval Chief .) 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1778-1854: foundation and transformation . Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1938. 310 p. 1940 Constitutions of
1120-589: The Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 5–64, (Honolulu, 1943) 1943 Review of Harold Bradley’s The American Frontier in Hawaii , (Stanford University Press, 1942). Pacific Historical Review, (March 1943) 1946 Introduction of the Episcopal Church into the Hawaiian Islands , Pacific Historical Review, XV: 133-146. (June, 1946) 1948 Racial Aloha in Hawaii, by R.S. Kuykendall and A.G. Day, The Nation, 167: 185-186, August 14, 1948. 1949 Hawaii’s Racial Rainbow , by R.S. Kuykendall and A.G. Day. Paradise of
1190-718: The Hawaiian Islands, 1824-1854 ) 1926 How an American Official Proposed to Save Hawaii from the French in 1851 , Honolulu Advertiser, May 16, 1926. 1926 Story of Mormon Settlement on Lanai , Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 24, 1926 1926 Hawaiian Diplomatic Correspondence in the … Archives of the Department of State, Washington, D.C. (Publications of the Historical Commission of the Territory of Hawaii, Vol. I, No. 3, 1926. 56p.) 1926 A History of Hawaii. New York,
1260-639: The Hawaiian Kingdom: A Brief History and Analysis (Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society, No. 21.) Honolulu, 1940. 60 p. 1941 Charles R. Bishop, ‘An Inside View of the Reign of Lunalilo.‘ , ed. By Ralph S. Kuykendall. Forty-Ninth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 12–28. (Honolulu, 1941) 1943 Negotiations of the Hawaiian Annexation Treaty of 1893. edited by R.S. Kuykendall Fifty-First Annual Report of
1330-544: The Hawaiian kingdom to United States territory. The year 1926 marked its first use in Hawaii classrooms. The second book, titled Hawaii in the World War , was co-authored with Lorin Tarr Gill. Published in 1928, Hawaii in the World War details the territory's military and domestic involvement in the war. The final, third book, an accurate history of the Hawaiian people, was by far the most difficult to complete. The work
1400-559: The Historical Commission for the period ending Dec. 31. 1992. Honolulu, 1923. 19p. (Publications of the Historical Commission of the Territory of Hawaii, Vol. I, No. 1 1923 A Northwest Trader at the Hawaiian Islands , Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXIV:111-131. (June, 1923) 1923 New Light on relations between Kaumualii…and Kamehameha… , Paradise of the Pacific (August 1923) 1924 James Colnett and
1470-497: The Historical Commission for the two years ending Dec. 31, 1928. Honolulu, 1929. 57 p. (Publications of the Historical Commission … Vol. I, No. 5) (Documents included: Hawaii in 1844 ; The Reign of Lunalilo and the Election of Kalakaua. ) 1929 Some Early Commercial Adventures of Hawaii , Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 15–33. (Honolulu, 1929) 1930 The Hawaiian Islands … Papers read during
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#17327829344541540-506: The Macmillan Company, 1926. x, 375 p. (Three introductory chapters by H.E. Gregory) Reprinted in 1933. 1927 Report of the Historical Commission for the two years ending Dec. 31, 1926 . Honolulu, 1927. 57 p. (Publications of the Historical Commission of the Territory of Hawaii, Vol. I, No. 4.) (Documents included: Secret Instructions to Lord Byron, Sept. 14, 1824 ; Politics in Hawaii in 1853 ; British Influence in Hawaii during
1610-515: The Mahoe (twins) Keoua, and other chiefs rejected the prophecy of Ka Poukahi. The high chiefs of Kauai supported Kiwalaʻo even after learning about the prophecy. The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), and Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha). They defended Kamehameha as
1680-1030: The Native Hawaiian Past", Charles Ahlo, Jerry Walker, and Rubellite Kawena Johnson's "Kamehameha's Children Today", The Hawaiian Historical Society Reports, the genealogies of the Hawaiian Royal families in Kingdom of Hawaii probate, the works of Sheldon Dibble and David Malo as well as the Hawaii State Archive genealogy books. Notes: Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband) (w)= wahine (female/wife) Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodline Bold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins line Bold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree) Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject Notes: Ralph Simpson Kuykendall Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (April 12, 1885 – May 9, 1963)
1750-791: The Native Hawaiian Past", Charles Ahlo, Jerry Walker, and Rubellite Kawena Johnson's; "Kamehameha's Children Today", The Hawaiian Historical Society Reports, the genealogies of the Hawaiian Royal families in Kingdom of Hawaii probate, the works of Sheldon Dibble and David Malo as well as the Hawaii State Archive genealogy books. (k) = Kane (Hawaiian for male or husband). (w) = Wahine (female or wife). Hawaiian genealogies use these as indicators for gender instead of (m) and (f) Notes: Kamehameha I Kamehameha I ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə] ; Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; c. 1736 – c. 1761 to May 8 or 14, 1819), also known as Kamehameha
1820-472: The Nupepa article. Kamehameha was raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu. He achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kīwalaʻō , Kalaniʻōpuʻu's son, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position as guardian of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkaʻilimoku . He was also given control of the district of Waipiʻo Valley . The two cousins' relationship
1890-428: The Pacific where he was active in campus life as a debater, editor of the college newspaper, and student body president. He graduated in 1910 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Following his graduation from 1911 to 1912, Kuykendall taught at College Park Academy and started his graduate studies in history at Stanford University . After a year of study, Kuykendall took a break and moved to Florida to work with his brother at
1960-602: The Pacific Islands to the semi-continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand). He was supported by his most political wife Kaʻahumanu and father, High Chief Keeaumoku. Senior counselor to Kamehameha, she became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures. Kamehameha and his council of chiefs planned to unite the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Another major factor in Kamehameha's continued success
2030-470: The Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed to Kūkāʻilimoku. After his conquest of Oahu in the summer of 1795, Kamehameha I prepared his forces for the conquest of Kauaʻi , the last remaining island kingdom out of his control. In the spring of 1796, he attempted to continue with his forces to Kauaʻi but he lost many of his canoes in
2100-568: The Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. He assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still-organized troops. A fierce battle at Nuʻuanu ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall. Using traditional Hawaiian spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed most of Kalanikūpule's forces. Over 400 men were forced over
2170-466: The Polynesian Race" and other works from the author, Queen Liliuokalani's; "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's; "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" and other works by the author, John Papa ʻĪʻī's; "Fragments of Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's; "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's; "Rethinking
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2240-634: The Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations : "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter". A Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736. In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by Samuel C. Damon in
2310-631: The Princess Royal , Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXV:26-53 (March, 1924) 1924 An Hawaiian in Mexico in 1789-1790 , Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society, pp. 37–50. (Honolulu 1924) 1925 Report of the Historical Commission for the two years ending Dec. 31, 1924 . Honolulu, 1925. 49 p. (Publications of the Historical Commission of the Territory of Hawaii, Vol. I, No. 2.) (Documents included: An American Diplomat in Hawaii ; The Policy of Great Britain toward
2380-594: The Reigns of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V ) 1928 Hawaii in World War I. Honolulu, 1928. xix, 474 p. (Publications of the Historical Commission … Vol. II. In collaboration with Lorin Tarr Gill; Kuykendall wrote independently somewhat more than half the book and planned and edited the whole.) 1928 Articles in Dictionary of American Biography on Henry E. Cooper, Sanford B. Dole, Gerrit P. Judd, Jonah K. Kalanianaole, William Richards, and Lorrin A Thurston. 1929 Report of
2450-416: The boat had been broken-apart and the shipmate murdered. Previously, Metcalfe had resorted to violence when he fired muskets into another village near where he had been anchored, ultimately killing some of the residents. This time, furious, Metcalfe took-aim at Olowalu, ordering all cannons aboard the ship to be moved to one side, facing the island. As the captain initiated his trading calls and greetings to
2520-517: The chief is allegedly to have offended or insulted Captain Metcalfe somehow, causing him to strike the chief with a rope's end. Sometime later, while docked in Honolua, Maui , a small boat—which was tied to the larger ship, and had a crewman inside—was stolen by native islanders. When Metcalfe discovered where the boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village of Olowalu . There, he confirmed that
2590-560: The civil war that broke out in 1793 after the death of Kahekili to finally win control of Maui. In 1790, Keōua Kūʻahuʻula , who came to rule the districts of Kaʻū and Puna , took advantage of Kamehameha's absence in Maui and began raiding the west coast of Hawaii. He also advanced against the district of Hilo, deposing his uncle Keawemaʻuhili . When Kamehameha returned, Keōua escaped to the Kīlauea volcano, which erupted. Many warriors died from
2660-440: The civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . Keōua had died while Kamehameha was very young, thus the boy was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The traditional mele chant of Keakamahana (chiefess and wife of Alapainui) mentions that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā (autumn/winter), or around November; Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to Keaka and her sister, Hākau, to raise, once
2730-471: The details of many well-known accounts of his life, such as his fighting as a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of age to father his first children by that time. The 1758 dating also places his birth after the death of his father. Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 placing the date of Kamehameha's birth around 1736. He wrote, "It was during the time of
2800-460: The gods he worshiped were his gods with mana , and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become supreme ruler over all of the islands. Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Vancouver decided against sending missionaries from England. After about 1812, Kamehameha returned from Oahu and spent the last years of his life at Kamakahonu , a compound he built in Kailua-Kona . As was the custom of
2870-424: The head with a large paddle, which broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fishermen were brought before Kamehameha for punishment. The king instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fishermen gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman, and child lie by
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2940-662: The islands remained a united realm after his death. He unified the legal system. He used the products collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States . The origins of the Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi. In 1782 during a raid, Kamehameha caught his foot in a rock. Two local fishermen, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on
3010-473: The kingdom. Family tree based on Abraham Fornander's "An Account of the Polynesian Race" and other works from the author, Queen Liliuokalani's "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" and other works by the author, John Papa ʻĪʻī's "Fragments of Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's "Rethinking
3080-661: The last half of the Kamehameha Dynasty; Kamehameha IV , Kamehameha V , and Lunalilo and his brief dynasty. Volume 3: The Kalakaua Dynastism, 1874-1893 , published 1967, is about the decline of the Kingdom, Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 , and eventual overthrow . The book spans the Kalākaua Dynasty ; Kalākaua , Liliʻuokalani . Volume 3 was one of Kuykendall′s posthumous publications . Also, in 1948, Ralph Kuykendall and A. Grove Day published Hawaii: A History From Polynesian Kingdom to American Statehood. Kuykendall
3150-636: The last two ruling monarchs of the Kingdom. The name ka manawa (sometimes spelled "Ka-manawa") means "the season" in the Hawaiian language . His first wife was named the High Chiefess Kekelaokalani of Maui, the daughter of his aunt, Queen Kekuiapoiwanui of Maui , by her second marriage to High Chief Kauakahiakua-o-Lono of Maui. His second wife was Chiefess Kekuʻiapoiwa II , the mother of Kamehameha I. He had three sons: Koahou , Noukana , and Amamalua from his first wife. He also has
3220-520: The locals, hundreds of people—men, women, children and elderly—ventured down to the beach to trade, on foot and by canoe. When the islanders were within range, Metcalfe ordered the cannons to be fired on the Hawaiians, killing over 100 of them. Six weeks later, Fair American was stuck near the Kona coast of Hawaii where chief Kameʻeiamoku was living, near Kaʻūpūlehu . Kameʻeiamoku had decided to attack
3290-464: The missionary publication; The Friend , deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by James Jackson Jarves . But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from Abraham Fornander . At the time of Kamehameha's birth, his father, Keōua , along with his half-brother, Kalaniʻōpuʻu , were serving Alapaʻinui , ruler of the island of Hawai’i ; Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court, after defeating both of their fathers in
3360-424: The monarch's decision not to kill Kaumualiʻi , the ruler of that island, when he was the single member of the aliʻi council to agree with Kamehameha's own reluctance to do so. The other aliʻi continued with the plan to poison Kaumualiʻi when Isaac Davis warned him, making the ruler cut his trip short and return to Kauaʻi, leaving Davis to be poisoned by the aliʻi instead. As ruler, Kamehameha took steps to ensure
3430-439: The next foreign ship to avenge the strike by the elder Metcalfe. He canoed out to the ship with his men, where he killed Metcalfe's son and all but one (Isaac Davis) of the five crewmen. Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship. Eleanora was at that time anchored at Kealakekua Bay , where the ship's boatswain had gone ashore and been captured by Kamehameha's forces because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe
3500-587: The perspectives of missionaries, traders, or foreign governments. Kuykendall wanted to incorporate all of these perspectives Kuykendall's first book, A History of Hawaii , was approved by the Hawaii State Legislature in 1925. It co-authored with the help of Dr. Herbert E. Gregory who served as the Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum . A History of Hawaii documents the early beginnings of
3570-465: The poisonous gas emitted from the volcano. When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him. Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts, he dodged it but
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#17327829344543640-485: The roadside in safety." Young and Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with advanced weapons that helped in combat. Kamehameha was also a religious king and the holder of the war god Kūkāʻilimoku. The explorer George Vancouver noted that Kamehameha worshiped his gods and wooden images in a heiau , but originally wanted to bring England's religion, Christianity , to Hawaiʻi. Missionaries were not sent from Great Britain because Kamehameha told Vancouver that
3710-573: The ruler discovered the infant had indeed survived. On February 10, 1911, the Kamakau version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko . After Kamakau's history was published again (this time to a wider, English-reading public in 1911 Hawaii), the Kaha version of these events was published by Kamaka Stillman , who had objected to
3780-786: The strong winds and rough seas of the Kaʻieʻie Waho channel. He returned to Hawaii to pacify the rebellion of Nāmakehā (brother of Kaʻiana) in Hilo and ruled from Hawaii for the next six years as he consolidated his conquests and prepare for a second invasion of Kauaʻi. At Hilo, Kamehameha I commissioned the building a large fleet of 800 (according to Kamakau) double-hulled war canoes called peleleu along with Western schooners, and he also stockpile large number of guns, canons and ammunition. He took his peleleu to Maui where he stayed from 1802 to 1803 and then to Oʻahu in late 1803 or early 1804. While in Oʻahu,
3850-587: The time, he had several wives and many children, though he outlived many of them. When Kamehameha died on May 8 or 14, 1819, his body was hidden by his trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu , in the ancient custom called hūnākele (literally, "to hide in secret"). The mana , or power of a person, was considered to be sacred. As per the ancient custom, his body was buried in a hidden location because of his mana . His final resting place remains unknown. At one point in his reign, Kamehameha III asked that Hoapili show him where his father's bones were buried, but on
3920-518: The total number of children to be 35: 17 sons and 18 daughters. While he had many wives and children, only his children through his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani , succeeded him to the throne. In Hoʻomana: Understanding the Sacred and Spiritual , Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of the Kapu system as the best way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would rule
3990-554: The unifier Ka Naʻi aupuni. High Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the next in line for aliʻi nui. Both chose the younger nephews Kīwalaʻō and Kamehameha over themselves. Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated in the first key conflict, the Battle of Mokuʻōhai . Kamehameha and his chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island. The prophecy included far more than Hawaiʻi island. It went across and beyond
4060-420: The warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early, related to disputes over Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign visitors. Regardless, Abraham Fornander wrote in his book, An Account of
4130-464: The way there Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he turned around. Kamehameha had many wives. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. Hiram Bingham I lists 21 wives, but earlier research from Mary Kawena Pukui counted 26. In Kamehameha's Children Today authors Charles Ahlo, Rubellite Kawena Johnson and Jerry Walker list 30 wives: 18 who had children, and 12 who did not. They state
4200-684: Was again awarded the Native Sons of the Golden West fellowship to do research in the Archives of Seville, Spain. While in Spain, Kuykendall was tapped to be the executive secretary of the newly established Hawaiian Historical Commission. He left Spain in 1922. Ralph Kuykendall arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii on June 19, 1922. As executive secretary of the Hawaiian Historical Commission, Kuykendall
4270-825: Was an American historian who served as the trustee and secretary of the Hawaiian Historical Society from 1922 to 1932. Kuykendall also served as professor of history at the University of Hawaii at Manoa . He is most noted as a historian of the Hawaiian Islands, South Pacific, and Pacific Northwest. Kuykendall was born in Linden, California . His parents Reverend John Wesley Kuykendall and Marilla Persis Pierce were both Methodist missionaries and descendants of Dutch settlers from New York. In 1919 Kuykendall married Edith Clare Kelly from Hollister, California. They had two sons, John Richard Kuykendall and Delman Leur Kuykendall. Kuykendall attended California’s College of
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#17327829344544340-499: Was born in Ainakea, Kohala, Hawaii . His father was Keōua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui; however, Native Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau says that Maui monarch Kahekili II had hānai adopted (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha at birth, as was the custom of the time. Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to as Kamehameha's father. The author also says that Kameʻeiamoku told Kamehameha I that he
4410-589: Was diagnosed with cancer in the early 1960s and he moved to Tucson, Arizona to live with his son. Kuykendall continued to work up until his death in 1963; he left several unfinished manuscripts. The University of Hawaii at Manoa named the building in which the English Department resides after Kuykendall. 1919 History of Early California Journalism. (M.A. Thesis, University of California.) 1919 A California State Rights Editor , The Grizzly Bear, XXIV, No. 3, Whole No. 141. (January, 1919) 1919 Genesis of
4480-604: Was expected to research and complete three historical works. The first was a school textbook on Hawaiian history. The second was a history on Hawaii’s role in World War I . And the third was a comprehensive and authoritative history of the Hawaiian people. Kuykendall mostly relied upon the historical collections at the Territorial Archives, the Library of Hawaii and other museums. Earlier histories were written from
4550-404: Was planning more revenge. Eleanora waited several days before sailing off, apparently without knowledge of what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son. Davis and Eleanora's boatswain, John Young, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii. In 1790, Kamehameha's army invaded Maui with the assistance of John Young and Isaac Davis. Using cannons from
4620-418: Was strained after Kamehameha made a dedication to the gods instead of allowing Kīwalaʻō to do that. Kamehameha accepted the allegiance of a group of chiefs from the Kona district. The other story took place after the prophecy was passed along by the high priests and high chiefs. When Kamehameha was able to lift the Naha Stone , he was considered the fulfiller of the prophecy. Other ruling chiefs, Keawe Mauhili,
4690-458: Was the son of Kahekili II , saying, "I have something to tell you: Ka-hekili was your father, you were not Keoua's son. Here are the tokens that you are the son of Ka-hekili." King Kalākaua wrote that these rumors were scandals and should be dismissed as the offspring of hatred and jealousies of later years. Regardless of the rumors, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and he
4760-453: Was the support of Kauai chief Kaʻiana and Captain William Brown of the Butterworth Squadron . He guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited gunpowder from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: sulfur , saltpeter , and charcoal , all of which are abundant in the islands. Two westerners who lived on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Davis and John Young , married native Hawaiian women and assisted Kamehameha. In 1789, Simon Metcalfe had been captaining
4830-504: Was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed. With Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island. In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi at the Battle of Kawela . He moved on to the island of Oʻahu , landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī . Kamehameha did not know that one of his commanders,
4900-452: Was to be a narrative history divided into three sections; 1) ancient history prior to 1778, 2) Hawaiian monarchy from 1778 through the overthrow of 1893, 3) the transition from provisional government to republic to territory. Kuykendall drew largely from the archives of Washington D.C., the Oregon Historical Society , British Columbia, Harvard College Library, Washington State archives, the Mormon archives in Salt Lake City, Bancroft Library, and
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