116-576: Thangal Armed Guerrillas (Urban Warfare Wing) Kangleipak Communist Party is a Maoist militant group in Manipur , India. Named after Kangleipak , the ancient name of Manipur, it was initially led by the communist ideologues — Ibohanbi and Ibopishak. The Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) had been engaged in an armed conflict separatist insurgency in Manipur against the government of India. The KCP has now been divided into numerous factions, of which
232-559: A Marxist–Leninist stance, while the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) took a Maoist stance. After the merger, the PWG secretary of Andhra Pradesh announced that the newly formed CPI-Maoist would follow Marxism–Leninism–Maoism as its "ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities." Included in this ideology is a commitment to "protracted armed struggle " to undermine and to seize power from
348-992: A Manipuri woman, Thangjam Manorama Devi , by members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the Meira Paibi women's association. In May 2023, an ethnic clash between Meitei people and Kuki people led to extensive violence and arson, resulting in 60,000 people displaced from their homes and hundreds more dead and hospitalized. According to data released by Manipur Police , as on September 15, 2023; 175 people have been killed; 1,118 people were injured, and 33 people were missing. 96 bodies remained unclaimed. 5,172 cases of arson including destruction of 4,786 houses and 386 religious places, out of which there were 254 churches and 132 temples, were reported since May. Out of 5,668 arms lost; 1,329 arms, 15,050 ammunition and 400 bombs were recovered. Indian army troops were deployed to control
464-543: A form of social oppression. The CPI (Maoist) claim that they are conducting a " people's war ", a strategic approach developed by Mao Zedong during the guerrilla warfare phase of the Chinese Communist Party . Their eventual objective is to install a "people's government" via a New Democratic Revolution . CPI(Maoist) currently operates in the forest belt around central India in the states of Chhattisgarh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Maharashtra , Odisha . It
580-560: A merger agreement. He is believed to have signed it under duress. The legislative assembly was dissolved and a centrally appointed Chief Commissioner handled the state's administration, as per the Constitution of India. An advisory council with nominated members was provided to advise the Chief Commissioner. In 1956, the advisory council was replaced by a territorial council with mostly elected members. In 1963, Manipur
696-714: A merger. The name of the unified military organisation is the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), and it is grouped into three sections — the Basic, the Secondary and the Main squad. All the PLGA members are volunteers and they do not receive any wages. During his stay in the guerrilla zones, Jan Myrdal noted that the female cadres of CPI (Maoist) constituted about 40% of its PLGA, and held numerous "command positions"; but currently,
812-552: A new country. Over time, many more groups formed, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed in 1977, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1978, suspected by Human Rights Watch of receiving arms and training from China. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began
928-534: A number of diseases through symptoms, and treat injuries that are not severe. Some can even conduct simple blood tests to arrive at a diagnosis. This is a significant advantage in such areas." Furthermore, the CPI (Maoist)'s medical services squads also move from village to village and provides "basic medical training" to selected young tribal people which enables them to identify frequently occurring diseases through their presages so that they can also distribute vaccines to
1044-593: A population of 2,855,794 at the 2011 census. Of this total, 57.2% lived in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The valley (plain) is mainly inhabited by the Meitei speaking population (native Manipuri speakers). The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno-linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the Nagas , the Kukis and smaller tribal groupings. Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in
1160-577: A spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence. From 1980 to 2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area. This term (designated by the Ministry of Home Affairs or a state governor ) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under
1276-419: A unique communist party is the fact that its chairman has often spoken about ideological flexibility and adopting the so-called bamboo policy. According to Ibungo Ngangom, communism is a living ideology and nobody must hesitate to 'adjust' in order to make it realistic and successful. He also talked about trying to achieve a higher level of compatibility between Marxism and Maoism . The group especially promotes
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#17327719442171392-435: A unique communist party of Manipur. Manipur Manipur ( / ˌ m ʌ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər / , US also / ˌ m æ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər / ; Meitei : Kangleipak ) is a state in northeast India , with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar , Sagaing Region to
1508-455: A variety of religions. According to 2011 census, Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions of the state. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%. Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal Airport ,
1624-521: Is a scheduled language in the Republic of India, and serves as the lingua franca in Manipur. Other than Meitei language, in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity, as is the case in most of the Northeast India. Almost all of the languages are Sino-Tibetan , with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple Kuki-Chin languages , the largest being Thadou and
1740-712: Is a banned Maoist communist political party and militant organization in India which aims to overthrow the "semi-colonial and semi-feudal Indian state" through protracted people's war . It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the CPIML People's War and the MCCI . The party has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act since 2009. In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to
1856-696: Is a staple food for Manipuris. Manipur's climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region. Lying 790 metres above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 mm (57.78 in) between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city Imphal receives an annual average of 933 mm (36.7 in). Rainfall in this region
1972-571: Is caused by The South Westerly Monsoon picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heading towards the Eastern Himalaya ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well. Manipur is already experiencing climate change , especially changes in weather , with both increased variability in rain as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature. Manipur had
2088-535: Is now Commander, Paona Cadre, i.e. Jungle Guerrilla Warfare Wing), Moramba Meetei (previously Commander, Paona Cadre, i.e. Jungle Guerrilla Warfare Wing, he is now Commander, Thangal Cadre, i.e. Urban Guerrilla Warfare Wing), Tomthin Mangang (previously Commander, Thangal Cadre, i.e. Urban Guerrilla Warfare Wing, he is now Commander, Bir Tikendrajit Cadre, i.e. Special Contingency Response Wing), Wangthoi ( previously Chief Intelligence Officer, Central Intelligence Wing, he
2204-716: Is now Secretary, Capitalistic Concerns Regulation and Taxation Cell), announced the outfit. The Kangleipak Communist Party (Marxist-Maoist) is an organization that has been continuously banned under section 35 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 by the Government of India for 'waging war' against the Indian State. The Foreign Affairs Department of the group, which is led by none other than its PSC Chairman has been endeavouring to establish contacts and relations with many communist parties throughout
2320-453: Is present even in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, as well as in Bihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Odisha. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people's war in other parts of India. A 2005 Frontline cover story called
2436-481: Is spoken in all the hill districts. Another major language family is the Naga languages , like Tangkhul , Poula , Rongmei and Mao . Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly Nepali and Sylheti (also considered as a dialect of Bengali ), which is the major language of Jiribam district . The Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (AKA Department of Language Planning and Implementation ) of
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#17327719442172552-544: Is the indigenous, polytheistic and animistic ethnic religion of the Meitei people. Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity Lainingthou Sanamahi . The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity, Salailen, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in the sacred groves . Some of the traditional Meitei deities , or Lais are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba , Sanamahi , and Panthoibi . Out of
2668-481: The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces in the same manner, detain individuals for up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals who break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four. Legal immunity applies to the military. Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at
2784-785: The Bhamragad Taluka , where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Maoist-affected region in Maharashtra. Recently, the Indian government has claimed that in 2013, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi , Gujarat , Haryana , Jharkhand, Karnataka , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha, Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Tripura , Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal experienced [ideological] "influence" of "Left Wing Extremism"; while claiming that armed activity by
2900-663: The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) who control most of Nepal in the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia (CCOMPOSA), according to several intelligence sources and think tanks. These links are, however, denied by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre) While under detention in June 2009, a suspected Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative indicated that
3016-482: The Government of Manipur works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur. Religion in Manipur (2011) Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions practiced in Manipur. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%. The religious groups of
3132-593: The Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia , East Asia , Siberia , regions in the Arctic , Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions. During the days of the British Raj , Manipur was one of the princely states . On 11 August 1947, Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh signed an Instrument of Accession , argued by many that the king was in no legal position to sign
3248-533: The Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The high-level bi-lateral meetings between the two erstwhile parties started in February 2003 and continued for several months, entailing discussions on major questions concering their future political orientation. In the course of these, unity could be found and 5 Key Papers for the new, unified organisation were finalized and adopted: • “Hold High
3364-684: The Minister of Home Affairs officially approved the deployment of another 10,000 troops from the paramilitary forces to fight against the Maoists in Chhattisgarh. The count of personnel from State Armed Police Forces involved in counter-Maoism operations in the Red corridor is estimated to number around 200,000. Along with firearms , the armed forces' personnel use satellite phones , unmanned aerial vehicles and Air Force helicopters . In 2011,
3480-630: The Salwa Judum . The group, which the BBC alleges is "government backed", an allegation rejected by the Indian government has come under criticism for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women", using child soldiers, burning people alive, and the looting of property and destruction of homes. These allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India , appointed by
3596-623: The Supreme Court of India , who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them. The camps are guarded by police officers, paramilitary forces and child soldiers empowered with the official title "special police officer" (SPO). However, on 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared the Salwa Judum as illegal and unconstitutional. The court directed
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3712-616: The United Liberation Front of Asom . During the 2023 Manipur violence , the Kangleipak Communist Party collaborated with other militant Meitei groups such as United Liberation Front of Manipur camouflaged with the local sectarian police forces. The Kangleipak Communist Party (Marxist-Maoist) has "imposed" a so-called "permanent ban" on the celebrations of Indian Independence Day and Republic Day in Manipur. According to this group, Kangleipak
3828-623: The United Progressive Alliance , banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation on 22 June 2009. On 22 June 2009, the central home ministry , keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group, banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Earlier, the union home minister, P. Chidambaram had asked the West Bengal Chief Minister , Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee , to ban
3944-548: The "Left Wing" extremists was noticed in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal. The current General Secretary of CPI (Maoist) is Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj. He was appointed after Muppala Lakshmana Rao, who uses the alias " Ganapathy ". The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states each,
4060-582: The "prevailing bourgeois democracy " and focuses on capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on guerrilla warfare . This strategy entails building up bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones, and then into "liberated zones", in addition to encircling cities. The military hardware used by Maoists, as indicated through a number of seizures, include RDX cable wires, gelignite sticks, detonators, country-made weapons, INSAS rifles , AK-47s , SLRs , and improvised explosive devices. The Maoists condemn
4176-524: The 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh , during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba . The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating Anglo-Burmese wars , affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur. In 1824, the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that
4292-465: The 2011 census data. Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur . In 1704, Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name, Pitambar Singh. However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha)
4408-473: The 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists. The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka , 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak. The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes. The state sends two representatives to
4524-487: The Bright Red Banner of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism”, a primarily ideological document explaining the unified party's understanding of the development and content of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism . It forms the cornerstone of the party's ideological-political principles and views. • “ Party Programme ”, a concise 35-point outline of the party's general political line, synthesized out of more than 30 years of experience of
4640-611: The CMC, the party has also raised state military commissions. The CMC is headed by Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj. Anand and Arvind Ji are another two members of the organisation's CMC. Anuj Thakur is an arrested member of the CMC of the party. Kishenji and Chandramouli were also the members of the CPI (Maoist)'s CMC. Central Technical Committee (CTC) is given the responsibility of fabricating weapons and explosives. The Technical Committee consists of few selected members having special knowledge on science and research and works under
4756-451: The CPI (Maoist) operates "mobile medical units." Rahul Pandita writes: "In the field of health as well, the Maoists often fill in large gaps left by the state. Their mobile medical units cover large distances to offer primary health care to tribals.... Various training camps are held regularly on preventive measures against diseases such as diarrhoea or malaria. The grass-root doctors in the medical squads can administer vaccines, identify
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4872-761: The CPI (Maoist) takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, and has 32 members. During an interview in 2010, Anand told media personnels that out of the 45 members of the Central Committee of CPI (Maoist), 8 has been arrested and 22 has been killed by the agencies of the Indian government. Anuradha Ghandy , who died on 12 April 2008, was an eminent member of CPI (Maoist)'s Central Committee. Kadari Satyanarayan Reddy alias " Kosa ", Thippiri Tirupathi alias "Devuji", Malla Raji Reddy and Mallujola Venugopal alias "Bhupati" are another three cadres and Central Committee members of
4988-414: The Chhattisgarh government to recover all the firearms given to the militia along with the ammunition and accessories. It also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of Salwa Judum. But, the state government did not abide by the Supreme Court's decision. In August 2013, the Supreme Court of India asked the state government to explain that "why its failure to execute
5104-599: The Indian state is being "run by a collaboration of imperialists , the comprador bourgeoisie and feudal lords ." According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the two factions of the Party adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger, although "both organizations shared their belief in the 'annihilation of class enemies ' and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals." The People's War Group (PWG) maintained
5220-703: The Indian Army while denying its direct role in the offensive operations accepted that it has been training the paramilitary personnel to fight against the Maoists, however, the Maoists have objected to the Army's stationing in the Red corridor. On 30 May 2013, the Indian Air Force's Air Chief Marshal declared that apart from the currently operating MI-17 helicopters, the Indian Force has decided to induce
5336-490: The Indian Revolution ”, an elaborate class analysis of Indian society, followed up by "the determination of the main blow" of the CPI (Maoist)'s forces at its given stage, as well as the forms of struggle and organisation the Maoists see as appropriate for achieving their aim of " New Democratic and Socialist Revolution ". • “ Political Resolution ”, a detailed analysis of India's Domestic Situation, as well as
5452-483: The International Situation, alongside its call for build the "subjective forces", i.e. the communists' vanguard -capability, to utilize what they evaluated as an "excellent revolutionary situation". The merger was first declared in a "Unity Commune" formed with extensive cultural programmes and security precautions which went on from early September to early October. Following that, the founding of
5568-575: The July 2011 order of disbanding the SPOs not considered as contempt of court.". In March 2019, a municipal school teacher, Yogendra Meshram was killed by the Maoists in Korchi, which was vehemently protested by locals. The Maoist leadership later apologized for the killing stating it to be a mistake and that Meshram was innocent wrongly suspected to be a police informer. The CPI (Maoist) maintains dialogue with
5684-553: The KCP coalesced and organised a convention, and reconstructed the party's Central Committee . Forthwithly after the plenum, they named the faction as "Kangleipak Communist Party (Maoist)," which has now evolved into the Maoist Communist Party of Manipur . However, the Kangleipak Communist Party led by Ibungo Ngangom has emerged as the leading group at least in terms of ideological positions and changes brought about within
5800-565: The LeT and the CPI (Maoist) had attempted to co-ordinate activities in Jharkhand state. But, Ganapathy has denied any links between CPI (Maoist) and LeT, stating that the allegations are "only mischievous, calculated propaganda by the police officials, bureaucrats and leaders of the reactionary political parties" to malign the Maoists' image with the aim of labeling them as terrorists in order to justify "their brutal terror campaign against Maoists and
5916-775: The Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India . The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral. Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India. Communist Party of India (Maoist) Former parties Former parties Former parties Post-independence and Cold War Contemporary history The Communist Party of India (Maoist)
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#17327719442176032-482: The MCCI and the PWG. It includes the Indian Revolution's minimum and maximum programmes for establishing Socialism-Communism as to the Maoists. • “ Party Constitution ”, the foremost political-organisational document laying down the Maoists' general programme, the rights and duties of their members, party discipline , organisational structure and how they acquire their funds for operations. • “ Strategy and Tactics of
6148-473: The Maoists also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities. The party is regarded as a "left-wing extremist entity" and a terrorist outfit by the Indian government. Several of their members have been arrested under the now-defunct Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act . The group is officially banned by the state governments of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh, among others. The party has protested these bans. The Indian government, led by
6264-754: The Maoists are sketched out from the Chinese Communist Revolution and the Vietnam War . The CPI (Maoist) has organised Dandakaranya into ten divisions, each comprising three area committees; and every Area Committee is composed of several Janatana Sarkars (people's governments). The party says that a Janatana Sarkar is established by the election procedure involving a group of villages, and has nine departments — agriculture, trade and industry, economic, justice, defence, health, public relations , education and culture , and jungle. The Janatana Sarkar provides education up to primary level in
6380-456: The Maoists as "the single biggest internal security challenge" for India, and said that the "deprived and alienated sections of the population" form the backbone of the Maoist movement in India. The government officials have declared that, in 2013, 76 districts in the country were affected by " left wing extremism ", with another 106 districts in ideological influence. In 2020, the activities of
6496-507: The Maoists following the Lalgarh Violence . Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and all its formations and front organisations have been banned by the Government of India. The Party is regarded as a serious security threat by the Indian government. It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause. In 2005, Chhattisgarh State sponsored an anti-Maoist movement called
6612-415: The Meitei-speaking people include Hindus , Sanamahists , Meitei Christians and Meitei Pangals . Besides these, the non Meitei-speaking communities (tribals) are mostly Christians. The Meitei ethnicity (aka Manipuri people ) is the majority group following Hinduism in Manipur, beside other minor immigrants following the same faith in the state. Among the indigenous communities of Manipur, Meiteis are
6728-440: The Nepalese Maoists, but do claim comradeship. Some members of the Indian government accept this, while others argue that operational links do exist, with training coming from Sri-Lankan Maoists and small arms from China. China denies any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels, citing improvements in relations between India and China, including movement towards resolving their border disputes. Maoists in Nepal, India, and
6844-408: The Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, and so forth in the Meitei script , which is comparable to the Thai script . The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and Maichou [ simple ] (Meitei scholars). According to the Tai chronicles, Manipur (Kahse) is one of
6960-419: The PLGA has strengthened over the past few years, and has mustered 12 companies and over 25 platoons and a supply platoon in 2013 as compared to 8 companies and 13 platoons of 2008. The People's Militia which is armed with bows, arrows, and machetes is and is believed to logistically assist the PLGA is estimated to be around 38,000. The Maoists had structured "medical units" in the villages of Bastar, and
7076-468: The Philippines are less reticent about their shared goals. In September 2009, an all-out offensive was launched by the Government of India's paramilitary forces and the state's police forces against the CPI (Maoist) is termed by the Indian media as the " Operation Green Hunt ". On 3 January 2013, government issued a statement that it is deploying 10,000 more central paramilitary personnel in Bastar , Odisha and some parts of Jharkhand. On 8 June 2014,
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#17327719442177192-547: The State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees, and the "dalams" (armed squads). Communist writer Jan Myrdal noted that the CPI (Maoist) also organises events like "The Leadership Training Programme" to endure the forces of the state . As per the communist party policies the highest decision making body of the CPI (Maoist) is the Politburo , with thirteen or fourteen members, six of whom were killed or arrested between 2007 and 2010. Prashant Bose alias "Kishan-da" and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand, are
7308-441: The accusations that they manage arms through China, Myanmar and Bangladesh. On the subject, Ganapathy says, "Our weapons are mainly country-made. All the modern weapons we have are mainly seized from the government armed forces when we attack them." The CPI (Maoist)'s General Secretary says that they keep on appealing to the "lower-level personnel" in the paramilitary and police forces not to attack them, but rather "join hands with
7424-431: The arrested Politburo members of the party. Arvind Ji alias Deo Kumar Singh , a politburo member died in heart attack on 21, March 2018. Among those killed, Cherukuri Rajkumar alias " Azad " and Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias " Kishenji ", were two past members of the CPI (Maoist)'s Politburo. Politburo member Akkiraju Haragopal alias Ramkrishna died in October 2021 due to illness. The Central Committee of
7540-436: The assembly were held only in the following year. Meanwhile, British India was partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan , and all the princely states were advised to "accede" to one of the dominions to take over the management of their external affairs and defence. The Maharaja acceded to India on 11 August 1947 and signed a standstill agreement to continue the existing arrangements. Over
7656-411: The direct supervision of the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Party. Sadanala Ramakrishna , a senior Maoist leader was the Secretary of the Committee who was arrested in February 2012 in Kolkata . The military wings of the founding organisations, the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the MCCI) and the People's Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the PWG), also underwent
7772-485: The east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri). Native to the Meitei people , it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other Tibeto-Burman languages . Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. This exchange connects
7888-427: The eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna. The valley region has hills and mounds rising above
8004-489: The female members comprises 60% of the Maoist cadres, and women commanders heads 20 of the 27 divisions of the guerrilla zones. P.V. Ramana, of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi, estimates the Naxilities' current strength at 9,000–10,000 armed fighters, with access to about 6,500 firearms. The analyses, as of September 2013, suggested that the estimated number of PLGA members has decreased from 10,000 − 12,000 to 8,000 − 9,000. But, Gautam Navlakha has suggested that
8120-492: The flat surface. The Loktak Lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km . The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mount Tempü peak along the border with Nagaland. The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand, and sandy clay, and are varied. On
8236-668: The flow of aid and goods. To help fill their ranks, the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member, and threaten those who resist with violence. The organisation has been holding "Public Courts", which have been described as kangaroo courts , against their opponents. These "courts" function in the areas under de facto Maoist control. The Maoists have also taken care to demolish government institutions under their de facto jurisdiction. They have also demolished railroad tracks and school buildings that are often used as temporary camps by security forces. The CPI (Maoist) rejects "engagement" with what it terms as
8352-466: The group following his release from prison on 4 April 2015 after spending about 12 consecutive years in various prisons in India, including Tihar Jail. According to recent press releases of this group, led by Ibungo Ngangom, the group's primary goal is not only to liberate Kangleipak (Manipur) but also establish communism in Kangleipak through the scientific socialism of Karl Marx. This makes this group
8468-408: The heart of concerns about human rights violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment , and forced disappearances . Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by Irom Sharmila Chanu . In 2004, the government lifted the disturbed status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of
8584-507: The instrument of accession at the time, under the agreement Bodhachandra Singh accede to the Indian Union . Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, disputed as having been done without consultation of the popular ministry under Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 and denial of the king's request to return to Manipur to discuss the same with his people. Under 'duress' and 'coercion' Bodhachandra Singh signed
8700-505: The invasion. The three armies mostly made up of army from Kale , Mohnyin , Mogaung , Momeik and Sanda led the invasion, the King of Manipur surrendered without any resistance and Manipur became a vassal state of the Toungoo empire . In the 18th century, Bodawpaya , the king of Burma acquired the Manipur (1814) along with the western kingdoms of Arakan (1784), Assam (1817). By
8816-459: The known are: This faction of the Kangleipak Communist Party came into existence in the late 2000s following the failure of certain party leaders to commit themselves to Marxism and Maoism. The incumbent chairman of its Politburo Standing Committee (highest decision-making body), Ibungo Ngangom, who used to head the Information and Public Relations Department of the Kangleipak Communist Party,
8932-524: The land of gold, golden land), not given because Manipur has a lot of the gold mines, but because of its happiness and prosperity. This name was mentioned in the 11th-12th century constitution, the Loiyumba Shinyen . and is still heard in the official song of Manipur, " Sana Leibak Manipur ". The history of Manipur Meiteis is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about the forefathers), namely,
9048-728: The largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai . After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north, forms the border with Assam State , and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur . The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur , Imphal , Iril , Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from
9164-901: The lesser-known battles of the Second World War. Yet the Allied Victory in this battle was a turning point against the Japanese in East Asia. After the war, the Maharaja took the advice of the British Cabinet Mission and the Chamber of Princes to introduce democratic reforms in the state. The Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947 was promulgated in July 1947 to give the state an elected legislative assembly and an appointed prime minister. Elections to
9280-470: The major tribe conglomerates of tribes inhabiting the surrounding hills. The Kuki-Zos consist of several tribes including Gangte , Hmar , Paite , Simte , Sukte , Thadou , Vaiphei , Zou , and some smaller tribes. They speak Kuki-Chin languages and predominate the southern hill districts of Manipur. The prominent Naga tribes are Angami , Kabui , Kacha Naga , Mao , Maram , Poumai , Sema and Tangkhul , each speaking its own language. They predominate
9396-423: The masses" and "consciously" point their guns towards whom the Maoists view as "real enemies." They further claims that "only when the government forces come to attack us [Maoists] carrying guns do we attack them in self-defence." In Jharkhand, the police have also seized posters from various places which read, "Policemen keep away from the green hunt and try to be friends of poor. Police jawan, do not obey orders of
9512-588: The medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur, Ahom kingdom and Burma had become common. Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the Puya , provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now Assam, Bengal , and Uttar Pradesh and from other South Indian kingdoms as well. Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in
9628-519: The merger agreement merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C State . Followed by contestation of the merger by groups in Manipur, resulting in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India. From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people. The Meitei people represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various Naga tribes at 20% and Kuki-Zo tribes at 16%. Manipur's ethnic groups practice
9744-403: The next two years, the multitude of princely states of India were extensively reorganised as India moved towards becoming a constitutional republic . Proposals for reorganisation were also made for Manipur but discarded as being unsuitable. Eventually Manipur was turned into a centrally administered province (called a 'Part C' state, later renamed union territory ) by asking the Maharaja to sign
9860-515: The northern hill districts of Manipur. In addition, several smaller tribes that were classified as "Old Kuki" by the British administrators populate Chandel and neighbouring districts. Some of them now classify themselves as Nagas while others retain the Kuki classification. of Total Pop. Languages in Manipur (2011) The official language of the state is Meitei (also known as Manipuri ). It
9976-574: The only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith. According to the 2011 Census of India , about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice Hinduism . The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley ( Imphal Valley ), among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to
10092-523: The party began to increase again in Telangana and other areas. Chhattisgarh is often affected by the party's militant activities. In 2024, the party faced a major setback when the government increased their counterinsurgency operations in states affected by the insurgency. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War (People's War Group), and
10208-741: The party. Madvi Hidma is the youngest Central Committee member of the party. As of 22 September 2011, nine of the Central Committee members were jailed, which includes – Moti Lal Soren, Vishnu, Varanasi Subramanyam , Shobha, Misir Besra, Jhantu Mukherjee , Vijay Kumar Arya . One more Central Committee member, Ravi Sharma , was also captured later. Ginugu Narsimha Reddy alias Jampanna surrendered to police in December 2017. Varkapur Chandramouli , Patel Sudhakar Reddy , Narmada Akka , and Milind Teltumbde who were killed by armed forces. Another Central Committee member Haribhushan died due to Covid. Another CC member B.G. Krishnamoorthy alias BGK, Vijay
10324-476: The patients. The frontal organisations of the party include the Radical Youth League , Rythu Coolie Sangham, Radical Students Union , Singareni Karmika Samakya , Viplava Karmika Samakhya, Porattam Kerala, Ayyankali pada Kerala, Njattuvela Kerala and All India Revolutionary Students Federation , Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan , and Chetna Natya Manch . The "organising principles" of
10440-615: The people in the areas of armed agrarian struggle." Kishenji also criticised LeT for having "wrong" and "anti-people" policies; though he said that the Maoists may consider backing up a few of their demands, if LeT will halt its "terrorist acts". Reports in 2010 indicate that the Communist Party of the Philippines , Southeast Asia's longest-lived communist insurgent group, has been reported to have engaged in training activities for guerrilla warfare with Indian Maoists. The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups, such as
10556-400: The plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8. Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 17,418 km (6,725 sq mi), or 77.2% of the total geographical area of
10672-761: The principle 'from each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs'. The Kangleipak Communist Party (Marxist-Maoist) under the leadership of Ibungo Ngangom has two main organs: Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), which is a combination of its legislative and judiciary bodies; and General Administrative Council (GAC), which is the executive branch of the group. The Politburo Standing Committee consists of Ibungo Ngangom (Chairman), Amumacha Mangang (Deputy Chairman), Thoiba Meetei (Senior Member), Wangba Angomcha (Senior Member), Angousana Moi-rangcha (Senior Member), James Paomei (Member), Sanatombi Chanu Lourembam (Member), Moramba Meetei (Member), Tomthin Mangang (Member), Sanatomba (Member), Wangthoi (Member). Initially, it
10788-601: The same name mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Previously, it had been known as Kangleipak ( Meitei : ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ , romanized: Kangleipak ) or Meitei : ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ , Meiteileipak , transl: land of the Meiteis, Later, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name. Other names include Sanaleibak ( Meitei : ꯁꯅꯥꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ , transl:
10904-401: The second largest in northeastern India. Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance , and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans. The name Manipur ( Sanskrit : मणिपुर , romanized : maṇipura , lit. ''city of jewels'') was chosen by Gharib Nawaz , a convert to Hinduism, in the eighteenth century. It is named after a kingdom of
11020-693: The senior officials, instead join the people's army." Some sources claim that the funding for the Maoists comes from abductions, extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent. Poppy cultivation is another suspected source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of Gumla district in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla, Kishanganj and Purnia districts in Bihar where security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops. Reports from Debagarh district in Odisha indicate that
11136-539: The situation. International outrage resulted from a report that two Kuki women had been paraded naked and allegedly gang-raped by a mob of Meitei men. The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 sq mi (2,000 km ), surrounded by blue mountains, at an elevation of 790 m (2,590 ft) above sea level. The slope of
11252-517: The state remained internally self-governing, as a princely state . During World War II , Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal , which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia. The Battle of Imphal , known to the Manipuris as Japan Laan , are among
11368-728: The state, and consists of short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos , and trees. About a third of Manipur's forests are protected: 8.42% of the forested land is categorized under Reserved Forests, and 23.95% under Protected Forests. There are six major types of forests in Manipur, and 10 subtypes. The six major forest types, according to the state's Forest Department, include Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, Sub-Tropical Pine Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Montane Wet Temperate Forest and Sub-alpine Forest. There are forests of teak , pine , oak , uningthou , leihao, bamboo, and cane . Rubber , tea , coffee , orange , and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice
11484-420: The state. On May Day 2014, Ganapathy and Ajith (Secretary of the CPI (ML) Naxalbari) also issued a joint statement stating that "the unified party would [continue to] take Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology." The ideology of the party is contained in a "Party Programme." In the document, the Maoists denounce globalisation as a war on the people by market fundamentalists and the caste system as
11600-511: The subjects of mathematics, social science, politics, and Hindi, in the "camp schools" using the textbooks published by the party in Gondi . They also use DVDs to educate the children in the streams of science and history. In their efforts to intimidate their political adversaries and consolidate control, the Maoists tax local villagers, extort businesses, abduct and kill "class enemies" such as government officials and police officers, and regulate
11716-560: The surrounding hills. Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak Lake . The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak , Jiri, Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining
11832-557: The territories conquered by Samlongpha (1150–1201), the first Chao Pha of Mongkawng . A 14th-century inscription from Pagan , Myanmar , mentions Kasan (Manipur) as one of the 21 states under the Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6); he later was captured by the Governor of Taungdwingyi . Bayinnaung , the ruler of Toungoo dynasty ordered the invasion of Manipur in 1559. He had recalled Binnya Dala from Chiang Mai to lead
11948-645: The two most prominent Politburo members of CPI (Maoist). B. Sudhakar alias "Kiran" is another Politburo member of CPI (Maoist). Shamsher Singh Sheri alias Karam Singh, who died of Cerebral Malaria-Jaundice on 30 October 2005, was also the party's Politburo member. Between 2005 and 2011, the State captured several Politburo members of the party, which includes – Sushil Roy alias Som, Narayan Sanyal alias N. Prasad, Pramod Mishra , Amitabh Bagchi , Baccha Prasad Singh , Anukul Chandra Naskar and Akhilesh Yadav. Ashutosh Tudu and Anuj Thakur are another two of
12064-429: The unified party was finally announced to the public on 14 October of the same year. In the course of the merger, a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao , alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary. Further, on May Day 2014, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari merged into the CPI (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) observes that
12180-509: The valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges create a moderate climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with Myanmar to its east. The state has four major river basins: the Barak River Basin ( Barak Valley ) to
12296-541: The valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur. The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below: The Meiteis (synonymous to the Manipuris ) constitute the majority of the state's population. They inhabit the Imphal Valley . Nagas and Kuki-Zo are
12412-607: The vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur. The Meitei Pangals ( Meitei : ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ), also known as Meitei Muslims or Manipuri Muslims, are the third largest religious majority group in the state, comprising about 8.3% of the state population. They belong to the Sunni group of the Hanafi school of Islamic thought and they include Arabs, Bangladeshis, Turanis, Bengalis and Chaghtai Turks. Sanamahism
12528-616: The west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham (million hectare metres). The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget. (By comparison, India receives 400 Mham of rain annually. ) The Barak River,
12644-484: The world. The group is also said to have established some links with certain Maoist groups of Nepal, though it has not openly admitted it. Moreover, in a recent press release, the group has expressed its willingness to cooperate and coordinate with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) . The party used to maintain operational linkages with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) and
12760-540: Was "annexed" by the Union of India under the guise of the Manipur Merger Agreement, which was signed by the then King of Kangleipak, who no longer had any authority to ink such an agreement as Kangleipak was already a democratic society under the command of an elected body of legislators. So it has been struggling to "reclaim" the "robbed sovereignty" of Kangleipak (Manipur). In 2009, numerous comrades of
12876-1032: Was a five-member committee. But it was expanded into an eleven-member committee during its recent bi-annual conference. Following the expansion of the politburo standing committee, the general administrative council of the outfit has also been reshuffled as Ibungo Ngangom (Secretary-in-Chief, also heading Foreign Affairs Department, Fund-raising Department and Central Intelligence Wing), Amumacha Mangang (Deputy Secretary-in-Chief), Wangba Angomcha (Secretary, Public Affairs Department), Angousana Moirangcha ( Secretary, Finance & Budgetary Affairs Department), Sanatombi Chanu (Secretary, Information & Public Relations Department), James Paomei (previously Secretary, Public Affairs Department, he will now be Central Liaison Officer, Intra- Departmental Liaison Centre), Thoiba Meetei (previously Secretary, Finance & Budgetary Affairs Department, he will now be Auditor-in-Chief, Audit Commission), Sanatomba Khumancha (previously Commander, Bir Tikendrajit Cadre, i.e. Special Contingency Response Wing, he
12992-403: Was arrested in 2021 November along with another PLGA Savithri by Kerala ATS. The CPI (Maoist) has a "publication division". Besides volunteering as a Politburo member of the party, B. Sudhakar alias "Kiran" also works for its publication division. The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the main armed body of the CPI (Maoist), and it is constructed by its Central Committee. In addition to
13108-587: Was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words. During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple. The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba ), by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State . As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan
13224-591: Was provided a legislative assembly, with a council of ministers headed by a chief minister. It was made a fully-fledged state in 1972 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 . Manipur has a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence. Its first armed opposition group, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964 aiming to achieve independence from India and establish Manipur as
13340-463: Was the first Brahmin priest of this temple. Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up
13456-453: Was the main force behind the emergence of this faction, which has now become the most prominent one among the KCP factions. Though it came up as a separate group around 2010, it still sticks to 14 April 1980 as its rising day, because the Kangleipak Communist Party was originally established on this date. The Kangleipak Communist Party under the leadership of Ibungo Ngangom is a group that follows Marxism and Maoism . But what makes this group
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