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90-700: A popular tourist destination for its temples, its sandy , palm tree filled coastal stretch of beach and the Keerimalai Springs , other prominent landmarks in Kankesanthurai include the suburb's natural harbour , its fort and lighthouse . During the 8th century renovation of the Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple by the Chola-Pandyan princess Mathurapuraveeravalli, the temple's statue of Kankesan (Murugan)

180-403: A legislature , areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives or the electorate may elect representatives as a single unit. Voters may vote directly for an individual candidate or for a list of candidates put forward by a political party or alliance . There are many variations in electoral systems. The mathematical and normative study of voting rules falls under

270-400: A majority bonus system to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. San Marino has a modified two-round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the first round. The winner of the second round

360-627: A country's constitution or electoral law . Participatory rules determine candidate nomination and voter registration , in addition to the location of polling places and the availability of online voting , postal voting , and absentee voting . Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper ballots , machine voting or open ballot systems , and consequently the type of vote counting systems , verification and auditing used. Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by universal suffrage , but there are differences on

450-579: A different system, as in contingent elections when no candidate wins a majority of the United States Electoral College . An exhaustive ballot is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last-placed candidate eliminated in each round of voting. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of

540-434: A documentary called " Sand Wars " about the impact of the lack of construction sand. It shows the ecological and economic effects of both legal and illegal trade in construction sand. To retrieve the sand, the method of hydraulic dredging is used. This works by pumping the top few meters of sand out of the water and filling it into a boat, which is then transported back to land for processing. All marine life mixed in with

630-610: A high olivine content. Many sands, especially those found extensively in Southern Europe , have iron impurities within the quartz crystals of the sand, giving a deep yellow color. Sand deposits in some areas contain garnets and other resistant minerals, including some small gemstones . Rocks erode or weather over a long period of time, mainly by water and wind, and their sediments are transported downstream. These sediments continue to break apart into smaller pieces until they become fine grains of sand. The type of rock

720-400: A majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences of the lowest-ranked candidate are then added to the totals. This is repeated until a candidate achieves over 50% of the number of valid votes. If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is

810-493: A majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of voting. This is sometimes referred to as a type of majority voting, although usually only a plurality is required in the last round, and sometimes even in the first round winners can avoid a second round without achieving a majority. In social choice theory, runoff systems are not called majority voting, as this term refers to Condorcet-methods . There are two main forms of runoff systems, one conducted in

900-535: A number of seats approximately proportional to their vote share. Other systems may be insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in overhang seats , where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Variations of this include the Additional Member System , and Alternative Vote Plus , in which voters cast votes for both single-member constituencies and multi-member constituencies;

990-505: A polling division of the multi-member electoral district. Prominent Ceylon Tamil lawyer and politician S. J. V. Chelvanayakam stood as the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) candidate for Kankesanthurai at the 1947 parliamentary election . He won the election and entered Parliament . Kankesanturai was the site of fishing and manufacture industry in the 1900s, with the establishment of a cement factory that served

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1080-454: A result, some countries have leveling seats to award to parties whose seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote. In addition to the electoral threshold (the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win seats), there are several different ways to allocate seats in proportional systems. There are two main types of systems: highest average and largest remainder . Highest average systems involve dividing

1170-489: A result. People sometimes dig holes in the sand at beaches for recreational purposes, but if too deep they can result in serious injury or death in the event of a collapse. Manufactured sand (M sand) is sand made from rock by artificial processes, usually for construction purposes in cement or concrete. It differs from river sand by being more angular, and has somewhat different properties. In Dubai , United Arab Emirates , sand needed to construct infrastructure and create

1260-483: A significant dredging industry, raising environmental concerns over fish depletion, landslides, and flooding. Countries such as China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Cambodia ban sand exports, citing these issues as a major factor. It is estimated that the annual consumption of sand and gravel is 40 billion tons and sand is a US$ 70 billion global industry. With increasing use, more is expected to come from recycling and alternatives to sand. The global demand for sand in 2017

1350-492: A single party, with the party receiving the most votes winning all seats. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems. Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as first-past-the-post ; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it for this purpose,

1440-498: A single round of voting using ranked voting and the other using multiple elections, to successively narrow the field of candidates. Both are primarily used for single-member constituencies. Runoff can be achieved in a single election using instant-runoff voting (IRV), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference; this system is used for parliamentary elections in Australia and Papua New Guinea . If no candidate receives

1530-415: A system used in eight countries. Approval voting is a choose-all-you-like voting system which aims to increase the number of candidates that win with majority support. Voters are free to pick as many candidates as they like and each choice has equal weight, independent of the number of candidates a voter supports. The candidate with the most votes wins. A runoff system in which candidates must receive

1620-403: A volume of approximately 0.00012 cubic millimetres, to 2 mm, a volume of approximately 4.2 cubic millimetres, the difference in volumes being 34,688 measures difference. Any particle falling within this range of sizes is termed a sand grain . Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in

1710-429: Is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt . Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but

1800-412: Is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote , who can stand as a candidate , how ballots are marked and cast , how

1890-627: Is another form of proportional representation. In STV, multi-member districts are used and each voter casts one vote, being a ranked ballot marked for individual candidates, rather than voting for a party list. STV is used in Malta and the Republic of Ireland . To be certain of being elected, candidates must pass a quota (the Droop quota being the most common). Candidates that pass the quota are elected. If necessary to fill seats, votes are transferred from

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1980-508: Is called grus in geology or sharp sand in the building trade where it is preferred for concrete, and in gardening where it is used as a soil amendment to loosen clay soils. Sand that is transported long distances by water or wind will be rounded, with characteristic abrasion patterns on the grain surface. Desert sand is typically rounded. People who collect sand as a hobby are known as arenophiles . Organisms that thrive in sandy environments are psammophiles. Only some sands are suitable for

2070-410: Is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college . In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago , the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like India , the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In

2160-417: Is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat Grand and General Council . In Greece the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats, a system which was abolished following the 2019 elections . Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as

2250-417: Is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have compulsory voting , although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law. Many countries also have the none of the above option on their ballot papers. In systems that use constituencies , apportionment or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on

2340-414: Is impossible to design a straightforward voting system, i.e. one where it is always obvious to a strategic voter which ballot they should cast). The most common categorizations of electoral systems are: single-winner vs. multi-winner systems and proportional representation vs. winner-take-all systems vs. mixed systems . In all cases, where only a single winner is to be elected, the electoral system

2430-572: Is in high demand. Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. Fifty billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand are used each year for construction. The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves, and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists , sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1 ⁄ 16  mm)

2520-486: Is the two-round system , which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for electing the legislature. If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest

2610-591: Is the case in Italy . Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring a single party candidate. In Argentina they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan primary elections . Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there

2700-474: Is the most common mineral resistant to weathering . The composition of mineral sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions. The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material, suggesting that sand formation depends on living organisms, too. The gypsum sand dunes of

2790-500: Is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years, as in the Caribbean . Somewhat more rarely, sand may be composed of calcium sulfate , such as gypsum and selenite , as is found in places such as White Sands National Park and Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete

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2880-526: Is used in Kuwait , the Pitcairn Islands and Vanuatu . In several countries, mixed systems are used to elect the legislature. These include parallel voting (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and mixed-member proportional representation . In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries, members of a legislature are elected by two different methods; part of

2970-415: Is winner-take all. The same can be said for elections where only one person is elected per district, since the district elections are also winner-take-all, therefore the electoral system as a whole is also usually non-proportional. Some systems where multiple winners are elected at once (in the same district) are also winner-take-all. In party block voting , voters can only vote for the list of candidates of

3060-597: The Borda count , each candidate is given a number of points equal to their rank, and the candidate with the least points wins. This system is intended to elect broadly acceptable options or candidates, rather than those preferred by a majority. This system is used to elect the ethnic minority representatives seats in the Slovenian parliament. The Dowdall system is used in Nauru for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank

3150-529: The Coombs' method and positional voting . Among the Cardinal electoral systems , the most well known of these is range voting , where any number of candidates are scored from a set range of numbers. A very common example of range voting are the 5-star ratings used for many customer satisfaction surveys and reviews. Other cardinal systems include satisfaction approval voting , highest median rules (including

3240-678: The Dubai Islands exceeds local supplies, requiring sand from Australia . The artificial islands required more than 835 million tonnes of sand, at a cost greater than $ 26 billion USD. [REDACTED] Earth Sciences portal Multi-member Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results An electoral or voting system

3330-514: The Krumbein phi scale , where size is Φ = -log 2 D; D being the particle size in mm. On this scale, for sand the value of Φ varies from −1 to +4, with the divisions between sub-categories at whole numbers. The most common constituent of sand, in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings, is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO 2 ), usually in the form of quartz , which, because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness,

3420-480: The Netherlands , elections are carried out using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation; but this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As

3510-530: The Swiss Federal Council . In some formats there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being eliminated until a candidate achieves a majority. Positional systems like the Borda Count are ranked voting systems that assign a certain number of points to each candidate, weighted by position. The most popular such system is first-preference plurality . Another well-known variant,

3600-733: The UAE -based Ras Al Khaimah and the South Korean AFKO Group GMEX all linked to invest. Near the cement factory, the Koolair Power Station , a pollutant fuel oil-run thermal power station that was moved to Kankesanthurai following noise complaints elsewhere, was similarly decommissioned following artillery damage during the war. Banana production, milk production at the yoghurt factory, chilli and onion farming, market trade, hotel administration and boat journeys between Jaffna islets also generate income in

3690-624: The United States , the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the electoral college that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in 2000 and 2016 . In addition to the various electoral systems currently in use for political elections, there are numerous others which have been used in

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3780-594: The United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers. Silt , by comparison, feels like flour . ISO 14688 grades sands as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm to 0.2 mm to 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm. In

3870-687: The White Sands National Park in New Mexico are famous for their bright, white color. Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content, derived from weathering and erosion of a (usually nearby) granitic rock outcrop. Some sands contain magnetite , chlorite , glauconite , or gypsum . Sands rich in magnetite are dark to black in color, as are sands derived from volcanic basalts and obsidian . Chlorite - glauconite bearing sands are typically green in color, as are sands derived from basaltic lava with

3960-404: The age at which people are allowed to vote , with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates

4050-550: The contingent vote where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the highest remaining preference votes from the votes for the excluded candidates then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in Sri Lankan presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences. The other main form of runoff system

4140-523: The majority judgment ), and the D21 – Janeček method where voters can cast positive and negative votes. Historically, weighted voting systems were used in some countries. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups (such as the Prussian three-class franchise ), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system

4230-509: The proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament . The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts . Kankesanthurai electoral district was replaced by the Jaffna multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections , the first under the PR system, though Kankesanthurai continues to be

4320-827: The Kankesanthurai harbour to deepen it, remove the wrecks and turn Kankesathurai harbour international. Kankesanthurai is on the north coast of the Jaffna Peninsula , near Point Pedro , the northernmost point in Sri Lanka. Its port is to the north, facing the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean . The climate of Jaffna peninsula is considered to be tropical monsoonal with a seasonal rhythm of rainfall. The temperature ranges from 26 C to 33 C. Annual precipitation ranges from 696 mm to 1125 mm. The north east monsoon rain (October to January) accounts for more than 90% of

4410-500: The Northern Province. A family-orientated sandy beach with palm trees and cool waters, the beach is non-crowded and natural from where views of the villagers' fisheries at the harbour, medieval architecture and the lighthouse are possible. Kankesanthurai was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989 . The district was named after the town. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced

4500-487: The Sahara is sand dunes, while 70% is bare rock. The wind is responsible for creating these different environments and shaping the sand to be round and smooth. These properties make desert sand unusable for construction. Beach sand is also formed by erosion. Over thousands of years, rocks are eroded near the shoreline from the constant motion of waves and the sediments build up. Weathering and river deposition also accelerate

4590-410: The United States, sand is commonly divided into five sub-categories based on size: very fine sand ( 1 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 8  mm diameter), fine sand ( 1 ⁄ 8  mm – 1 ⁄ 4  mm), medium sand ( 1 ⁄ 4  mm – 1 ⁄ 2  mm), coarse sand ( 1 ⁄ 2  mm – 1 mm), and very coarse sand (1 mm – 2 mm). These sizes are based on

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4680-476: The allocation of seats in the multi-member constituencies is adjusted to achieve an overall seat allocation proportional to parties' vote share by taking into account the number of seats won by parties in the single-member constituencies. Vote linkage mixed systems are also compensatory, however they usually use different mechanism than seat linkage (top-up) method of MMP and usually aren't able to achieve proportional representation. Some electoral systems feature

4770-532: The annual rainfall. A 2007 Department of Census and Statistics government report on population figures in the Jaffna district notes that Kankesanthurai Centre, Kankesanthurai West and Kankesanthurai South, as well as Naguleswaram and Maviddapuram are "High Security Zones" where there are no civilians. By 2012, some return of internally displaced people and civilian life in the Valikamam North DS division

4860-560: The ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending , and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions , and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing

4950-429: The branches of economics called social choice and mechanism design , but the question has also engendered substantial contributions from political scientists , analytic philosophers , computer scientists , and mathematicians . The field has produced several major results, including Arrow's impossibility theorem (showing that ranked voting cannot eliminate the spoiler effect ) and Gibbard's theorem (showing it

5040-414: The candidates. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers, the second preferences by two, third preferences by three, and so on; this continues to the lowest possible ranking. The totals for each candidate determine the winners. Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of

5130-785: The city of Jaffna , the airport is also known as Palaly Airport and SLAF Palaly. Originally built by the Royal Air Force during World War II , it served as the country's second international airport before being taken over by the Sri Lanka Air Force . Jaffna International Airport is the 3rd international airport in Sri Lanka after Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo and Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport in Hambantota . Sand Sand

5220-441: The construction industry, for example for making concrete . Grains of desert sand are rounded by being blown in the wind, and for this reason do not produce solid concrete, unlike the rough sand from the sea. Because of the growth of population and of cities and the consequent construction activity there is a huge demand for these special kinds of sand, and natural sources are running low. In 2012 French director Denis Delestrac made

5310-688: The country. The factory commenced operations in 1950 under the Department of Industries and was converted to a Public Corporation in 1956, being named the Kankesan Cement Works . The factory closed its productions in 1991 due to the raging Northern war. In 2016, MPs from the Northern Provincial Council have expressed interest in reviving the plant with a green cement factory concept, using environmentally friendly cement technologies, with Sri Lanka Cement Corporation,

5400-417: The district seats. Weighted systems are still used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership. Dual-member proportional representation is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. Biproportional apportionment is a system where the total number of votes is used to calculate

5490-455: The end of the civil war the military relaxed some restrictions on entering the HSZ, allowing priests and worshipers to return to the temples. The Maviddapuram Kandaswamy temple's 108-foot gopuram has been re-built but much of its 17th century structural renovations were destroyed during the civil war. Naguleswaram temple is a famous Hindu temple of Kankesanthurai. One of the oldest shrines of

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5580-438: The extracted sand is killed and the ecosystem can continue to suffer for years after the mining is complete. Not only does this affect marine life, but also the local fishing industries because of the loss of life, and communities living close to the water's edge. When sand is taken out of the water it increases the risk of landslides, which can lead to loss of agricultural land and/or damage to dwellings. Sand's many uses require

5670-585: The former) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. The grains of sand in Archimedes ' The Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE, were 0.02 mm in diameter. A 1938 specification of

5760-540: The fort. Kankesanthurai Lighthouse , built in 1893, is 22 metres (72 ft) tall and has an octagonal masonry tower with lantern and gallery. Located deep inside the Sri Lankan military's Valikamam North High Security Zone and next to the naval base, the lighthouse was heavily damaged during the Sri Lankan Civil War and is inactive. Kankesanthurai beach is acclaimed as one of the top two beaches of

5850-642: The latter falling during the Tamil month of “Aadi” (mid July-mid August) brings Hindu pilgrims to the town to carry out rituals for their forefathers and take a divine dip in the natural springs . These rituals are usually carried out by men. Keerimalai is particularly famous for this festival. Kankesanthurai fort was a small fort, built by the Dutch in the town. The fort was destroyed sometime after and there are no visible remains. Unlike other Dutch forts in Sri Lanka, there are no maps and little information remaining on

5940-420: The least successful candidates. Surplus votes held by successful candidates may also be transferred. Eventually all seats are filled by candidates who have passed the quota or there are only as many remaining candidates as the number of remaining seats. Under single non-transferable vote (SNTV) voters can vote for only one candidate, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners; this system

6030-506: The membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single-member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency vote have no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote. In compensatory mixed-member systems the results of the proportional vote are adjusted to balance the seats won in the constituency vote. The mixed-member proportional systems , in use in eight countries, provide enough compensatory seats to ensure that parties have

6120-409: The most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non- tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO 2 ), usually in the form of quartz . Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand. One such example of this is aragonite , which has been created over the past 500   million years by various forms of life, such as coral and shellfish . It

6210-452: The national railway network. Kankesanthurai railway station was re opened in early 2015 and is functioning at present. The Port at Kankesanturai was closed during the war. In 2011, India and Sri Lanka signed an agreement to revive the port by clearing sunken ships and deepening the harbour. This should significantly lower the transit time of goods to and from the east coast of India , Bangladesh , and Myanmar , and propel economic activity in

6300-571: The north. In October 2023 ferry service between the Kankesanturai Port and Nagapattinam , Tamil Nadu , began. The HSC Cheriyapani carries up to 150 passengers between India and Sri Lanka, making one round trip per day. Jaffna International Airport ( IATA : JAF , ICAO : VCCJ ) is an air force base and international airport in Palaly in northern Sri Lanka near Kankesanthurai. Located approximately 16 km (9.9 miles) north of

6390-451: The number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them. For proportional systems that use ranked choice voting , there are several proposals, including CPO-STV , Schulze STV and the Wright system , which are each considered to be variants of proportional representation by means of

6480-453: The past, are only used in private organizations (such as electing the board members for a corporation or a student organization), or have only ever been made as proposals but not implemented. Among the Ranked systems these include Bucklin voting , the various Condorcet methods ( Copeland's , Dodgson's , Kemeny-Young , Maximal lotteries , Minimax , Nanson's , Ranked pairs , Schulze ),

6570-437: The process of creating a beach, along with marine animals interacting with rocks, such as eating the algae off of them. Once there is a sufficient amount of sand, the beach acts as a barrier to keep the land from eroding any further. This sand is ideal for construction as it is angular and of various sizes. Marine sand (or ocean sand) comes from sediments transported into the ocean and the erosion of ocean rocks. The thickness of

6660-461: The rate the sand can replenish, making it a non-renewable resource. Sand dunes are a consequence of dry conditions or wind deposition. The Sahara Desert is very dry because of its geographic location and proximity to the equator . It is known for its vast sand dunes, which exist mainly due to a lack of vegetation and water. Over time, wind blows away fine particles, such as clay and dead organic matter, leaving only sand and larger rocks. Only 15% of

6750-576: The region, it is the northernmost shrine on the island of the Pancha Ishwarams of Lord Siva , venerated by Hindus across the world from classical antiquity. Hindus believe its adjacent water tank , the Keerimalai Springs, to have curative properties. Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple is towards the south of the harbour. Freshwater at Keerimalai Springs is sourced from underground. "Maasi Magam" and “Aadi Amaavaasai” festival days,

6840-469: The residents (25,000 Tamil families) expelled, without compensation or return. The temples were inside the HSZ and as a result its priests were evicted by the military. The temple's structures were bombed, most significantly Naguleswaram in 1990, and their contents looted. Between 2002 and 2005, US military intelligence and military personnel visited the security zone, including Jaffna Airport and KKS harbour to review and inspect basing opportunities. Following

6930-460: The sand because they do not have as much time to dissolve away. The term for sand formed by weathering is "epiclastic." Sand from rivers are collected either from the river itself or its flood plain and accounts for the majority of the sand used in the construction industry. Because of this, many small rivers have been depleted, causing environmental concern and economic losses to adjacent land. The rate of sand mining in such areas greatly outweighs

7020-480: The sand layer varies, however it is common to have more sand closer to land; this type of sand is ideal for construction and is a very valuable commodity. Europe is the main miners of marine sand, which greatly hurts ecosystems and local fisheries. The study of individual grains can reveal much historical information as to the origin and kind of transport of the grain. Quartz sand that is recently weathered from granite or gneiss quartz crystals will be angular. It

7110-423: The second round; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, such as Ecuador where a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive 40% of the vote and are 10% ahead of their nearest rival, or Argentina (45% plus 10% ahead), where the system is known as ballotage . In some cases, a runoff may be held using

7200-411: The sediment originated from and the intensity of the environment give different compositions of sand. The most common rock to form sand is granite , where the feldspar minerals dissolve faster than the quartz , causing the rock to break apart into small pieces. In high energy environments rocks break apart much faster than in more calm settings. In granite rocks this results in more feldspar minerals in

7290-661: The single transferable vote. Among the proportional voting systems that use rating are Thiele's voting rules and Phragmen's voting rule . A special case of Thiele's voting rules is Proportional Approval Voting . Some proportional systems that may be used with either ranking or rating include the Method of Equal Shares and the Expanding Approvals Rule . In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in

7380-514: The suburb but are all currently run as military businesses that have negatively impacted local enterprise through competitive pricing; The Society for Threatened Peoples notes that profit is returned to the MoD in Sri Lanka which pays soldiers' salaries in KKS. Underwater shipwrecks have also impeded ship movements within the port's harbour. Under an agreement signed in 2011, India has assisted in dredging

7470-486: The system. Party-list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In closed list systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put forward by the party, but in open list systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably Israel and

7560-493: The user to wear respiratory protection to avoid breathing the resulting fine silica dust . Safety data sheets for silica sand state that "excessive inhalation of crystalline silica is a serious health concern." In areas of high pore water pressure , sand and salt water can form quicksand , which is a colloid hydrogel that behaves like a liquid. Quicksand produces a considerable barrier to escape for creatures caught within, who often die from exposure (not from submersion) as

7650-556: The vast majority of which are current or former British or American colonies or territories. It is also the second most common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries. In cases where there are multiple positions to be filled, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, there are several types of plurality electoral systems. Under block voting (also known as multiple non-transferable vote or plurality-at-large), voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party,

7740-409: The votes received by each party by a divisor or vote average that represents an idealized seats-to-votes ratio , then rounding normally. In the largest remainder system, parties' vote shares are divided by an electoral quota . This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on which parties have the largest number of "leftover" votes. Single transferable vote (STV)

7830-635: Was 9.55 billion tons as part of a $ 99.5 billion industry. In April 2022, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a report stating that 50 billion tons of sand and gravel were being used every year. The report made 10 recommendations, including a ban on beach extraction, to avert a crisis, and move toward a circular economy for the two resources. While sand is generally non-toxic, sand-using activities such as sandblasting require precautions. Bags of silica sand used for sandblasting now carry labels warning

7920-530: Was brought via the port of Gayathurai which was later renamed Kankesanthurai in his honour. Thurai means "port" in Tamil . During the civil war, the port at Kankesanturai was closed by the Sri Lankan Navy. Between 1983 and 1993, the northern part of the Valikamam region were declared a High Security Zone (HSZ) by the armed forces, where 6000 acres of land was confiscated around Kankesanthurai and all

8010-616: Was documented by the Northern Provincial Council in their statistics report, detailing dry ration issues, mine injuries and welfare centres in Kankesanthurai. Kankesanthurai railway station is the terminus of the Northern Line on the Sri Lanka Railways network. Until 1990, Kankesanthurai was the terminus of the Yal Devi service. During the war, trains terminated at Vavuniya , leaving Kankesanthurai isolated from

8100-500: Was used in colonial Rhodesia for the 1962 and 1965 elections . The elections featured two voter rolls (the 'A' roll being largely European and the 'B' roll largely African); the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, 'A' roll votes were given greater weight for the constituency seats and 'B' roll votes greater weight for

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